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| 4262021374 | Agriculture Revolution | new agriculture methods, crop rotation increase in production and growth,18th century, led to the scientific and mechanized agriculture, potatoes |  | 0 |
| 4262035083 | Flying Shuttle | was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand |  | 1 |
| 4262038603 | spinning jenny | This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727) |  | 2 |
| 4262048473 | cotton gin | A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, led to increased slavery in US |  | 3 |
| 4262049560 | coal | important in industrial revolution, used in railroads and machines, important fuel source, better than wood |  | 4 |
| 4262056468 | iron | key manufacturing material, iron bridge is a symbol | 5 | |
| 4262078915 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. Created so factories no longer had to be near rivers |  | 6 |
| 4262088774 | Steamship | The 19th century had new forms of transportation. This new type of water transportation used steam instead of sails. |  | 7 |
| 4262092441 | locomotive | a steam engine designed to pull cars on a railway, greatest transportation, coal and iron needed, increase profit |  | 8 |
| 4262102230 | Telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. Samuel Morse |  | 9 |
| 4262105885 | Telephone | Communication device invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1986. |  | 10 |
| 4262107857 | Light Bulb | an electric device, often with a glass covering, that emits light, developed by Thomas Edison |  | 11 |
| 4262111182 | internal combustion engine | An engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine. |  | 12 |
| 4262115719 | interchangeable parts | Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing |  | 13 |
| 4262120729 | assembly line | In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. |  | 14 |
| 4262122598 | pollution | Release of harmful materials into the environment |  | 15 |
| 4262126246 | free-market system | This idea was introduced by Adam Smith, the government does not set or control prices, supply, or demand | 16 | |
| 4262133119 | laissez-faire capitalism | transactions between different companies or people are not subject to tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies | 17 | |
| 4262150537 | Colombian Exchange | the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa |  | 18 |
| 4262153873 | Socialism | any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods | 19 | |
| 4262156899 | communism | A political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country. | 20 | |
| 4262175266 | The wealth of nations | Adam Smith wrote this to argue that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity, strong supporter of laissez faire, government has duty to protect society, |  | 21 |
| 4262180025 | The Communist Manifesto | A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world. |  | 22 |
| 4262182405 | Factory Act of 1833 | An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours. |  | 23 |
| 4262183534 | labor unions | An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions |  | 24 |
| 4262194786 | social mobility | social mobility was not very good, the poor became poor, and the factory owners became richer, it was hard to move up because of the working conditions. Also immigrants, and African Americans could nit move up because people didn't want to employ them |  | 25 |
| 4262223577 | Women's suffrage | Women started getting jobs because of the job openings during the industrial revolution. Because of this, they decided they wanted more political rights such as voting. Women suffrage groups were created during this time |  | 26 |
| 4262240353 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |  | 27 |
| 4262245900 | Bessemer process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. |  | 28 |
| 4262248096 | Atlantic slave trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. |  | 29 |
| 4262250797 | Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin | | 30 |
| 4262250798 | James Watt | Steam engine |  | 31 |
| 4262253728 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. |  | 32 |
| 4262255442 | Charles Dickens | English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870) | 33 | |
| 4262256630 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society |  | 34 |
| 4262258220 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. |  | 35 |
| 4262261131 | Baron de Montesquieu | French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. |  | 36 |
| 4262262651 | Luddites | 19th-century English textile workers (or self-employed weavers who feared the end of their trade) who protested against newly developed labour-economizing technologies, primarily between 1811 and 1816. |  | 37 |
| 4262267798 | Rudyard Kipling | (1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands |  | 38 |
| 4262268947 | Robert Clive | This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown. |  | 39 |
| 4262271005 | Queen Victoria | British queen from 1837-1901 with the longest reign in English history who helped to stabilize the economy with continued improvements as a result of the Industrial Revolution. In 1876, she also assumed the title of Empress of India. |  | 40 |
| 4262273707 | Commodore Matthew Perry | A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. |  | 41 |
| 4262275431 | Emperor Meiji | emperor of Japan who modernized Japan in the 1860s by studying and adopting Western armies, government forms and industries. As a result, Japan became a strong power and was never colonized |  | 42 |
| 4262276393 | Louis XVI | King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. |  | 43 |
| 4262281891 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror. |  | 44 |
| 4262285294 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Ended Feudalism, equal rights, religious tolerance, uniform, secular law code |  | 45 |
| 4262295320 | Prince von Metternich | The Austrian "Prince of Diplomats" at the Congress of Vienna, Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister |  | 46 |
| 4262304914 | Alexander I of Russia | Ruled Russia from 1801-1825 (Napoleonic-post Napoleonic era). Fought as a part of the coalitions against Napoleon. He suffered a major defeat at Austerlitz in 1805, but defeated Napoleon in his attempt to invade Russia. He was the voice of Russia at the Congress of Vienna, forming the Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria. Became a force of conservatism. |  | 47 |
| 4262318666 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. |  | 48 |
| 4262329019 | Jacques Dessalines | He continued the fight for Haitian Independence after Toussaint-Louverture capture | 49 | |
| 4262331893 | Simon Bolivar | South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation. |  | 50 |
| 4263610594 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru, joined with Bolivar |  | 51 |
| 4263616171 | Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions |  | 52 |
| 4263619497 | Jose Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. |  | 53 |
| 4263622341 | Victor Emmanuel II | King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy. |  | 54 |
| 4263628808 | Count Camillo Cavour | Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy. |  | 55 |
| 4263630861 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). |  | 56 |
| 4263638499 | Wilhelm I | He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck. |  | 57 |
| 4263640526 | Otto Von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) |  | 58 |
