Flashcards
AP World History Unit 2: The Global Tapestry Flashcards
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| 15110408928 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. | 0 | |
| 15110408929 | Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 1 | |
| 15110408930 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | 2 | |
| 15110408931 | Neo-Confucianism | The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief. | 3 | |
| 15110408932 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season, from VIETNAM. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.) | 4 | |
| 15110408933 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. Transported rice (in South) and wheat (in North), drastic population increase, FORCED LABOR | 5 | |
| 15110408934 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. | 6 | |
| 15110408935 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. | 7 | |
| 15110408936 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. | 8 | |
| 15110408938 | Mamluk Sultanate | Fatimids. A political unit in Egypt. Did not set up a consistent, hereditary line of succession. Failed to adapt to new warfare and were eventually defeated by the Ottomans. | 9 | |
| 15110408939 | Delhi Sultanate | The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi. | 10 | |
| 15110408937 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of. | 11 | |
| 15110408940 | Sufism | mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life | 12 | |
| 15110408941 | Dar al-Islam | a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely. |  | 13 |
| 15110408942 | House of Wisdom | Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s. | 14 | |
| 15110408943 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 15 | |
| 15110408944 | Bhakti Movement | An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity. | 16 | |
| 15110408945 | Monasticism | The practice of living the life of a monk | 17 | |
| 15110408946 | Vijayanagara Empire | Southern Indian kingdom (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals. | 18 | |
| 15110408947 | Srivijaya Empire | A maritime empire that controlled the Sunda strait the strait of Malacca between India and China. HS: control strengthened trade routes to China, India, and even Arabia | 19 | |
| 15110408948 | Rajput Kingdoms | set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty ruled by land owning Kshatriyas (Warriors) wealthy due to trade and a good economy. | 20 | |
| 15110408949 | Khmer Empire | Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia | 21 | |
| 15110408950 | Sinhala Dynasties | Kingdom on the island of Sri Lanka | 22 | |
| 15110408956 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 23 | |
| 15110408957 | Ethiopia | A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa | 24 | |
| 15110408958 | Hausa Kingdoms | West African people who lived in several city-states of what is now northern Nigeria | 25 | |
| 15110408959 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 26 | |
| 15110408960 | Serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. | 27 | |
| 15110408961 | Imperial Bureaucracy | organizations where appointed officials carry out the empire's policies | 28 | |
| 15110408962 | Civil Service Exam | In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy. | 29 | |
| 15110408963 | Scholar Gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. | 30 | |
| 15110408964 | Foot Binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. SIGN OF PATRIARCHY | 31 | |
| 15110408965 | Bagdhad | Capital of Islamic Empire under the Abbasid Dynasty. | 32 | |
| 15110408966 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 33 | |
| 15110408967 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 34 | |
| 15110408968 | Majapahit kingdom | vast archipelagic empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500; one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, one that is sometimes seen as the precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries | 35 | |
| 15110408970 | Matrilineal Society | a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line | 36 | |
| 15110408974 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 37 | |
| 15110408976 | Kin-Based Networks | Relation between two or more people that is based on common ancestry or marriage | 38 | |
| 15110408977 | Manorial System | an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors | 39 | |
| 15110408978 | Three-field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. | 40 | |
| 15110408979 | Estates General | An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. | 41 | |
| 15110408980 | Magna Carta | the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 | 42 | |
| 15110408981 | English Parliament | England's chief law-making body. It was a key institution in the development of representative democracy as it provided some voice and recognition of the rights and interests of various groups in society. | 43 | |
| 15110408982 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. | 44 | |
| 15110408983 | Renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome | 45 | |
| 15186014611 | Sui Dynasty (589-618) | After Hans, reunited China. Had extensive canal systems built, Great Wall, granaries, land reform | 46 | |
| 15186020610 | Emperor Wendi | Sui emperor (r. 581-604) who particularly patronized Buddhism, lowered taxes | 47 | |
| 15186192257 | Yuangdi | Killed his father Wendi, established merit bureaucracy, tried to take Korea | 48 | |
| 15186211415 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, which used CONFUCIANISM, but traders from Central Asia brought BUDDHISM. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a tributary system a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 49 | |
| 15186234070 | tributary system | A TANG system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. | 50 | |
| 15186240953 | Equal Field System | This Chinese TANG system allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs. | 51 | |
| 15186243399 | An Lushan Rebellion | Took place in China during the Tang Dynasty, from December 16, 755 to February 17, 763. had its roots in the behavior of one of the great emperors of Chinese history, Xuanzong. Until he fell in love with a young concubine named Yang Guifei, he had been a great ruler, and had brought the Tang to its height of prosperity and grandeur. But he became so infatuated with Yang that the administration of the government soon fell into decay, which was made no better by the way that Yang took advantage of her power to stuff high administrative positions with her corrupt cronies. She also took under her wing a general, who quickly accumulated power. The revolt was led under the pretense of punishing his tormentor Yang Guozhong. | 52 | |
