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AP Psychology Flashcards

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15029429608Social TrapConflicting parties that become caught in mutually destructive behavior i.e. thinking someone hates you, then you give off bad vibes so they think you hate thEm and they start doing the same thing. Becomes an endless cycle1
15029480870Mirror-Image PerceptionsMutual views often held by conflicting parties/people i.e. one side views itself as ethical and peaceful while the other is evil and aggressive, other side thinks the same thing.2
15029517348Self-fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment i.e. you wont like a certain teacher/subject so you go in with a bad mindset and therefore dont like the teacher/subject.3
15029536132Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation i.e. solving gun violence but also keeping freedom requires both parties.4
15029549429GRITGraduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.5
15030684146Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)The tendency for observers when analyzing others behaviors to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.6
15030757824Dispositional attribution/internal attributionInferring that personal factors are the cause of an event or behavior.7
15030787370foot-in-the-door phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request8
15030792908cognitive dissonance theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent9
15030810017altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others10
15030821651bystander effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present11
15030832047social exchange theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs12
15030837276reciprocacy norman expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them13
15030843033social-responsibility norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them14
15030848288conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas15
15030868791parallel processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.16
15030878829Explicit memories (declarative memories)memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"17
15030903544Implicit memories (nondeclarative memories)retention independent of conscious recollection18
15030927234echoic memoryAttention elsewhere but words can still recalled within 3 or 4 seconds19
15030947330shallow processingencoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words20
15030953323deep processingencoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention21
15030959263semantic distinctivenessOdd one out22
15030966345serial position effectStuff in middle is "blurry"23
15030977384Frontal lobesMemory processing, left and right process different types(left passwords,etc. Right, visual,etc.)24
15030993883HippocampusCenter in the limbic system helps process explicit memories. When left damaged trouble with verbal info when right damaged, trouble with locations and visual designs.25
15031026044CereblellumKey role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classic conditioning.26
15031060099basal gangliadeep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills27
15031162438Amygdalatwo lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.28
15031167183Semanticgeneral knowledge29
15031175721EpisodicSpecific knowledge to you30
15031179360long-term potentiation(LTP)an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory31
15031184933mood-congruent memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood32
15031190033Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response33
15031200971context dependant memoryMemorizing people's names based on where they sit in a room34
15031212992proactive interferenceOld learning effects new learning35
15031217350retroactive interferenceNew learning effects old knowledge36
15031224301motivated forgettingPeople unknowingly revise their memories37
15031234480anterograde amnesiaAn inability to form new memories38
15031237358retrograde amnesiaAn inability to recall information from past39
15031249547Yuppiesyoung, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s.40
15142432372Latin definition of PsychologyStudy of the soul41
15142439956Current Definition of Psychologythe study of the mind and mental processes42
15142455731Lev VygotskySocial-Cultural Psychologist, community plays large role in "making meaning", Social learning tends to precede development.43
15142482410sociocultural perspectivecultural factors such as language, art, social norms, and social structures shape mental processes and cognitive abilities.44
15142498791Endel Tulving (1985)helped separate declarative memory into Episodic and Semantic memory. Retrieval separated into storage found where memory in brain happens45
15142642779Evolutionary Perspectiveuseful mental and psychological traits like memory, perception, or language, are adaptions, or functional products of natural selection. Key Words; Survive, Reproduce46
15142736558R. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzanigacorpus calloscotomy alleviate epileptic seizures- can effect behavior and agency split brain syndrome. can be like split personalities-different behaviors.47
15142790103Elizabeth Loftuscognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony48
15339458235nature-nurture issuethe longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture49
15339467442biopsychosocial approachan integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis50
15339473100Psychometricsthe scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits51
15339486320positive psychologythe scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive52
15339495580quantitative psychologistsPsychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data53
15339505638forensic psychologistsapply psychological principles to legal issues54
15339517500hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it55
15339524688overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.56
15339536230perceiving order in random eventsHumans want to see a whole rather than parts we tend to connect the parts to create one logical line of thinking57
15339542507scientific attitudecuriosity, skepticism, humility58
15339547988operational definitionsa carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study59
15339558648sampling biasa flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample60
15339567325confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence61
15339574175correlation coefficienta statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)62
15339580897ASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATIONASSOCIATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION63
15339593892illusory causationthe perception of a relationship where none exists64
15339601573confounding variablea factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment65
15339607227Case study pros and cons+ Allow observation of a rare or infrequent situation + Can generate new ideas, perspectives and techniques + Challenge existing assumptions - Observers are typically biased - Situations and outcomes can be subjective - Inherently idiographic66
15339611412Survey pros and cons+ fast, lot more data, ways to do it without sampling bias, etc. -can be very affected by any sampling bias or wording effects67
15339647444naturalistic observation pros and cons+ Unbiased info, large sample size, - not good for cause and effect, time consuming68
15339666909Validitythe extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to69
15339685056behavioral sinkarea in which the negative effects of high density are intensified rats70
15339690662yuppsyeuh71
15701388409frontal lobeA region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement72
15701392728temporal lobeAn area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information73
15701398614Peripheral Lobetop of brain, discriminates between textures and shapes74
15701398615occipital lobeA region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information75
15702652662ventricles of the brainCanals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles are also found in the heart. They are the two lower chambers of the heart.76
15702656592cingulate gyrusa strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum77
15702656593Thalamusthe brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla78
15702659574Hypothalamuspart of the brain above the thalamus that controls the pituitary gland and therefore the endocrine system. It is responsible for homeostasis79
15702663622optic chamberwhere optic nerves cross on route to the thalamus to occcipital lobe80
15702675160pituitary glandThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.81
15702678621MidbrainA small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.82
15702678622PonsA brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain83
15702682468medulla oblongataPart of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.84
15702686342Meningesthree protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord85
15702689221cerebral cortexThe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.(outer layer of cerebrum)86
15702706580CerebrumArea of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body87
15702710146corpus callosumthe large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them88
15702710148pineal glandsecretes melatonin89
15702713931CerebellumA large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.90
15702802301premotor cortexa region of nonprimary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex91
15702809147Broca's areaControls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.92
15702813379premotor arearesponsible for thinking of movement to be made93
15702820267olfactory cortexsmell94
15702827162auditory areatemporal lobe, interprets hearing95
15702832080auditory cortexthe area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information96
15702841343Wernicke's areacontrols language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe97
15702845967visual cortexThe visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.98
15702850069visual association areainterprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex99
15718672502limbic systemA doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.100
15718985744sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations101
15718985747parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy102
15792499075Reward pathway in the brainPleasure center, where pleasure seems to be so desired that the animal will continue to behave in such a manner that the pleasure received. The desire for pleasure over-rides other drives103
15792561990nucleus accumbensa subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction104
15792566754Seratonin pathwaySerotonin is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized, stored, and released by specific neurons in this pathway. ... For example, the serotonin neurons in the neocortex in the front of the brain (frontal cortex) regulate cognition, memory, and perceptions105
15794946798parietal lobereceives sensory input for touch and body position106
15812520490left brain functionsanalytic thought, logic, language, science and math107
15812817281right brain functionsholistic thought, intuition, creativity, art and music108
15812817282yeah109

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