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AP Bio Chapter 2 Flashcards

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6275696878Matter-anything that has space and mass0
6275702508Elementa substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.1
6275706343Compounda substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.2
6275732677C,H,O,Nare the four essential elements that make up 96% of living matter.3
6275735619Trace elementsthe elements required by an organism in only scant amounts.4
6275739057Atomsthe smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of the element.5
6275742500Protonspositively charged particles found in the atom's nucleus6
6275747896Electronsnegatively-charged substances that are located in electron shells around the nucleus and are responsible for the chemical properties and reactivity of the element.7
6275750778Neutronsparticles with no charge.8
6275765158Isotopesvarious forms of an element with varying numbers of neutrons9
6275769537Atomic Numberthe number of protons an element possesses10
6275772218Mass Numberthe sum of an element's protons and neutrons11
6275775024Chemical Bondsinteractions between the valence electrons of diverse atoms12
6275778601Covalent Bonda chemical bond that occurs when valence electrons are shared by two atoms.13
6275783036Nonpolar Covalent Bondschemical bonds that occur when the electrons being shared are distributed between the two atoms14
6275785593Polar Covalent Bonda chemical bond in which one atom has greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in an unequal sharing of the electrons15
6275789113Ionic Bondschemical bonds in which two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom.16
6275791009Ion- the resulting charged atom or moleculethe resulting charged atom or molecule17
6275794393Hydrogen Bondsweak bonds that form between the partially positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule18
6275796420Van der Waals Interactionsweak, transient connections that are the result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule19
6275800765Chemical Reactiona process in which the reactants are converted into products by the breakdown and creation of chemical bonds, which is sometimes reversible20
6275802899Reactantsthe starting materials of a chemical reaction21
6275805483Productsthe ending materials of a chemical reaction22
6275809433Polara term describing the partial negative charge of the oxygen atom, and the partial positive charge of the hydrogen atom23
6275812784Cohesionthe union of like molecules24
6275821011Adhesionthe clinging of one substance to another substance25
6275824330Transpirationthe movement of water molecules up thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomata26
6275827539Specific Heatthe amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by 1 degrees Celsius27
6275830003Hydrophilic- water-soluble substances28
6276290208Hydrophobic- substances that are nonpolar and don't dissolve in water29
6276295779pHa measure of the relative acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions by a scale of 0-14-measures the concentration of OH ions30
6276298671Acidssubstances with an excess of hydrogen ions and a pH level below 731
6276301615Basessubstances with an excess of hydroxide ions and a pH level above 732
6276305736Bufferssubstances that reduce changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution and donating H+ ions when in depletion33
6276305737Carbonic Acida vital buffer in living systems that moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean34

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