blood typing - analyzes class of antigens found on red blood cells
- must be matched for blood transfusions
- A blood - A antigens, B antibodies
- B blood - B antigens, A antibodies
- AB blood - A and B antigens, no antibodies
- O blood - no A or B antigens, A and B antibodies
- different blood types of blood mixed together >> clumping is possible
Rh factor - another group of antigens found on red blood cells
- Rh-positive or Rh-negative (mostly Rh-positive)
- baby can be born anemic if mother creates antibodies against the baby’s blood during birth
monoclonal antibodies - specific for only a single antigenic determinant
- antigens may have multiple determinants >> generates polyclonal antibodies when injected into organisms
- created from hybridoma (fusion of cancer and B cells)
evolution of immune system - started w/ restriction endonucleases to degrade foreign DNA
- invertebrates developed self markers to figure out which cells to attack
- phagocytes - attack microbes, found in all animals
- lymphocytes - first originated in annelid earthworms
- lectins = ancestors of antibodies
- binds to sugar molecules
- immune system fully evolved by sharks
AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome due to human immunodeficiency virus
- destroys CD4+ T cells >> body unable to respond to any foreign antigen
- HIV-infected cells only die after releasing replicated viruses
- HIV prevents cells from responding to HIV antigen, blocks transcription of MHC genes
- die of infection, can’t die of HIV
- inhibit protease >> inhibit viral assembly, possible treatment
antigen shifting - pathogen mutates frequently >> gets past immune system
- 2ndary immune response rarely comes into play
- malaria - caused by Plasmodium falciparum
- consumes hemoglobin
- prevents blood cells from going to the spleen for repair
- DNA vaccines - uses T cells instead of B cells to defend
- uses plasmid to mark pathogen
autoimmunity - immune system = source of problem
- immune system fails to recognize self antigens
- leads to organ damage, inflammation
- stopped w/ corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs
allergy - hypersensitivity to allergens
- antihistamine blocks histamine receptor >> inhibits inflammatory response
- immediate hypersensitivity - B cell response, symptoms within seconds/minutes
- IgE antibodies created instead of IgG
- IgE do not circulate in blood, attaches to tissue cells >> makes cells secrete histamine
- anaphylactic shock - uncontrolled blood pressure drop
- delayed hypersensitivity - T cell response, symptoms within 48 hours
- contact dermatitis - caused by poison ivy, oak, sumac
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