Terms : Hide Images
| 12395698581 | Reconquista | Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. | 0 | |
| 12395702332 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 1 | |
| 12395708405 | lateen sails | a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast. | 2 | |
| 12395711586 | Volta do mar | "Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents. | 3 | |
| 12395716260 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 4 | |
| 12395719147 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 5 | |
| 12395723302 | Vasco de Gama (Portugal) | First European to reach India | 6 | |
| 12395728520 | Christopher Columbus | He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. | 7 | |
| 12395736802 | Fernando and Isabel | the king and queen of Spain, underwrote Columbus's voyage | 8 | |
| 12395740142 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama | 9 | |
| 12395742808 | Ferdiniand Magellan | a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth | 10 | |
| 12395750170 | Sir Francis Drake | English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596) | 11 | |
| 12395762984 | Vitus Bering | Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741) | 12 | |
| 12395766174 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | 13 | |
| 12395772857 | Afonso de Albuquerque | Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control | 14 | |
| 12395783156 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 15 | |
| 12395786390 | VOC | united east India company | 16 | |
| 12395803280 | Seven Years War | (1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 17 | |
| 12395806574 | Smallpox | A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans. | 18 | |
| 12901832149 | 95 Theses | Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517. | 19 | |
| 12901834201 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 20 | |
| 12901836260 | Indulgence | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin | 21 | |
| 12901837504 | Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval) | 22 | |
| 12901839916 | Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 23 | |
| 12901840935 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. | 24 | |
| 12901842699 | Council of Trent | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. | 25 | |
| 12901846421 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 26 | |
| 12901849791 | St. Ignatius of Loyola | Founder of the Jesuits | 27 | |
| 12901852011 | Huguenots | French Calvinists | 28 | |
| 12901854108 | 30 years war | (1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire | 29 | |
| 12901856183 | Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation | 30 | |
| 12901857061 | James I | The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625 | 31 | |
| 12901859911 | charles i | English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell | 32 | |
| 12901888177 | charles ii | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism | 33 | |
| 12901889769 | James II (1685-1688) | -became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule | 34 | |
| 12901898610 | Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) | 35 | |
| 12901900037 | Petition of Right | Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land | 36 | |
| 12901901247 | Spanish Inquisition | An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism. | 37 | |
| 12901903293 | louis xvi | King of France during the French Revolution | 38 | |
| 12908473392 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 39 | |
| 12908476276 | dutch republic | declared its independence from the Spanish Netherlands in the late 16th century. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent. | 40 | |
| 12908481868 | william and mary | King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. | 41 | |
| 12908521440 | Divine Right | Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 42 | |
| 12908521441 | Romanovs | Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries. | 43 | |
| 12908526196 | Peter I | Peter the great was a czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | 44 | |
| 12908544296 | Catherine II | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 45 | |
| 12908547657 | Capitolism | a type of economic system in which goods are owned by private citizens | 46 | |
| 12908547658 | adam smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. | 47 | |
| 12908550778 | putting-out system | system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England | 48 | |
| 12908553346 | Nicholas Copernicus | He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles | 49 | |
| 12908558310 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) | 50 | |
| 12908562027 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars | 51 | |
| 12908566957 | isaac newton | Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe. | 52 | |
| 12908570349 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 53 | |
| 12908573943 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 54 | |
| 12908577884 | thomas hobbes | believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority | 55 | |
| 12908581742 | Voltaire | French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. | 56 | |
| 12908587243 | Baron de Montesquieu | believed government should have separation of powers | 57 | |
| 12908589414 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 58 | |
| 12908591947 | Hernando Cortez Spain | Defeated the Aztec in Mexico. | 59 | |
| 12908594683 | Fransisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. | 60 | |
| 12908599534 | Conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | 61 | |
| 12908608031 | Montecuzoma II | Aztec emperor and was captured by Hernan Cortes | 62 | |
| 12908611070 | viceroys | representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire | 63 | |
| 12908617071 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 64 | |
| 12908619570 | metis | People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent | 65 | |
| 12908622269 | Frontier of Inclusion/Exclusion | natives part of society: natives not part of society | 66 | |
| 12908624770 | mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. | 67 | |
| 12908628579 | Mulattoes | People of African and European descent | 68 | |
| 12908630600 | Zambos | People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever. | 69 | |
| 12908638315 | virgin of guadalupe | Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism. | 70 | |
| 12908642634 | Kingdom of Ghana | West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade. | 71 | |
| 12908648466 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire. | 72 | |
| 12908650655 | Sunni Ali | created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire | 73 | |
| 12908658302 | Kingdom of Kongo | conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders | 74 | |
| 12908667530 | Ndongo | Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663). | 75 | |
| 12908672118 | Hottentots | Derogatory term used by Dutch for native South African hunting and gathering peoples. They are more appropriately known as the Khoikhoi | 76 | |
| 12908691476 | Cape Town | colony founded by the Dutch | 77 | |
| 12908696711 | Dona Beatriz | the founder of the religion that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man and that Kongo was the true holy land | 78 | |
| 12908705727 | Triangle Trade | a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa | 79 | |
| 12908707852 | middle passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 80 | |
| 12908719243 | Olaudah Equiano | An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement. | 81 | |
| 12908721606 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 82 | |
| 12908723921 | Hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; | 83 | |
| 12908726819 | Yongle | Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia. | 84 | |
| 12908729665 | Great Wall | a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the Ming dynasty. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km | 85 | |
| 12908745448 | Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) | Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth. | 86 | |
| 12908752308 | Nurhachi | Chinese chieftain that unified many tribes into a single people called Manchus which established the Qing Dynasty. | 87 | |
| 12908755004 | manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 88 | |
| 12908757598 | kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 89 | |
| 12908762186 | Zhu Xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action | 90 | |
| 12908765417 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 91 | |
| 12908768733 | Matteo Ricci | Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China. | 92 | |
| 12908772805 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences | 93 | |
| 12908776294 | shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan). | 94 | |
| 12908789037 | Sengoku | "Warring States," period in Japan similar to feudal system in Europe | 95 | |
| 12908794750 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | 96 | |
| 12908794751 | Edo | Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate. | 97 | |
| 12908798154 | ukiyo | "floating world" (theater and brothel entertainment district) | 98 | |
| 12908812147 | Francis Xavier | This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity | 99 | |
| 12908814157 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 100 | |
| 12908816858 | Saravid Empire | The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. | 101 | |
| 12908828517 | Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. | 102 | |
| 12908834103 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 103 | |
| 12908834104 | osman | Founder of the Ottoman Empire. | 104 | |
| 12908838788 | Ghazi | A warrior for Islam | 105 | |
| 12908842786 | Suleyman | Was sultan when the Ottoman Empire was at its height | 106 | |
| 12908845164 | ismail | this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire | 107 | |
| 12908851473 | Twelver Shiism | A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. | 108 | |
| 12908855238 | Battle of Chaldiran | 16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis). | 109 | |
| 12908858542 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 110 | |
| 12908862850 | Zahir al-Din Muhammad | also known as "Babur the Tiger", he was a Chagatai Turk who founded the Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty. | 111 | |
| 12908866424 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death. | 112 | |
| 12908870080 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 113 | |
| 12908873114 | millet system | Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet. | 114 | |
| 12908878143 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 115 | |
| 12908882191 | Hagia Sophia | the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian | 116 |
