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8th physical science exam Flashcards

16303928547	Force	a push or pull applied to an object	0
16303928549	Science	Process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature	1
16303928550	Net Force	when two or more forces act on an object at the same time	2
16303928551	Scientific Method	an organized set of investigation procedures used by scientists	3
16303928552	Control	standard for comparison	4
16303928554	Hypothesis	A testable prediction	5
16303928556	Static Friction	friction in which two surfaces are not moving past each other	6
16303928557	experiment	organized procedure for testing a hypothesis	7
16303928559	sliding friction	friction where two surfaces slide past one another	8
16303928560	control	standard for comparison	9
16303928561	constant	factor that doesn't vary in experiment	10
16303928562	independant variable	factor that is adjusted by the experimenter	11
16303928563	rolling friction	friction between a rolling object and the surface it rolls on	12
16303928564	independent variable	variable that we change	13
16303928565	fluid friction	The friction when an object moves through a fluid meaning fluid or gas	14
16303928566	dependent variable	dependent on the independent variable	15
16303928567	air resistant	a friction-like force that opposes motion of object that move through air depend on speed, size and shape	16
16303928568	scientific law	pule of nature that sums up related observations to describe a pattern in nature	17
16303928569	velocity	includes the speed of an object and the direction of its motion	18
16303928570	scientific theory	explanation based on experiments, the most logical explanations	19
16303928571	acceleration	rate of change of velocity	20
16303928572	graph	a visual display of information or data	21
16303928573	line graph	shows trends or how the data changes over time	22
16303928574	bar graph	useful for comparing information collected by counting	23
16303928575	Motion	occurs when an object changes position relative to a reference point	24
16303928576	distance	how far an object has traveled	25
16303928577	Displacement	distance an direction of an object's change in position relative to the starting point	26
16303928578	speed	The distance an object travels per unit of time	27
16303928579	Energy	the ability to do work	28
16303928581	electric charges	are from protons which are positive and electrons which are negative	29
16303928582	Electric charges	Made from protons and protons attracting each other	30
16303928583	law of reflection	the angle of incidence of a wave is always equal to the angle of reflection	31
16303928584	Power	The rate at which work is done	32
16303928585	wave	A repeating movement or disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space	33
16303928586	electricity	Comes from protons and electrons	34
16303928589	Law of Conservation of charge	electric charges can be transferred from object to object, but it cannot be created or destroyed	35
16303928590	static electricity	the accumulation of excess electric charge on an object	36
16303928592	Reflection	occurs when a wave strikes an object or surface and bounces off it	37
16303928593	medium	matter through which a wave travels	38
16303928594	Energy	the ability to do work	39
16303928595	potential energy	Energy that is stored	40
16303928596	Work formula	force x distance	41
16303928597	Mechanical waves	waves that require a medium to travel	42
16303928598	Refraction	the bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium to another	43
16303928599	Law of conservation of charge	electric charges can be transferred from object to object, but it cannot be created or destroyed	44
16303928600	Atoms	becomes charged by gaining or losing electrons	45
16303928601	Conductor	A material in which electrons easily flow	46
16303928602	Friction	the force that opposes the sliding motion of 2 touching surfaces	47
16303928603	elastic potential energy	Energy stored by something that can stretch or compress like a rubber bad or a spring	48
16303928605	kinetic energy	Energy in the form of motion	49
16303928606	Insulators	A type of material in which electrons do not easily flow	50
16303928607	Law of conservation of charge	electric charges can be transferred from object to object, but it cannot be created or destroyed	51
16303928608	conductor	A material in which electrons easily flow	52
16303928609	Diffraction	an object causes a wave to change direction and bend toward it	53
16303928610	transverse waves	matter moves back and forth at right angles to direction that waves travel	54
