Terms : Hide Images
| 8555420055 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering , & communicating ex. mind activities |  | 0 |
| 8555423490 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people ex. concept of chair= baby high chair, reclining chair, dentist's chair, etc. | 1 | |
| 8555431548 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category -matching new items to a prototype provides a quick & easy method for sorting items into categories ex. comparing all feathered creatures into a prototypical bird, like a robin |  | 2 |
| 8555440070 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule/proceudure that guarantees solving a particular problem -contrasts with heuristics ex. looking in EVERY aisle for something in a store |  | 3 |
| 8555448452 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments & solve problems efficiently -usually speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms ex. looking in beverage or natural food section for guava juice |  | 4 |
| 8555463744 | insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution -contrasts w/ strategy-based solutions ex. lightbulb |  | 5 |
| 8555468046 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions & to ignore/distort contradictory evidence ex. you think the earth is flat, so you only look for evidence supporting a flat-earth |  | 6 |
| 8555488883 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way -often in a way that has been successful in the past ex. solve math problems the way you solved previous ones, may be easier solution |  | 7 |
| 8555503935 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling/thought -contrasted w/ explicit, conscious reasoning ex. by the seat of your pants |  | 8 |
| 8555515666 | availability heuristics | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events as common ex. when getting on a plane, we imagine it crashing, with makes us think it is a common occurance |  | 9 |
| 8555524486 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct -to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs & judgments ex. BP's overconfidence= downplayed safety concernes= oil spill |  | 10 |
| 8555534565 | belief perserverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited ex. people don't believe in global warming despite evidence |  | 11 |
| 8555541230 | framing | the way an issue is posed -how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions & judgments ex. if you have to opt in for organ donation, less people will do it |  | 12 |
| 8555562586 | creativity | the ability to produce new & valuable ideas ex. showers are a creative environment |  | 13 |
| 8555565549 | convergent thinking | narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution ex. intelligence tests require this thinking |  | 14 |
| 8555574089 | divergent thinking | expanding the # of possible problem solutions -creating thinking that diverges into different directions ex. how many uses can you think of for a shoelace? (demo) |  | 15 |
| 8555584457 | language | our spoken, written, or gestured words & the ways we combine them to communicate meaning ex. how we communicate |  | 16 |
| 8555590543 | phoneme | the smallest distinctive sound unit ex. "bat" = b, a, t |  | 17 |
| 8555595150 | morpheme | the smallest unit that carrier meaning -may be a word or a part of a word ex. "cats" = cat & s |  | 18 |
| 8555810189 | grammar | a system of rules that enables us to communicate with & understand others -semantics & syntax ex. rules for communicating |  | 19 |
| 8555824985 | semantics | the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds ex. kit-ty= kit, kitty | 20 | |
| 8555854523 | syntax | the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences ex. dog bone the ate = dog at the bone | 21 | |
| 8555862266 | babbling stage | an infant spontaneously utters various sounds (at first) unrelated to the household language -4 months-10 month ex. tongue in front of mouth ('da-da', 'na-na') opening mouth ('ma-ma') |  | 22 |
| 8555882833 | one-word stage | child speaks in mostly single words -12 months ex. "fish" |  | 23 |
| 8555930398 | two-word stage | child speaks mostly in 2-word statements -24 month ex. "get ball" |  | 24 |
| 8555941021 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns & verbs ex. "want juice" |  | 25 |
| 8555995665 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage (Broca's or Wernicke's) ex. cannot speak and/or understand |  | 26 |
| 8556002138 | Broca's area | controls language expression & speech -left hemisphere, frontal lobe ex. can understand, cannot speak |  | 27 |
| 8556006840 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception & comprehension -left temporal lobe ex. speak meaningless words | | 28 |
| 8556010464 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective ex. an impediment to problem solving |  | 29 |
| 8556025192 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions -interfered w/ problem solving ex. candle matchbox example |  | 30 |
| 8556033616 | representative heursitics | to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes ex. quiet, glasses, bad style = librarian, not a truck driver (like stereotypes) |  | 31 |
| 8556054114 | availability heuristrics | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common ex. which job is more dangerous, police officer or logger? actually loggers' have more deaths |  | 32 |
| 8556071919 | belief bias | we more easily see the illogical of conclusions that run counter to our beliefs than those that agree with our beliefs |  | 33 |
| 8556079548 | artificial intelligence | tries to stimulate human though processes, practical applications, etc. ex. computer thinks like human |  | 34 |
| 8556083922 | neural network | computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells ex. like nerves sending messages across the body |  | 35 |
| 8556097098 | language acquisition device (LAD) | a hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition ex. Chomsky |  | 36 |
| 8556108836 | Skinner | language was learned through environment -nurture ex. kids mimic parents | 37 | |
| 8556117249 | Chomsky | believed we had an innate ability to acquire language -LAD -involves critical period -nature ex. kids say things they've never learned | 38 | |
| 8556125874 | linguistic relativity | the structure of a language affects the speaker's world view or cognition ex. speak spanish= think spanish | 39 | |
| 8556202139 | thinking w/o language | 1. some ideas do not depend on language 2. we sometimes think in images and not words 3. our thinking affects our language, which then affects our thoughts NO language w/o thinking | 40 |