| 15186303734 | What was common between the Tang and Song Dynasties? | They prospered, made a lot of $$$ | 53 | |
| 15186310963 | Mongol-Song | Songs originally paid tributes to Mongols, but later fell to it when the Yuan Empire was established. | 54 | |
| 15186340264 | Taika Reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an efficient absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy, peasant conscript army, take control from aristocrats. Blow to feudal lords. | 55 | |
| 15186365208 | Japan Feudal System | the emperor was a powerless, though revered, figurehead |  | 56 |
| 15186368925 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai, vassals of shogun | 57 | |
| 15186376677 | Shogun | In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure. | 58 | |
| 15186379172 | Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. | 59 | |
| 15186387248 | Umayyad Dynasty | An Islamic Dynasty based on succession, continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China in the East. Fell apart in 750 CE due to internal tensions | 60 | |
| 15186412635 | jizya | The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam. | 61 | |
| 15186420018 | Umayyad Hierachy | Arabs>Non-Arab Muslims>Non-Muslims; led to Umayyad being NON-UNIVERSALIZING | 62 | |
| 15186445783 | What led to the downfall of the Umayyads? | succession problems, dissents of non-Arab Muslims and conquered peoples, sectarian Sunni vs Shia conflict | 63 | |
| 15186459956 | Umayyad capital | Damascus | 64 | |
| 15186467994 | Abbasid culture | lively exchange of ideas, attracted many people, including scholars, to live within its borders, VEILED WOMEN | 65 | |
| 15186499729 | Abbasid social hierarchy | non-skilled laborers = slaves; +clever & ambitious = pay for freedom; Arab is equal to non-Arab, UNIVERSALIZING | 66 | |
| 15186516601 | Abbasid caliph | Very lazy, VIZIER did all of the work | 67 | |
| 15186525160 | Seljuks in Abbasid | Originally hired by the Abbasids for soldiers, later took over | 68 | |
| 15186540069 | Decline of Abbasid Dynasty | • Conflict between brothers and corruption led to provinces breaking away • Powerful Abbasid Empire faces many attacks during 700s and 800s • Persians conquer Abbasid capital, Baghdad, in 945 | 69 | |
| 15186557866 | Korea-China Similarity | Koreans modeled Chinese capital, adopt government style, Confucian/Buddhist beliefs, Chinese writing system | 70 | |
| 15186571878 | The Korean bureaucracy | Was modeled on the Chinese Confucian system, though admitted members almost exclusively by birth rather than test score since the Korean elite were able to resists some Chinese reforms | 71 | |
| 15186655211 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East, rich dude! | 72 | |
| 15186679730 | Ghana Empire | controlled all the western trade routes across the Sahel; Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. CONVERTED TO ISLAM | 73 | |
| 15186694466 | Order of African Empires | Ghana Empire (830-1235 CE) Mali Empire (1235-1400) Songhay Empire (late 15th century) | 74 | |
| 15186733823 | Swahili Coast | region along east coast of Africa, part of INDIAN OCEAN trade route, Islam influenced and CONVERTED | 75 | |
| 15186742189 | Did Islam affect women in Africa? | Not really | 76 | |
| 15186746404 | Swahili is a mixture of what two languages? | Bantu and Arabic | 77 | |
| 15186771954 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire, matrilineal society, Islamic state, NO PRIVATE PROPERTY, TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE | 78 | |
| 15186812655 | The Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade fostered the spread of which religion? | Islam into India | 79 | |
| 15186816006 | Silk Road-Abbasid | Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture and establish Baghdad as its "House of Wisdom" | 80 | |
| 15186839557 | Indian Ocean Trade | connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion. MONSOONS | 81 | |
| 15186848193 | How was Islam spread into South Asia (India)? | Trade, Sufis | 82 | |
| 15186865869 | Ancient India poltical struture | numerous states (regional rule), focused on trade | 83 | |
| 15186880079 | Ghaznavid Turks | Turkish tribe under Mahmud of Ghazni who moved into northern India in the eleventh century and began a period of greater Islamic influence in north India (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Punjab). Established Turkey Sultanate of Delhi in India. Plundered Buddhist shrines, monasteries. | 84 | |
| 15186910688 | Hindu and Buddhist Temples | Provided food, education, $ to locals, collected taxes | 85 | |
| 15186979183 | Indian influence in Southeast Asia | - adopted kingship (raja) as the principal form of political authority - ruling elites sponsored the introduction of Hinduism and/or Buddhism into their courts - business in Sanskrit | 86 | |
| 15187018695 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 87 | |
| 15187028892 | Novogord | City of Kiev Rus, trade Baltic/Black Sea, gained independence from Rus | 88 | |
| 15187056823 | Rus | Scandinavian traders who were some of Kiev's early LEADERS (PRINCE OF KIEV) also the word we get Russia from, elected by BOYARS (WAR COUNCIL) | 89 | |
| 15187085639 | Vladimir the Great | Responsible for converting the principality to Eastern Orthodox Christianity introduced by the missionaries. Also expanded western borders of Kiev. | 90 | |
| 15187097408 | Great Schism | the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054 | 91 | |
| 15187105034 | Roman Catholic Church | West European, pope, only in Latin | 92 | |
| 15187109022 | Eastern Orthodox Church | developed out of Byzantine empire, dominant in east Europe; vernacular, iconoclast, patriarch | 93 | |
| 15187122393 | Iconoclastic Controversy | debate between opponents and defenders of icons in the Byzantine Church; one of the issues that led to the split of the Christian church in 1054 | 94 | |
| 15187127647 | Patriarch | Highest church official | 95 | |
| 15187133511 | Reconquista of Spain | Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain. | 96 | |
| 15187138847 | Battle of Tours (732) | Frankish army let by Charles Martel repelled a Muslim invasion of Western Europe | 97 | |