16303928611	compressional wave	matter moves back and forth as the wave travels through it	55
16303928612	Interference	when 2 or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave	56
16303928613	positive, negative charges	CHARGES EXERT FORCES ON EACH OTHER ;THE LIKE CHARGES REPEL	57
16303928614	Electric current	the net movement of electric charges in a single direction	58
16303928615	Power formula	work/time	59
16303928616	Chemical Potential Energy (CPE)	Energy stored in chemical bonds	60
16303928618	Insulator	A type of material I'm which electrons do not easily flow	61
16303928619	potential energy	Energy that is stored	62
16303928620	rolling friction	friction between a rolling object and the surface it rolls on	63
16303928621	gravitational potential energy	anything that can fall has stored GPE	64
16303928622	Crests	the highest points on a transverse wave	65
16303928623	constructive interference	Resulting wave is bigger	66
16303928624	charging by contact	the process of transferring charge by touching or rubbing	67
16303928625	conductor	a material in which electrons easily flow EXAMPLE: METALS	68
16303928626	voltage difference	the force that causes electric charges to flow; charges flow from high voltage to low voltage	69
16303928627	Troughs	the lowest points on a transverse wave	70
16303928628	destructive interference	Resulting wave is smaller	71
16303928629	charging by induction	the rearrangement of electrons on a neutral object caused by a nearby charged object	72
16303928630	Insulator	A material in which electrons are not able to move easily EXAMPLE: rubber,wood,plastic	73
16303928631	fluid friction	The friction when an object moves through a fluid meaning fluid or gas	74
16303928632	Circuit	a closed path that electric current follows	75
16303928633	machine	A device that makes work easier	76
16303928634	mechanical energy	Total amount of kinetic energy and potential energy	77
16303928635	Compressions	The parts where the coils are close together in a compressional wave	78
16303928636	electromagnetic waves	made by vibrating electric charges and can travel through space	79
16303928637	electric current	the net movement of electric charges in a single direction	80
16303928638	charging by contact	the process of transferring charge by touching or rubbing	81
16303928639	Dry cell battery	chemical reactions occur in a moist paste causing the transfer of electrons	82
16303928640	elastic potential energy	Energy stored by something that can stretch or compress like a rubber bad or a spring	83
16303928641	The law of conservation of energy	energy may change form but it cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions	84
16303928642	air resistant	a friction-like force that opposes motion of object that move through air depend on speed, size and shape	85
16303928643	work	The transfer of energy that occurs when an object moves	86
16303928644	velocity	includes the speed of an object and the direction of its motion	87
16303928645	Input force	The force applied to a machine	88
16303928646	wet cell battery	contains two connected plates made of different metals in a conducting solution	89
16303928647	charging by induction	the rearrangement of electrons on a neutral object caused by a nearby charged objects	90
16303928648	Frequency	number of vibrations per second	91
16303928649	Rarefraction	Less dense region; coils are farther away ; In a compressional wave	92
16303928650	voltage difference	force that causes electric charges to flow; charges flow from high voltage to low voltage	93
16303928651	Frequency	# of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time	94
16303928652	Radio waves	Low frequency waves with wave lengths of about 1-10 cm( used for radio stations, microwaves, radars)	95
16303928653	circuit	a closed path that electric current follows	96
16303928654	electric current	the net movement of electric charges in a single direction through a wire or conductor	97
16303928655	Resistance	the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons, changing electrical energy into thermal energy and light	98
16303928656	Chemical Potential Energy (CPE)	Energy stored in chemical bonds	99
16303928657	acceleration	rate of change of velocity	100
16303928658	Infrared waves	Have a slightly higher frequency than radio waves(remote controls, warmth of a fire and satellites)	101
16303928659	Wave formula	v=fλ; wave speed(m/s)= frequency(Hz) *wavelength(m)	102
16303928660	dry cell battery	chemical reactions occur in a moist paste causing transfer of electrons	103
16303928661	voltage difference	related to the force that causes electric charges to flow; measured in volts	104
