Terms : Hide Images
| 55147413 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 0 | |
| 55147414 | Mecca | City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam. | 1 | |
| 55147415 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 660 to 750. | 2 | |
| 55147416 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shine in Islam. | 3 | |
| 55147417 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca. | 4 | |
| 55147418 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. | 5 | |
| 55147419 | Qu'ran | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. | 6 | |
| 55147420 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a. | 7 | |
| 55147421 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims. | 8 | |
| 55147422 | five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. | 9 | |
| 55147423 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. | 10 | |
| 55147424 | hajj | A Muslim's pilgramage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba. | 11 | |
| 55147425 | caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad. | 12 | |
| 55147426 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community. | 13 | |
| 55147427 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity in Islam. | 14 | |
| 55147428 | jihads | Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith. | 15 | |
| 55147429 | Sunni | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads. | 16 | |
| 55147430 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. | 17 | |
| 55147431 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 18 | |
| 55147432 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. | 19 | |
| 55147433 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweeden, Demnark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the the 8th to the 11th centuries. | 20 | |
| 55147434 | manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciporocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. | 21 | |
| 55147435 | serf | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages. | 22 | |
| 55147436 | vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 23 | |
| 55147437 | moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | 24 | |
| 55147438 | three-field system | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow. | 25 | |
| 55147439 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish Kingdom. | 26 | |
| 55147440 | Carolingian | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th Century. | 27 | |
| 55147441 | Renaissance | Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages. | 28 | |
| 55147442 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | 29 | |
| 55147443 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800 | 30 | |
| 55147444 | Holy Roman emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. | 31 | |
| 55147445 | William the Conquerer | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. | 32 | |
| 55147446 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th Century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. | 33 | |
| 55147447 | Peter Abelard | Author of _Yes and No_; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 34 | |
| 55147448 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval larning; taught at University of Paris; author of several "Summas;" believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. | 35 | |
| 55147449 | scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. | 36 | |
| 55147450 | gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls. | 37 | |
| 55147451 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 38 | |
| 55147452 | guilds | Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. | 39 | |
| 55147453 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | 40 | |
| 55147454 | Husayn | Ali's second son who attempted to overthrow the Umayyads in a revolt. However, he and a small party were overthrown and killed at Karbala in 680. | 41 | |
| 55147455 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. | 42 | |
| 55147456 | mosque | Place of Muslim prayer, much like church in Christianity. | 43 | |
| 55147457 | medieval | The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century. | 44 | |
| 55147458 | mercenaries | Hired killers. | 45 | |
| 55147459 | feudalism | System where vassals were loaned land in exchange for part of profits by lords (often kings or rich land-owners). | 46 | |
| 55147460 | Battle of Tours | Battle in which Franks and Muslims fought; won by Charles Martel of the Franks; confined Muslims to Spain and preserved Europe for Christianity. | 47 |
