Terms : Hide Images
| 244810540 | biological rhythm | hormone level, blood pressure, and sleep/wake cycle all play a role in consciousness | |
| 244810541 | three types of biological rhythms | circadian, intradian, ultrarian | |
| 244810542 | circadian rhythms | 24 hour cycle, endogenous, determined by superchiasmatic nucleus, level of melatonin helps, sleep/wake determined by | |
| 244810543 | intradian rhythms | occur less than once a day, less applicable to humans than other animals, form SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder: winter=low daylight=low mood) | |
| 244810544 | ultrarian rhythms | occur more than once a day, on 90-min schedule, [ex: sleep stages, appetite/digestion processes | |
| 244810545 | entrainment | synchronization of bio rhythms with external cues, like daylight fluctuations (ex: alarm clock, time zones) | |
| 244810546 | desynchronization | bio rhythms getting out of wack; can occur with jet lag or shift work | |
| 244810547 | consciousness | awareness of environment and ourselves | |
| 244810548 | different stages of consciousness | conscious, nonconscious, preconscious, subconscious, unconscious, | |
| 244810549 | conscious | info about yourself and your environment of which you are currently aware | |
| 244810550 | nonconscious | body processes controlled by mind that we are not usually (or ever) aware of [ex: breathing hair/nail growth, heartbeat] | |
| 244810551 | preconscious | info that you are not currently think about, but is accessible upon request | |
| 244810552 | subconscious | info we aren't currently aware of but we know must exist due to behavior [ex: mere-exposure effect, priming [subliminal processing)] | |
| 244810553 | unconscious | (most controversial) repression of some events into unconscious mind, as our body believes some events and feelings to be unacceptable to our conscious mind (acc. to psychoanalytic psychologists) | |
| 244810554 | three key neurological components of consciousness (according to Naccache) | 1) ability to report to ourselves/others the content of the representation 2) ability to sustain a representation over time 3) ability to broadcast the signals | |
| 244810555 | dualism | "thought is eternal and continues existing after brain and body die" | |
| 244810556 | monism | thought is a by-product of brain processes and stops existing when body dies | |
| 244810557 | theories proposed to explain human need for sleep | 1) restores effectiveness of the body and brain 2) adaptive mechanism: energy conservation when food not plentiful/ lay low when predators were prowling (see famous sleep study on DJ Peter Tripp) | |
| 244810558 | problems from sleep deprivation | deprived of delta wave sleep: susceptible to illness and physically exhausted dep. of REM interferes with memory | |
| 244810559 | major elements of sleep cycle | pre-sleep, stages 1-4, REM (3 and 4 have been combined by some modern researchers) | |
| 244810560 | sleep stage one | slowing pulse, muscle relaxation, minor hallucinations, hyponogogic sensations (floating, knee jerks) brain may still produce alpha waves, then brain starts to produce slower theta waves | |
| 244810561 | sleep stage two | brain still produces theta waves, brain shows periodic bursts of activity, called sleep spindles | |
| 244810562 | sleep stage three | brain displays large and slow delta waves (person difficult to awaken, and if forced to wake up you are groggy), | |
| 244810563 | sleep stage four | even slower delta waves than st 3; after period in delta sleep, brain waves start to speed up and we go through st. 3 & 2 | |
| 244810564 | sleep stage REM | (sometimes called paradoxical sleep) brain activity, heart rate, blood pressure, and other aspects of body closely resemble waking consciousness; periods are longer when day is stressful or the longer we're asleep; dreams usually occur | |
| 244810565 | major theories proposed to explain dreams | Freud's Psychoanalytic Dream, activation synthesis, reciprocal interaction theory, mental house-keeping/reverse learning, problem-focused approach/information processing | |
| 244810566 | Freud's Psychoanalytic Dream theory | emphasized dream interpretation to uncover repressed info in unconscious mind; dreams are wish fufilling; manifest content (actual events in dream/word-for-word narrative) , latent content (underlying meaning behind dream events), | |
| 244810567 | mental house-keeping/reverse learning theory | bizarre content of drams reflects brains effort to free itself of irrelevant info and repetitious thoughts/associations | |
| 244810568 | problem-focused approach/information processing | dreaming assists in formation of memory and solving or dealing with problems one experiences in waking life | |
| 244810569 | reciprocal-interaction theory | REM and dreams are turned on and off by war of neuron networks in pons; acetylcholine caused neuron to fire in limbic system and pons | |
| 244810570 | activation synthesis theory | dreams are generated by random outbursts of nerve cell activity, and do not mean anything | |
| 244810571 | sleep disorders discussed in class | insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors | |
| 244810572 | insomnia | difficulty in sleeping or remaining asleep affects 10% of population temporary, stress-related long term causes psych./phys. problems treatment: limit stimulant intake, exercise, consistent sleep pattern (doctors don't like sleeping pills bc disturb sleep patterns and prevents restful sleep) | |
| 244810573 | narcolepsy | genetic, less than 0.01% of population period of intense sleepiness and may fall asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnogogic hallucinations | |
| 244810574 | hypnogogic hallucinations | in narcolepsy: vivid, often frightening dream-like experiences occur while dozing, falling asleep, and/or awakening | |
| 244810575 | automatic behavior | in narcolepsy: person cont to function during sleep episode, but awakens w/ no memory of events | |