16303928662	Motion	occurs when an object changes position relative to a reference point	105
16303928663	Ohm's Law	the current in a circuit equals the voltage difference divided by the resistance	106
16303928664	Output force	Force applied by machine	107
16303928665	Amplitude	measure of the energy in a wave	108
16303928666	visible light	the range of electromagnetic waves that you can detect with your eyes	109
16303928667	wet cell battery	contains two connected plates made of different metals in a conducting solution	110
16303928668	circuit	a closed path the electric current follows	111
16303928669	series circuit	An electric circuit with a single path	112
16303928670	gravitational potential energy	anything that can fall has stored GPE	113
16303928671	distance	how far an object has traveled (area between 2 reference points)	114
16303928672	dry cell battery	chemical reactions occur in a moist paste causing a transfer of electrons	115
16303928760		the ratio of the output force to the input force	116
16303928673	parallel circuit	A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.	117
16303928674	Resistance	the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons, changing electrical energy into thermal energy and light caused by making wires longer and thinner and hotter	118
16303928675	ROYGBIV	red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet	119
16303928676	Displacement	the distance and direction of the object's change in position relative to the starting point	120
16303928677	radio transmission	radio converts electromagnetic waves into sound waves	121
16303928678	Ultraviolet waves (UV)	Frequencies slightly higher than visible light( the sun(sunburns, vitamin D production, fluorescent materials absorb)) kill bacteria	122
16303928679	carrier wave	specific frequency	123
16303928680	Ohm's law	Current in a circuit equals voltage difference divided by resistance	124
16303928681	wet cell battery	contains two connected plates made of different metals in a conducting solution	125
16303928682	mechanical energy	Total amount of kinetic energy and potential energy	126
16303928683	speed	The distance an object travels per unit of time(rate of change in position)	127
16303928684	Electric fuse	Small pice of metal that melts if current is too high	128
16303928685	Resistance	the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons, changing electrical energy into thermal energy and light	129
16303928686	machanical advantage formula	output force/input force	130
16303928687	average speed formula	total distance/total time	131
16303928688	X-rays and gamma rays	Ultra-high frequencies that can travel through matter, damage cells( bone images, radiation therapy)	132
16303928689	television	audio is sent by FM radio waves and video is sent by AM radio signals.	133
16303928690	cathode ray tube	Produce images you can see on tv. Surface is covered in spots that flow red, green, or blue when struck by electron beams	134
16303928691	circuit breaker	small piece of metal that bends when it gets hot, opening circuit and stopping current flow	135
16303928692	Resistance	measured in ohms	136
16303928693	The law of conservation of energy	energy may change form but it cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions	137
16303928694	instataneous speed	speed any given point in time	138
16303928761		Measure of how much work is put into a machine is changed into useful output work	139
16303928695	Telephones	electrical signal creates radio wave that is transmitted to and from a microwave tower	140
16303928696	Magnetism	refers to the properties and interactions of magnets in which there is a force of attraction or repulsion between like or unlike poles	141
16303928697	Ohm's Law	the current in a circuit equals the voltage difference divided by the resistance	142
16303928698	average speed	total distance travel divided by total timme	143
16303928699	Magnetic field	exerts a force on other magnets and objects made of magnetic materials	144
16303928700	work	The transfer of energy that occurs when an object moves	145
16303928701	Global Positioning System (GPS)	system of satellites, ground stations and receives that receive high freq microwave signals, amplify it and return it to Earth.	146
16303928702	electric current	measured in amperes	147
16303928703	constant speed	speed that does not vary	148
16303928704	Newton's first law of motion	an object in motion stays in motion or an object rests, until an unbalanced net force acts on it (also law of inertia)	149
16303928705	Simple machine	A machine that does work with only one movement	150
16303928706	series circuit	An electric circuit with a single path	151
