Terms : Hide Images
| 378270401 | Reconquista | reconquest; Christian struggle to take back the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims | 0 | |
| 378270402 | Scandinavia | area in northern Europe that is made up of present-day Norway, Sweden and Denmark; it was home to the Vikings, whose raids terrified all of Europe | 1 | |
| 378270403 | Aachen | the capital of Charlemagne's empire, which covered much of western and central Europe | 2 | |
| 378270404 | Holy Roman Empire | territory ruled by Otto I; it included most of Germany and northern Italy | 3 | |
| 378270405 | Clovis | king of the Franks who lived in the area that is now France; in AD 496 he became a Catholic | 4 | |
| 378270406 | Charlemagne | known as Charles the Great, he became king of the Franks at age 29; his kingdom covered much of western and central Europe; the pope declared him the new Roman emperor; he realized the importance of an education | 5 | |
| 378270407 | Otto I | one of the stronger kings of Germany who the Magyars and sent troops to Italy to protect the pope; the pope declared him emperor of the Romans in AD 962 | 6 | |
| 378270408 | Charles Martel | the most powerful of the Frankish mayors of the palace; he wanted to unite all the nobles under his rule; he stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and as a result, Western Europe remained Christian | 7 | |
| 378270409 | Gregory the Great | pope who wanted to convert all of Europe to Christianity; in 597 he sent missionaries to Britain and they converted Ethelbert, ruler of the kingdom of Kent; by 1050 most people in Western Europe had become Catholic | 8 | |
| 378270410 | Venice | city in Italy which became a major trading center in the Mediterranean by AD1000 | 9 | |
| 378270411 | Flanders | part of present-day Belgium, its towns became the center of trade for northern Europe; Flemish towns such as Bruges and Ghent became centers for making and trading cloth | 10 | |
| 378270412 | Normandy | the part of western France that lies across the English Channel from England; it was named ater the Vikings or Norsemen who ruled it | 11 | |
| 378270413 | Kiev | a city around which the Rus state was created by a Viking leader named Oleg around the year AD900 | 12 | |
| 378270414 | Moscow | city located at the crossroads of several important trade routes; also the headquarters for the Russian branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church | 13 | |
| 378270415 | William the Conqueror | cousin of King Edward of England; when Edward died he defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and was crowned king of England | 14 | |
| 378270416 | King John | son of Henry II of England; English nobles forced him to sign a document of rights called the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the king | 15 | |
| 378270417 | Phillip II | king of France from 1180-1223; he went to war against England and conquered most of the territories of western Europe | 16 | |
| 378270418 | Saladin | Muslim leader and brilliant commander who became ruler of Egypt in 1174; he defeated the Christians and captured Jerusalem in 1187 | 17 | |
| 378270419 | Bologna | city in Italy which was the site of one of the first European universities | 18 | |
| 378270420 | Francis of Assisi | founder of the first order of friars known as Franciscans | 19 | |
| 378270421 | Thomas Aquinas | Dominican friar and priest who is best known for combining Church teachings with the ideas of Aristotle; about 1276 he wrote Summa Theologica, a summary of knowledge on theology; he was made a saint in 1323 | 20 | |
| 378270422 | Crecy | site of the first major battle of the 100 Years War after Edward invaded France | 21 | |
| 378270423 | Orleans | city where the French army, led by Joan of Arc, defeated the English and began driving them out of France | 22 | |
| 378270424 | Joan of Arc | French peasant woman whose faith inspired the French army to capture the city of Orleans from the English | 23 | |
| 378270425 | Isabella of Castile | princess of Castile who married Prince Ferdinand of Aragon, thus uniting the 2 kingdoms into one country called Spain; together they tried to make Spain Catholic by driving out the Jews and then the Muslims | 24 | |
| 378270426 | Ferdinand of Aragon | prince of Aragon, a kingdom on the Mediterranean Coast; he married Isabella of Castile, thus uniting the 2 kingdoms into one county called Spain; together they tried to make Spain Catholic by driving out the Jews and then the Muslims | 25 | |