| 244810576 | sleep paralysis | in narcolepsy: temporary inability to talk/move when waking up | |
| 244810577 | cataplexy | in narcolepsy: fall straight into REM sleep | |
| 244810578 | sleep apnea | breathing difficulties during night and exhaustion during day body causes person to wake up slightly and gasp for air, then sleep continues (robs of deep sleep) symptoms: mood, cognitive, physical problems obese and elderly are most affected treatment: weight loss, change sleeping patterns, respiratory devices, medications, sometimes surgery | |
| 244810579 | night terrors | high arousal and appearance of being terrified,occur during deep sleep, usually not remembered, most people stop having as they get older | |
| 244810580 | hypnosis | social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur | |
| 244810581 | theories proposed to explain hypnosis | role theory, state theory, dissociation theory | |
| 244810582 | dissociation theory of hypnosis | hypnosis causes us to divide our conscious voluntarily | |
| 244810583 | state theory of hypnosis | neurologically based; hypnotists seem to be able to suggest that we become more or less aware of our environment | |
| 244810584 | role theory of hypnosis | some people have high levels of hypnotic suggestibility (eager to do what is asked) | |
| 244810585 | indications of hypnosis research | researchers agree: 1) hypnotic state is not sleep 2) hypnotic responsiveness depends more on efforts and qualities of person being hypnotized than on skill of hypnotists | |
| 244810586 | agonist | drugs that mimic neurotransmitters | |
| 244810587 | antagonist | drugs that block neurotransmitters | |
| 244810588 | depressants | drugs that slow the activity of nervous system | |
| 244810589 | common depressants | alcohol, tranquilizers including barbituates | |
| 244810590 | impact of depressants | slowed reaction time, reduced memory, decreased anxiety, increased relaxation and sleep | |
| 244810591 | early signs of alcoholism | insomnia, frequent falls, drinking in the AM, blackouts, increased anxiety and irritability, decreased work performance | |
| 244810592 | late signs of alcoholism | malnutrition, cirrhosis of the liver, other vital organ damage (heart and stomach), brain damage. in extreme cases: Korsakov's Syndrome | |
| 244810593 | why is withdrawal from alcohol dangerous? | if DTs occur (5% chance) there is a 35% chance of death. | |
| 244810594 | stimulants | drugs that increase activity of nervous system | |
| 244810595 | common stimulants | caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine | |
| 244810596 | impact of stimulants | increased alertness, stimulation, euphoria. | |
| 244810597 | neurological impact of meth | formication (bugs under the skin hallucination), paranoia, auditory and visual halluctinations, feelings of braveness, loss of appetite | |
| 244810598 | why is it difficult to quit meth? | addicts chase the original high, searching for something to give them a dopamine rush | |
| 244810599 | hallucinogens | drugs that distort consciousness by inducing hallucinations and illusions | |
| 244810600 | common hallucinogens | marijuana, LSD, ecstasy (MDMA) | |
| 244810601 | impact of hallucinogens on human mind and body | hallucinations, synesthesia, relaxation, euphoria | |
| 244810602 | marijuana | THC from cannabis sativa plant | |
| 244810603 | impact of marijuana | affected brain areas: hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia and hypothalamus | |
| 244810604 | why is marijuana controversial? | there are legal battles over whether or not there may be medical benefits to the drug or if it's a gateway drug | |
| 244810605 | opiates | drugs sometimes called narcotics. powerful painkillers and mood elevators | |
| 244810606 | common opiates | heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine | |
| 244810607 | impact of opiates | drowsiness and euphoria. increase endorphins and related NTs | |
| 244810608 | common opiate withdrawal symptoms | goosebumps, nausea, constipation, sometimes coma and death | |
| 244810609 | biological model of drug addiction | addiction is genetic/biological. once an addict always an addict. must abstain forever. solution: medical treatment and group therapy. | |
| 244810610 | learning model of drug addiction | addiction is a maladaptive coping mechanism. alcoholics may be able to return to drinking moderately. Solution: learn new coping mechanisms and change the environment. Think Rat Park. | |
| 244810611 | in what situations is drug abuse most likely to become a chronic/persistent problem? | X | |
| 244810612 | William Dement | discovered sleep stages 1-4, professor at Stanford | |
| 244810613 | Eugene Aserinsky | along with Kleitman, discovered REM sleep | |
| 244810614 | Nathaniel Kleitman | along with Aserinsky, discovered REM sleep | |
| 244810615 | Sigmund Freud | duh, you know who he is proposed psychoanalytic dream theory | |
| 244810616 | J. Allen Hobson | with McCarley, proposed activation-synthesis theory of dreaming | |
| 244810617 | Robert McCarley | with Hobsen, proposed activation-synthesis theory of dreaming | |
| 244810618 | Ernest Hilgard | established dissociation theory of hypnosis; asked hypnotized participant to put arm in an ice bath, asked to lift finger if they felt pain--most did lift finger ("hidden observer" theory) | |
| 244810619 | Nicholas Spanos | established role theory of hypnosis | |
| 244810620 | Anton Mesmer | proponant of hypnosis ("animal magnetism" trance-like state induced) | |
| 244845471 | NT associated with caffeine | reduced adenosine | |
| 244845472 | NT associated with nicotine | stimulates acetylcholine | |
| 244845473 | NTs associated with amphetamines | stimulates dopamine and norepinephrine | |
| 244845474 | NTs associated with cocaine | increased levels of dopamine, seratonin and norepinephrine | |
| 244845475 | stages of alcohol withdrawal | Tremulous stage, seizures, hallucinations DTs |