16303928707	Magnetic domains	groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles	152
16303928708	permanent magnet	Made by placing a magnetic material in a strong field , forcing magnet domains to line up	153
16303928709	Lever	A bar that is free to pivot around a fixed point (fulcrum)	154
16303928710	Inertia	The tendency of an object to resist any change in motion	155
16303928711	parallel circuit	A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.	156
16303928712	Complex Circuit	a circuit composed of both series and parallel circuits	157
16303928713	Electromagnet	a temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil carrying a current around an iron core	158
16303928714	1st class lever	fulcrum in the middle	159
16303928715	Newton's Second Law of Motion	a net force acting on an object causes the object to accelerate in the direction of the force	160
16303928716	Force formula	F=ma	161
16303928717	2nd class lever	Output force is between input force and fulcrum ex: wheelbarrow	162
16303928718	Electric motors	a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy	163
16303928719	circuit breaker	small piece of metal that bends when it gets hot, opening circuit and stopping current flow of electrons	164
16303928720	Direct Current (DC)	Electric current that flows in only one direction	165
16303928721	Newton's Third Law of Motion	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction	166
16303928722	3rd class lever	Input force is between output force and fulcrum ex: broom	167
16303928723	electric fuse	small piece of metal that melts if current becomes too high, opening circuit	168
16303928724	momentum	property of moving object resulting from its mass and velocity (momentum=mass *velocity	169
16303928725	Magnetism	refers to the properties and interactions of magnets in which there is a force of attraction or repulsion between like or unlike poles	170
16303928726	Alternate Current (AC)	Reverses the direction of the current flow in regular patterns	171
16303928727	Pulley	A simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it.	172
16303928728	magnetic field	exerts a force on other magnets and objects made of magnetic materials(strongest closest to the magnet)	173
16303928729	Gravity	any two masses that exert an attractive force on each other	174
16303928730	fixed pulley	attached to something that doesn't move	175
16303928731	weight	the gravitational force exerted on an object, measured in units called newtons	176
16303928732	moveable pulley	A pulley that is NOT attached to a structure	177
16303928733	pole	all magnets have a north a south	178
16303928734	Block and tackle	combines multiple fixed and moveable pulleys	179
16303928735	repel	like poles	180
16303928736	projectile	anything thrown or shot through the air	181
16303928737	attract	unlike poles	182
16303928738	wheel and axle	Consists of an axle attached to the center of a larger wheel so that the wheel and axle rotate together	183
16303928739	horizontal motion	motion parallel to Earth's surface	184
16303928740	inclined plane	a sloping surface, such as a ramp, that reduces the amount of force required to do work	185
16303928741	vertical motion	motion perpendicular to Earth's surface	186
16303928742	magnetic materials	iron, cobalt, nickel	187
16303928743	screw	An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder	188
16303928744	magnetic domains	groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles to small to be seen with our eyes	189
16303928745	centripetal acceleration	acceleration toward the center of a curved or circular path	190
16303928746	wedge	an inclined plane with one or two sloping sides	191
16303928747	permanent magnets	are made by placing a magnetic material in a strong magnetic field, forcing magnetic domains to line up	192
16303928748	magnetism and electricity	when electric current flows through a wire , a magnetic field that forms around a wire	193
16303928749	compound machine	2 or more simple machines that operate together	194
16303928750	the amount of current flowing through the wire.	what does the strength of a magnetic field depend on ?	195
16303928751	electromagnet	a temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil carrying a current around an iron core	196
16303928752	By adding more turns or coils to the wire coil or increasing the current through the wire	how can you increase the strength of the magnetic field?	197
16303928753	electric motors	a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy	198
16303928754	simple electric motor	the electromagnet rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet	199
