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| 12468995 | parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France | 0 | |
| 12468996 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy | 1 | |
| 12468997 | middle ages | the period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 2 | |
| 12468998 | magna carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 3 | |
| 12468999 | holy Roman emperors | emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany | 4 | |
| 12469000 | vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th the the 11th centuries | 5 | |
| 12469001 | Urban II | called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims | 6 | |
| 12469002 | serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 7 | |
| 12469003 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800 | 8 | |
| 12469004 | guilds | sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities | 9 | |
| 12469005 | vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty | 10 | |
| 12469006 | gothic | an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls | 11 | |
| 12469007 | manorialism | system that described the economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 12 | |
| 12469008 | Cyril | along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted souther Russians and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic | 13 | |
| 12469009 | Clovis | early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom | 14 | |
| 12469010 | Black Death | plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 15 | |
| 12469011 | Hagia Sophia | new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian | 16 | |
| 12469012 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states | 17 | |
| 12469013 | greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | 18 | |
| 12469014 | icons | images of religious figures that became objects of veneration within Christianity of hte Byzantine Empire; particularly prevalent in eastern monasticism | 19 | |
| 12469015 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | 20 | |
| 12469016 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 21 | |
| 12469017 | boyars | russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 22 | |
| 12469018 | Russian Orthodoxy | russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments | 23 | |
| 12469019 | three field system | system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow | 24 |