| 378270427 | fjord | steep sided valled that is an inlet of the sea | 26 | |
| 378270428 | missionary | person who travels to carry the ideas of religion to others | 27 | |
| 378270429 | excommunicate | to declare that a person or group no longer belongs to a church | 28 | |
| 378270430 | concordat | agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country | 29 | |
| 378270431 | feudalism | political system based on bonds of loyalty between the lords and vassels | 30 | |
| 378270432 | vassal | in feudalism, a noble who held land from and served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection | 31 | |
| 378270433 | fief | under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty | 32 | |
| 378270434 | knight | in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback | 33 | |
| 378270435 | serf | peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble | 34 | |
| 378270436 | guild | medieval business group formed by craftspeople and merchants | 35 | |
| 378270437 | grand jury | group that decided whether there was enough evidence to accuse a person of a crime | 36 | |
| 378270438 | trial jury | jury that decided whether the accused person was innocent or guilty | 37 | |
| 378270439 | clergy | religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services | 38 | |
| 378270440 | mass | Catholic worship service | 39 | |
| 378270441 | heresy | belief that differs from or contradicts the accepted teachings of a religion | 40 | |
| 378270442 | anti-Semitism | hatred of Jews | 41 | |
| 378270443 | theology | the study of religion and God | 42 | |
| 378270444 | scholasticism | medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion | 43 | |
| 378270445 | vernacular | everyday language used in a country or region | 44 | |
| 378270446 | plague | disease that spreads quickly and kills many people | 45 | |
| 378270447 | Pepin the Short | son of Charles Martel who became king of the Franks when Martel died; he defeated the Lombards who were threatening the pope and gave the land he won to the pope; those lands became the papal states | 46 | |
| 378270448 | Alfred the Great | Britain king who drove away the Vikings by uniting the Anglo-Saxons thus making one kingdom known as Angleland - England; founded schools & hired Latin scholars to write books in the Anglo-Saxon language | 47 | |
| 378270449 | Harold Godwinson | became King of England after Edward died; lost his kingdom to William the Conqueror | 48 | |
| 378270450 | King Richard | The Lion Hearted led part of the third crusade with Saladin Neither won signed a 5 year treaty | 49 | |
| 378270451 | Pope Urban II | Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades | 50 | |
| 378270452 | Henry IV | Holy Roman emperor who refused to obey Gregory VII's rule that high ranking church officials could not be appointed by the king; he declared that Gregory was no longer the pope; he was excommunicated fought Rome and named a new pope | 51 | |
| 378270453 | code of chivalry | a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all knights behavior | 52 | |
| 378270454 | Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | 53 | |
| 378270455 | Magna Carta | document signed by King John in 1215 that took away some of the king's powers; helped establish the idea that people have rights and that the power of government should be limited | 54 | |
| 378270456 | lord | in feudalism, the lord protected the vassel and served the king; gave land to people to keep them loyal; one step below the nobles | 55 | |
| 378270457 | Battle of Tours | Charles Martel led the Franks and defeated the Muslims in AD732; this stopped the Muslim advance into Europe keeping Christianity western Europe's major religion | 56 | |
| 378270458 | Battle of Hastings | in 1066, William the Conquerer defeated Harold to become king of England | 57 | |
| 378270459 | Concordat of Worms | agreement between the German king and the new pope that said only the pope could choose bishops, but only the emperor could give them jobs in government | 58 | |
| 378270460 | Crusade | holy war 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims | 59 | |
| 378270461 | Inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy | 60 | |
| 378270462 | Phillip IV | taxed clergy to pay for a war; after much conflict with the Pope, he called the Estates General to request support | 61 | |
| 378270463 | 100 Years War | conflict between France and England in the 14th/15th centuries introduced new forms of warfare (crossbow) French victory | 62 |