16303928755	DC current (direct current)	Current flows in one direction only through a wire EXAMPLE: battery	200
16303928756	AC (alternating current)	reverses the direction of the current flow in regular patterns EXAMPLE: PLUGGING A TOASTER INTO A WALL OUTLET	201

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Physics Final Exam Flashcards

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16304763079	Waves	non-uniform self-sustaining disturbance usually of a material medium that extends over a significant span of space	0
16304805868	Mechanical waves	waves that travel through a medium ex. water waves	1
16304819080	Disturbance	refers to a change away from equilibrium	2
16304828943	Restoring force	this must be present in order for a medium to return to the equilibrium state after being disturbed	3
16304872055	Pascal Law	inc pressure in one direction always implies the same inc in pressure in all directions and everyone in fluid	4
16304897378	Gauge Pressure	Deviation pressure from normal volume changes with pressure	5
16304926521	Incident wave	wave approaching a boundary	6
16304944730	Invert	flip perpendicular to the direction of travel *happens in fixed end	7
16304988108	Upright	the larger displacement remains in the same direction before and after reflection *happens in free end	8
16305102287	Characteristics that distinguish different times of waves	1.Dimensionality 2.Travelling and standing 3.Duration 4.Length	9
16305140990	Traveling waves	if the wave disturbance is confined to a small region of the medium the b/t disturbed and undisturbed medium will move through the medium	10
16305210779	Standing Wave	medium moves in a periodic way the locations of extreme disturbance do not move through the medium	11
16305225130	Transverse Wave	medium motion is perpendicular to the wave motion	12
16305248903	Longitudinal Waves	(compression) medium motion is along the same line as the wave motion	13
16305260107	Wave Pulse	a disturbance that consists of a single bump	14
16305268599	Wave Packets	Consists of more than 1 bump	15
16305277474	Shock Wave	3D traveling compression wave mode of a very short wave packet	16
16309265220	Tension Force	resulting tightness in the string speed of a transverse wave on string	17
16309293961	Nodes	places where medium is never disturbed	18
16309301233	Antinodes	places where the medium is disturbed the most	19
16309376527	Closed tube	fixed displacement end	20
16309382344	open tube	free displacement end	21
16309397566	Consonance	certain pairs of musical pitches sound nicer together	22
16309407343	Dissconant	opp 2 pitches that sound grating together	23
16309440336	Fourier Theorem	any standing wave can be built by superposition from sinusoidal standing wave	24
16309481418	Reeds	narrow rectangles of thin metal spring back to their equilibrium position after being plucked	25
16309503191	Flutes and Reeds are called	woodwinds	26
16309525553	Vibrating energy source	lips, reeds, airstream	27
16309539500	Methods for notes	valve, modes, slides, tone holes	28
16309560308	Resonance	When the driving frequency matches the natural frequency	29
16309571212	Feedback	any situation where the chain of cause and effect circles back on itself	30
16309584336	Response	output of a device system depends only on the input provided	31
16309626748	Register Hole	A hole that can be opened in order to cause an instrument to play in a higher register -possible to force node in middle -open up an octave -place half way of affective length from opening Lower register and upper register	32
16309661746	4 ways to adjust length of instrument	1.don't change the length, but provide a set of tubes with a variety of fixed lengths 2.provide a slide that shortens and lengthens the tube 3.Add valves 4.Add tone holes	33
16309711993	Dispersion	if speed of a wave depends on its shape then the medium is called a dispersive medium 1 consequence: As a traveling wave moves the shape of the disturbance may change	34
16309777468	n is a	whole number	35
16309782584	m is a	half integer	36
16309814923	perfect fifth	3/2	37
16309819882	perfect fourth	4/3	38
16309848929	1.Flute 2.Clarinet 3.Other reeds	1. use n (open tube) 2.use m 3.use n	39

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AP Flashcards

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13832688050	LIMITATION ACT 1980	time bar on state claism - Still used for AP in unregistered land - NOT APPLICABLE to registered land - Operates negatively- doesn't 'grant' possessor title - prevents earlier possessor enforcing her right	0
