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| 5814143953 | Magellan | Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim the Philippines | 0 | |
| 5814143954 | Columbus | Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in America | 1 | |
| 5814143955 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe | 2 | |
| 5814143956 | de Balboa | First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by either captains | 3 | |
| 5814143957 | Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish | 4 | |
| 5814143958 | Seven Years War | Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria; English seizures of colonies in India and North America | 5 | |
| 5814143959 | Black Hole of Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal | 6 | |
| 5814143960 | de Gama | Portuguese sailor who mistakenly believed that the Indians were Christians, for they thought the Hindu temples were churches | 7 | |
| 5814143961 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange that brought and spread diseases such as smallpox and measles | 8 | |
| 5814143962 | Prince Henry | Navigator who financed annual expeditions down the western coast of Africa in an effort to find a sea route to the Indies, establish trade with Africa, and find the fabled Christian kingdom of Prester John | 9 | |
| 5814143963 | Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages | 10 | |
| 5814143964 | Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets | 11 | |
| 5814143965 | Luther | German monk; initiated protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg Church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church | 12 | |
| 5814143966 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief | 13 | |
| 5814143967 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs | 14 | |
| 5814143968 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 15 | |
| 5814143969 | Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 16 | |
| 5814143970 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe | 17 | |
| 5814143971 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work | 18 | |
| 5814143972 | Newton | English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 19 | |
| 5814143973 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professional armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies | 20 | |
| 5814143974 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 21 | |
| 5814143975 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 22 | |
| 5814143976 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economies; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces | 23 | |
| 5814143977 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 24 | |
| 5814143978 | Peter the Great | Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changed selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models | 25 | |
| 5814143979 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 26 | |
| 5814143980 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate law; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 27 | |
| 5814143981 | Westernization | When societies and regions are transformed through means of influence from the western societies | 28 | |
| 5814143982 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Monarchs of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; their marriage created united Spain; responsible for conquest of Granada; initiation of exploration of New World | 29 | |
| 5814143983 | Encomienda | Grants of India laborers made the Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies | 30 | |
| 5814143984 | de las Casas | Dominican frior who supported peaceful conversation of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated for Indian rights | 31 | |
| 5814143985 | Cortes | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan | 32 | |
| 5814143986 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan | 33 | |
| 5814143987 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs | 34 | |
| 5814143988 | Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 35 | |
| 5814143989 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power for local aristocracy | 36 | |
| 5814143990 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 37 | |
| 5814143991 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king | 38 | |
| 5814143992 | Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 39 | |
| 5814143993 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares | 40 | |
| 5814143994 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 41 | |
| 5814143995 | Triangular Trade | Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe | 42 | |
| 5814143996 | Osei Tutu | Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsibile for creating unified Asante Empire in 1701; utilized Western firearms | 43 | |
| 5814143997 | Asantehene | Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool | 44 | |
| 5814143998 | Dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and part of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves | 45 | |
| 5814143999 | Fulani | Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms, established state centered on Sokoto | 46 | |
| 5814144000 | Mfecane | Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization in southern Africa | 47 | |
| 5814144001 | Great Trek | Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal | 48 | |
| 5814144002 | Middle Passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas(16th-18th centuries); apparently a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture | 49 | |
| 5814144003 | Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807 | 50 | |
| 5814144004 | Boers | Dutch farmers who had crossed the Orange River in search of new lands | 51 | |
| 5814144005 | Diaspora | A scattered population whose origin lies within a smaller geographic locale | 52 | |
| 5814144006 | Safavids | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722 | 53 | |
| 5814144007 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkons; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkons that included most of Arab world | 54 | |
| 5814144008 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkons, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century | 55 | |
| 5814144009 | Vizier | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than sultan | 56 | |
| 5814144010 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated western military technology | 57 | |
| 5814144011 | Imams | According to Shi'Ism, ruler who could trace descent from the successors of Ali | 58 | |
| 5814144012 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'Ism | 59 | |
| 5814144013 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to Shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture | 60 | |
| 5814144014 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526 and died in 1530 | 61 | |
| 5814144015 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India | 62 | |
| 5814144016 | Taj Mahal | Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a new mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal | 63 | |
| 5814144017 | Mughals | Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangezeb in first decades of 18th century | 64 | |
| 5814144018 | Asian Sea Trading Network | Prior to the intervention of Europeans; consisted of three zones: Arab zones based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper, porcelain, and silks | 65 | |
| 5814144019 | Hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name was Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry | 66 | |
| 5814144020 | Ieyasu | Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoski; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan | 67 | |
| 5814144021 | Edo | Former name of Tokyo and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa Shogunate | 68 | |
| 5814144022 | Tokugawa Shogunate | The last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867 | 69 | |
| 5814144023 | Ming Dynasty | The restoration of ethnic Chinese rule and the reunification of the country | 70 | |
| 5814144024 | Admiral Zhenghe | A Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming Dynasty | 71 |
