Terms : Hide Images
| 143876692 | memory | the persistence of learning over time; storage and retrieval of information | |
| 143876693 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (ex. 9/11) | |
| 143876694 | encoding | 1st step of information processing/memory storage; how we get information into our brain; input is translated into something meaningful to be remembered; encoded meaning | |
| 143876695 | storage | 2nd step of information processing/memory storage; retaining and storing info for long periods of time | |
| 143876696 | retrieval | 3rd step of information processing/memory storage; getting the memory back out; retrieving the memory | |
| 143876697 | three-stage processing | Atkinson and Shiffrin's 3-stage memory model; 1. info is recorded as sensory memory, 2. processed into short-term memory, 3. encoded for long-term memory | |
| 143876698 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system; includes most immediate thoughts | |
| 143876699 | short-term memory | memory that holds a few items briefly before they are stored or forgotten; includes some important thoughts; can remember up to 7 things (ex. phone numbers) | |
| 143876700 | long-term memory | the permanent and limitless storehouse of memory; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences | |
| 143876701 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on consciousness, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spacial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory | |
| 143876702 | automatic processing | unconscious, automatic encoding of space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information, such as word meanings; (ex. remembering where you ate yesterday) | |
| 143876703 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; (ex. studying - what you're doing right now) | |
| 143876704 | rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information; used to encode for storage; as it increases, re-learning time decreases | |
| 143876705 | spacing effect | the tendency for study that is SPACED over longer periods of time to yield better results than studying the night before | |
| 143876706 | serial position effect | tendency to remember the first and last items better than the rest; remember things because of their POSITION | |
| 143876707 | visual encoding | remembering images and visuals | |
| 143876708 | acoustic encoding | remembering sounds, especially word sounds (ex. it's easier to remember rhymes) | |
| 143876709 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning;remembering meaning (ex. word meaning) | |
| 143876710 | imagery | mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing | |
| 143876711 | mnemonic devices | memory aids; includes method of loci, peg-word system, acronyms | |
| 143876712 | method of loci | Greek mnemonic device; scholars would imagine themselves in different LOCations and associated each place with an image of the to-be-remembered topic | |
| 143876713 | peg-word system | associating an idea with a peg word; (ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...I want to remember to buy carrots at the store, so I image a carrot-flavored bun.) | |
| 143876714 | chunking | organizing items into meaningful, familiar categories; often occurs automatically; (it's easier to remember 1492 and 1812 instead of 1,4,9,2,1,8,1,2,) | |
| 143876715 | acronym | creating words or setences from the first letters of words to be remembered (ex. ROY G. BIV) | |
| 143876716 | IConic memory | a photographIC memory lasting for a few tenths of a second; everyone has it; discovered by Sperling | |
| 143876717 | echoic memory | a momentary audio memory of a sound; sounds, words, and ECHOES can be remembered within 3 to 4 seconds, even if attention is elsewhere | |
| 143876718 | long-term potentiation | LTP; proLONGed strengthening of POTENTIAL neuron firing; by stimulating certain neural connections repeated, they become more efficient at releasing neurotransmitters; neural basis for learning and memory | |
| 143876719 | amnesia | the loss of memory | |
| 143876720 | implicit memory | learning still occurs, but the person doesn't remember what they have learned; implied memories; also called procedural memory or nondeclarative memory (ex. amnesia patient plays golf a lot and gets good at it, but can't remember ever playing golf) | |
| 143876721 | explicit memory | memory of facts that one can consciously known and DECLARE; also known as declarative memory; one can EXPLICITLY declare that they remember the experience or fact | |
| 143876722 | hippocampus | the neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage; (ex. We don't remember our first 3 years because the this is the last brain structure to develop, yet we still remember how to crawl and eat and breathe) | |
| 143876723 | cerebellum | processing site for implicit memories; memories for skills and conditioned associations are kept here | |
| 143876724 | amygdala | stores implicit emotional memories; damage to this brain area prevents one from learning to fear | |
| 143876726 | recall | ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness (ex. fill-in-the-blank test) | |
| 143876727 | recognition | ability to identify items previously learned (ex. multiple-choice test) | |
| 143876728 | relearning | a memory measure that assess the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time | |
| 143876729 | priming | identifying the strands that lead to a specific memory held in storage; prime the mind to get the specific details out | |
| 143876730 | deja vu | "I've seen this before"; cues from your current situation my subconsciously trigger retrieval of past memories | |
| 143876731 | mood-congruent memory | tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood | |
| 143876734 | misattribution | confusing the source of info (ex. remembering a movie scene as a real life event) | |
| 143876736 | proactive interference | when stuff you learned in the past interferes with what you're learning now (ex. Grandma can never be a computer PRO because she thinks the computer is an old typewriter.) PORN--Proactive--Old info interferes with new; Retroactive--New interferes with old. | |
| 143876737 | retroactive interference | when new information makes it harder to remember old information; (ex. There are so many new styles out nowadays that I can't remember the old RETRO clothing styles!) PORN--Proactive--Old info interferes with new; Retroactive--New interferes with old. | |
| 143876739 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event (ex. How fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into eachother?) | |
| 143876740 | source amnesia | also called misattribution; attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (ex. remembering a movie scene as something the really happened) |