13832696426	Re Nisbet and potts contract	n enter contract to sell land to p builder vs n= aper - not bothered to looka t land charges register to see if find RC on land - had bare title when p foundout reused to buy vs signed enforceabel contract >> n sued held is N subject to to restrictive covenant himself? if he were then p justified in not buying it - Didn't wanna buy property that couldn't be built oon ; if received title N could've have transferred land to him free of restrictive covenant per nemo dat [n couldn't have transferred land to him free of restrictive covenant] - Cant say he is in position of purchaser as land for value wo notice - AP always take subject for notice for everything : Romer LJ: "And certainly that squatter, who, if he did not know of the restrictive covenants validly entered into by the true owner, at best could only say that he did NOT KNOW of them because he MADE NO INQUIRY as to the title before he squatted, cannot say that he is in the position of a purchaser, as it were, of the land for value without notice."	1
13836470459	old lra s 75	ap of unregsitered land - 12 year ap >> owner out and cant recover it /12 year reg before 10/03 - ld law aka litiation act + s75 >> after 10/03 - limitation act doesnt come inot that	2
13836477986	animus posidendi	intnetion to possess	3
13836482216	requirements	1.degree of EXCLUSIVE physilac possesson 2. and INTENTION to possess	4
13836482217	Buckinghamshire CC v moran	councilset aside land w unusued w intetion of dvelopment it in the futre m treated as gardne- gardened it council ap claim failed- permission must be MANIFEST -c ant unilaterally writ teo m & say reocngise possession intnetion of paper woner irelevnat- doesnt amtter if need land know so possessionfrom time to time of being wasnt inconsittent w paper owners future use -- The test is to look for a present intention to possess and thus future intentions are irrelevant. Here the future intentions of the owner to expel the squatter were equally irrelevant. Erected gate secured by lock and chain (displayed intention).	5
13836498086	JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham	intnetion fo apepr owner irrelevnat suggestion suficiency of possession depedn on intetionof squatter of squater > true owner = hereital and wrong lord bw only an intention to occupy it until needed by the paper owner possible if improbable interference some case --- intentionto possess not necessarily to own farmland had lease land before lapsed ekpt asking for lease but p never renwed leas e p does nothing vs g make productive use of land intention to posses not for the whole period but time being -- willingness to pay does NOT negate intnetion	6
13836591047	Powell v mcfarlane	m land t farm xmas trees- wen tbaorad for 12 year s- neighbour grazed cows on land & voer years used it for cly pigeon shooting- put sing up on fence adverstsing tree felling business when m wife visited land found nothing amiss p sought declaration that had title possesison NOT establsih possession =matter of degree - fact specific alleged possessor has been dealing with the land in question as an occupying owner might have been expected to deal with it and that no-one else has done so."	7
13836646280	Greenmanor ltd v pilford	p owned land abutting g s fened land but left it unlocked anyone coudlve walked it SUFFICEITN > ultimate control needed construction of wall adn gate = sufficinet act must be OPEN AND MANFEST - comuicate tot her est of teh world you own land sign to keep others out - suffcietn in indicating this	8
13836655717	pubrick v London borough of hackney	possession must not be SECRETIVE - open squatter occupied burnt out shell fo council house 12 year si slong time to neglect property completely not doing anything dishonest or underhand limitation act contain protection for paper title owner where fraud/concelalment - yb person laiming ap litmation act 1980 - s2 2	9
13836696673	Lambeth LBC v blackburn	squatter gained entry by breaking lock adn instlaling own expected coucnilt oe vict him & agreed to pay rent if council would let hims tay didnt negate posessojn AT THE RELEVANT TIME - stlll counted --- sqatters belief that had owners permission FATAL TO CLAIM	10
13836754533	crim law act s7 1977	if someone persists in occupation after beign required to qiut by owner, commit crim offnece - owner ENTITLED to REASONABLE force ap on residential property is now crim offence	11
13836771885	Best v Chief Land Registrar	b restored derelict property made applciation under sch 6 lra 2002-o beregistsered vs paper owner not respodn / int eim ca best won- law introduced crim law as deterrent & Facilitate removal of trepsasser - but NOT a bar to ap sound reasonign >> - parl intention wasntto defeat law for cents on acquisiotn of rights by LONG UNINTERRUPTED use	12