| 15187142592 | Charles Martel "The Hammer" | King of the Franks; made an alliance with Pope Gregory II; Held off the Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours in 732. | 98 | |
| 15187152398 | Pepin | Charles Martel's son. first king to have the pope's blessing; takes the throne of the Frankish kingdom and establishes a dynasty | 99 | |
| 15187159539 | Charlemagne | Named Emperor of Romans by pope (800), encouraged church education and regional governments, converted/defeated Saxons | 100 | |
| 15187191222 | Carolingian Dynasty | a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's grandfather that ruled from 751 to 987 | 101 | |
| 15187218387 | Battle of Hastings | the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest | 102 | |
| 15187223944 | King Clovis of the Franks | first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity, conquered Gaul | 103 | |
| 15187232922 | Franks | a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France (Gaul) and neighboring lands in the 400s | 104 | |
| 15187235846 | Normans | A member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066 | 105 | |
| 15187239895 | Hanseatic League | Norman economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 106 | |
| 15187249042 | Saxons | Germanic people. During the 5th century ad groups from these communities migrated to Britain either by invitation or invasion and in due course founded kingdoms which can generally be recognized by the fact that their names have the suffix 'sex' | 107 | |
| 15187256283 | Germanic Tribes | Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome in 476. | 108 | |
| 15187270737 | Byzantine Decline | 1. Invasion - 11th century - Seljuk Turks a. Cut off source of TAX revenue b. CONFLICT=$$$ c. BATTLE OF MANZIKERT 2. Creation of independent Slavic kingdoms (REVOLTS) 3. During CRUSADES- Italian merchant cities like Venice gained trading advantages | 109 | |
| 15187306541 | Battle of Manzikert | (1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium. | 110 | |
| 15187328929 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 111 | |
| 15187328930 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 112 | |
| 15187335484 | Justinian and Theodora | Eastern Roman Empire (later named as Byzantine Empire) partners and rulers that attempted to reunite the empire by waging war against barbarians in the west. They wanted to return the Empire to that during the time of Augustan period. Created the Justinian code, made christianity legal and practiced tolerance. | 113 | |
| 15187339732 | Justinian Code | The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534. that reflected Christian values | 114 | |
| 15187352571 | Magyars | Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary | 115 | |
| 15187358235 | Byzantine government | highly centralized government that focused absolutist power into the emperor; theocratic bureaucrats | 116 | |
| 15187377964 | Peasants under Byzantine | Tied to agricultural land, could be freed via taxes or Theme System | 117 | |
| 15187391636 | Theme System | Found in Byzantium. Strengthened the free peasantry by making land available to those who performed military service. | 118 | |
| 15187396558 | Sassanids | Persian civilization in Persia that traded with Byzantines | 119 | |
| 15187403511 | Byzantine Merchants | Came there for trade, formed guilds | 120 | |
| 15187407918 | Guild | In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests. | 121 | |
| 15190262614 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 122 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP World History Period 3 Flashcards
The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Terms : Hide Images
| 14027098377 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 14027098378 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 14027098379 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 14027098380 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 14027098381 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 14027098382 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 14027098383 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 14027098384 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 14027098385 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 14027098386 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 14027098387 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 14027098388 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 14027098389 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 14027098390 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 14027098391 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 14 | |
| 14027098392 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 15 | |
| 14027098393 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 16 | |
| 14027098394 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 17 | |
| 14027098395 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 14027098396 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 19 | |
| 14027098397 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 14027098398 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 21 | |
| 14027098399 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 22 | |
| 14027098400 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 23 | |
| 14027098401 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 24 | |
| 14027098402 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 25 | |
| 14027098403 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 26 | |
| 14027098404 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 27 | |
| 14027098405 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 28 | |
| 14027098406 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 29 | |
| 14027098407 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 30 | |
| 14027098408 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 31 | |
| 14027098409 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 32 | |
| 14027098410 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 33 | |
| 14027098411 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 34 | |
| 14027098412 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 35 | |
| 14027098413 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 36 | |
| 14027098414 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 37 | |
| 14027098415 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 38 | |
| 14027098416 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 39 | |