| 4263642365 | Wilhelm II | Fires Bismark because he won't fight France; Believes that his military and army is the best and that his can beat other European powers; Won't renew peace treaty with Russia: Russia sides with France because of this; Becomes rivals with the British navy | 59 | |
| 4263643411 | Alexander II | Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881) | 60 | |
| 4263647530 | Nicholas II | Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin. | 61 | |
| 4263652037 | Peter The Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. |  | 62 |
| 4263653128 | missionaries | people who work to spread their religious beliefs |  | 63 |
| 4263654973 | King Leopold II of Belgium | The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and sent expeditions into central Africa |  | 64 |
| 4263678695 | Zulu | South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle |  | 65 |
| 4263683702 | Asante | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. |  | 66 |
| 4263695194 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 67 | |
| 4263696386 | Zheng He | Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia |  | 68 |
| 4263701037 | Mahatma Gandhi | Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India |  | 69 |
| 4263706727 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. |  | 70 |
| 4263711515 | Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. |  | 71 |
| 4263723475 | Seven Year's War | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. |  | 72 |
| 4263728628 | Revenue Act | 1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes. | 73 | |
| 4263733984 | Stamp Act | 1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. | 74 | |
| 4263735735 | Tea Act | 1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party. |  | 75 |
| 4263739871 | Common Sense | 1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation |  | 76 |
| 4263742002 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 77 | |
| 4263746528 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. |  | 78 |
| 4263749562 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. |  | 79 |
| 4263752629 | The Declaration of the Rights of Man | A fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. |  | 80 |
| 4263755044 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. |  | 81 |
| 4263758509 | Committee of Public Saftey | Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror. | 82 | |
| 4263761285 | Directory | The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power (1795-1799) | 83 | |
| 4263764405 | Napoleonic Codes | individual legality and equality, government- more authority of people, no classes, peasants- subjects of state, religious toleration, everyone has the right to work, courts are separate from those in power. | 84 | |
| 4263767752 | Waterloo | The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power |  | 85 |
| 4263771260 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. | 86 | |
| 4263772624 | Haitian Revolt | The mixed races of the Haitian population began to want rights and more political say. Most of the population on the island was African slaves, and they eventually revolted against the French rule, under Toussaint-L'Ouverture | 87 | |
| 4263773923 | Treaty of Cordoba | official document granted Mexico it's independence from Spain | 88 | |
| 4263775823 | 1st estate | Clergy |  | 89 |
| 4263775824 | 2nd estate | Nobility |  | 90 |
| 4263777444 | 3rd estate | 98% of the french pop |  | 91 |
| 4263779236 | White Man's Burden | idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized | 92 | |
| 4263780685 | Social Darwinism | 19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. | 93 | |
| 4263783556 | British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. |  | 94 |
| 4263790315 | Sepoy Mutiny | The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company. | 95 | |
| 4263798144 | British Colonialism | This targeted undeveloped territories for modernization and often forced Christianity and British ideologies on the populace. | 96 | |
| 4263799723 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. |  | 97 |
| 4263801701 | Opium Wars | Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes. |  | 98 |
| 4263803906 | Treaty of Nanjing | 1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong. | 99 | |
| 4263805659 | White Lotus Rebellion | Buddhist led, a rebellion that occurred during the Qing dynasty of China. The rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. |  | 100 |
| 4263807584 | Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) led by Zealot pretending to be Jesus brother, A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. |  | 101 |
| 4263821321 | Self Strengthening movement | 1861-1895, try to rebuild china; adopt western military tech, learn from foreigners, no social reforms, largely unsuccessful | 102 | |
| 4263825417 | Sino-French War | 1883 china loses vietnam to France | 103 | |
| 4263829164 | Sino-Japanese War | a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory | 104 | |
| 4263831706 | Treaty of Shimonoseki | China give control of Taiwan to Japan | 105 | |
| 4263834023 | Spheres of Influence | France, Germany, Russia, Britain took part of china for themselves not as colonies but to invest power in |  | 106 |
| 4263836910 | unequal treaties | trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits | 107 | |
| 4263838497 | Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. |  | 108 |
| 4263841749 | Boxer Rebellion | chinese nationalists anti manchu, anti christian, anti europe; goal to get all foreigners out of china; kill missionaries; put down foreign reinforcement embarrassing Manchu; china forced to sign Boxer Protocol 1901; execution of gov officials who supported rebellion, paid nations for involvement for 39 yrs; formally apologize |  | 109 |
| 4263845758 | Treaty of Kanazawa | treaty saying that japanese will open two ports to american ships | 110 | |
| 4263847072 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 111 | |
| 4263849227 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. | 112 | |
| 4263850145 | warm water ports | Russia lacked these things, so it hoped to drive to the Indian Ocean and gain an outlet to the sea | 113 | |
| 4263851592 | Boer War | (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | 114 | |
| 4263852791 | concentration camps | A camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions | 115 | |
| 4263854306 | Zulu nations | The Zulu were a south African tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill, as established by their legendary leader Shaka Zulu. Eventually, the Zulu came into the conflict with the British army.Despite early victories, the Zulu were eventually defeated by the technology and vast resources at the command of the British troops | 116 | |
| 4263866025 | Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa |  | 117 |
| 4263868428 | African National Congress | An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality. | 118 | |
| 4263869715 | Manifest Destiny | A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. | 119 | |
| 4263869716 | Sati | the former Hindu practice of a widow throwing herself onto her husband's funeral pyre. |  | 120 |
| 4263879369 | Belgian Congo | Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources. | 121 | |
| 4263882639 | unification of Italy | 1860, ally of Mazzini, recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily. Next, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel. Last, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire. | 122 | |
| 4263885091 | Unification of Germany | started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France | 123 | |
| 4263890544 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas | 124 |
