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| 126665114 | European's foundation for a more dynamic society | 1. regional society --〉 political order 2. new technologies & tools --〉 ↑agricultural production & economic growth; ↑long distance trade, enriched cities, & supported establishment of new towns 3. missionary efforts of the western Christian church --〉 cultural & religious unity | 0 | |
| 126665115 | Otto I | established himself as king in northern Germany in the mid-10th century. | 1 | |
| 126665116 | 962 CE | Pope John XII proclaimed Otto I as emperor for his aid to the Church | 2 | |
| 126665117 | Investiture Contest | a dispute between the emperor and the pope over the appointment of church officials in the late 11th and early 12th century. | 3 | |
| 126665118 | Frederick Barbossa | "the red beard"; integrated Lombardy with his German holdings | 4 | |
| 126665119 | Hugh Capet | a minor noble elected by lords of France to serve as king after the last of Carolingians dies in 987 C.E. | 5 | |
| 126665120 | Duke William of Normandy | invaded England in 1066, and introduced Norman principles of govt and land tenure to England | 6 | |
| 126665121 | Papal State | central Italy ruled by the pope | 7 | |
| 126665122 | Christian and Muslim States in Iberia | Christian Kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, & Portugal Muslim: Kingdom of Granada | 8 | |
| 126701639 | The Hanseatic League | association of trading cities | 9 | |
| 126701640 | The Three Estates | those who pray: clergy those who fight: knights and nobles those who work: peasants | 10 | |
| 126701641 | Troubadours | a class of traveling poets, minstrels, and entertainers whom aristocratic women enthusiastically patronized | 11 | |
| 126701642 | Eleanor of Aquitane | most celebrated woman --〉 encourage the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and romantic love. | 12 | |
| 126701643 | guilds | an association of people that work on the same trade and pursuits; regulated the production and sale of goods within their jurisdictions; provided focus for friendship and mutual support in addition to work. | 13 | |
| 126701644 | Scholasticism: St. Thomas Aquinas | sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy; logic + religious belief | 14 | |
| 126854282 | Waldensians | people who led heretical movements against the church. They appealed to the biblical ideal of simplicity and separation from the world. | 15 | |
| 126854283 | The Cathars | (Albigensians) adopted the teachings of heretical groups. super against the Roman Catholic Church. | 16 | |
| 126854284 | Pope Innocent III | sent military to destroy the Cathars | 17 | |
| 126854285 | Eric the Red | the founder of Greenland | 18 | |
| 126854286 | Leif Ericson | son of Eric the Red who discovered the newfoundland in Canada (called Vinland) where fish and timber were abundant. | 19 | |
| 126997389 | Reconquista | The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. | 20 | |
| 126997390 | Crusades | "holy war"; huge expeditions that Roman Catholic Christians mounted in an effort to recapture Palestines, the land of Christian origins, and the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim authorities. | 21 | |
| 126997391 | Pope Urban II | launched the Crusades in 1095; Peter the Hermit recruited untrained participants and it turned out to be a disaster. | 22 | |
| 126997392 | The First Crusade | 1097&1098- captured Edessa, Antioch, and other strategic cities. 1099- captured Jerusalem ---〉 Egyptians + Turks + Muslims worked together 1187- Salah al-Din recaptured Jerusalem | 23 |