| 14027098417 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 40 | |
| 14027098418 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 41 | |
| 14027098419 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 42 | |
| 14027098420 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | 43 | |
| 14027098421 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 44 | |
| 14027098422 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 45 | |
| 14027098423 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 46 | |
| 14027098424 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 47 | |
| 14027098425 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 48 | |
| 14027098426 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 49 | |
| 14027098427 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 50 | |
| 14027098428 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 51 | |
| 14027098429 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 52 | |
| 14027098430 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 53 | |
| 14027098431 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 54 | |
| 14027098432 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 55 | |
| 14027098433 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 56 | |
| 14027098434 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 57 | |
| 14027098435 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 58 | |
| 14027098436 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 59 | |
| 14027098437 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 60 | |
| 14027098438 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 61 | |
| 14027098439 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 62 | |
| 14027098440 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 63 | |
| 14027098441 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 64 | |
| 14027098442 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 65 | |
| 14027098443 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 66 | |
| 14027098444 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 67 | |
| 14027098445 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 68 | |
| 14027098446 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 69 | |
| 14027098447 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 70 | |
| 14027098448 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 71 | |
| 14027098449 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 72 | |
| 14027098450 | Jinshi | title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office | 73 | |
| 14027098451 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 74 | |
| 14027098452 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 75 | |
| 14027098453 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 76 | |
| 14027098454 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 77 | |
| 14027098455 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 78 | |
| 14027098456 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 79 | |
| 14027098457 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 80 | |
| 14027098458 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 81 | |
| 14027098459 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 82 | |
| 14027098460 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 83 | |
| 14027098461 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 84 | |
| 14027098462 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 85 | |
| 14027098463 | Gempei wars | Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age | 86 | |
| 14027098464 | Bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | 87 | |
| 14027098465 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 88 | |
| 14027098466 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 89 | |
| 14027098467 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 90 | |
| 14027098468 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 91 | |
| 14027098469 | Trung Sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society | 92 | |
| 14027098470 | Khmers and Chams | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi | 93 | |
| 14027098471 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | 94 | |
| 14027098472 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 95 | |
| 14027098473 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 96 | |
| 14027098474 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 97 | |
| 14027098475 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 98 | |
| 14027098476 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 99 | |
| 14027098477 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 100 | |
| 14027098478 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 101 | |
| 14027098479 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 102 | |
| 14027098480 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 103 | |
| 14027098481 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 104 | |
| 14027098482 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 105 | |
| 14027098483 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 106 | |
| 14027098485 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 107 | |
| 14027098499 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 108 | |
| 14027098500 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 109 | |
| 14027098486 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 110 | |
| 14027098487 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 111 | |
| 14027098488 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 112 | |
| 14027098489 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 113 | |
| 14027098490 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 114 |
| 14027098491 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 115 | |
| 14027098492 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 116 | |
| 14027098493 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 117 |
| 14027098501 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 118 | |
| 14027098494 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 119 | |
| 14027098495 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 120 | |
| 14027098496 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 121 | |
| 14027098502 | Bantu Migrations |  | 122 | |
| 14027098497 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 123 |
| 14027098498 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 124 |
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