13836795501	limitation act 1980 s15	unregisterered land noaction bought by any person recover land after expiraiton of 12 years on whic rights of action accure on him after 12 years paper owners right extinguished -- - As above but registered title then was held in bare trust for possessor until latter was registered proprietor - s75 LRA 1925	13
13836798644	Perry v clisshold	ureg land aussie case 'right is for ever extinguished, and the possessory owner acquires an absolute title." assume character of the owner- good tilte- if owner doenst assert tiel in time= extinguished right	14
13836876243	s96 lra 2002	excludes operation fo la 1980 s15 for rgistered title of land after 10/03 until squatter registered, is a trespasser no trust arise - title not extinguished	15
13836880342	sch 6 para 11 1	- "A person is in adverse possession of an estate in land...if, but for s 96, a period of limitation under s 15 LA 1980 would run in his favour..." presumtpion in favour fo regsitered owner may apply to be registered prop ater period of 10 years ending onf date of applciation	16
13836902894	asher v whitlock	[successive periods can aply to ap] if leave by WILL possessory title to C	17
13836912718	r 189 lra 2003	notified period have 65 DAYS to object to application if no respose-r egistered	18
13836914601	sch 6 para 4	if no response wihtin 65 days to challenge to psosession to object, then applicant [aper] is REGISTERED	19
13836918680	Baxter v mannion	former owner can challenge reigster AFTER aper registered m ocucpied field - claiemd for 10 years - vs b hadnt objected in time- good reason tied up - bereveament etc court ACCEPTED -said been MISTAKE inr egister not complete 10 years	20
13836931550	sch 6 para 5	if notified person doesnt respond sufficient to prevent registration UNELSS pplicant falls under exception in this part 2a- estoppel 2b -SOME OTHER REASON should be registered 4- settle BOUNDARY DISPUTE	21

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general physics 1 final Flashcards

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16305299478	scalar	any quantity that can be expressed in terms of a single number	0
16305307614	vector	a quantity that has a magnitude (amount) and a direction and that obeys the rules of vector addition	1
16305377235	unit vector	a vector of magnitude (length) 1 unit and is used to show direction	2
16305409368	position (vector)	a vector which locates some position in space relative to some (arbitrary) coordinate system	3
16305421336	displacement (vector)	a vector from the initial position to the final position which indicates a change in position	4
16305442070	distance (scalar)	length of the path traveled	5
16305448359	average speed=	distance traveled/time	6
16305470516	instantaneous velocity	velocity of an object (magnitude and direction) at a particular instant in time	7
16305478858	instantaneous speed	the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity vector	8
16305486746	average acceleration	the change in velocity divided by the change in time	9
16305501925	instantaneous acceleration	the acceleration at a particular instant in time	10
16305553789	average velocity=	displacement/time	11
16305612991	kinematics equation #1 Vf=	Vo+at	12
16305621165	kinematics equation #2 Xf=	Xo+Vot+½at²	13
16305648517	kinematics equation #3 Vf²=	Vo²+2a∆x	14
16305663702	kinematics equation #4 Vavg=	(Vf+Vo)/2	15
16305683888	constant velocity means	acceleration=0	16
16306421249	quadratic equation		17
16306448661	centripetal acceleration	has a magnitude v²/r and a direction towards the center of the circle	18
16306514202	acceleration=	force/mass	19
16306538476	inertia	the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion	20
16306544174	mass	the measure of a body's inertia	21
16306632535	friction=	mFn	22
16306732229	work=	F(parallel component of force) x ∆x(distance	23
16306759392	perpendicular forces	do no work	24
16306767244	F=	ma	25
16306773463	kinetic energy	the energy the body has due to its motion	26
16306853328	work energy theorem	work=½mvf²-½mvo²=∆KE	27
16306924295	conservative force	a force whose work does not depend on the oath	28
16306942608	potential energy	the energy a body has due to its position	29
16307015040	power	the rate at which work is done or at which energy is used or delivered	30
16307020515	power=	work/time	31
16307027056	momentum=	mass(velocity)	32
16309684793	energy	the ability to do work	33
16309716528	force	A push or pull exerted on an object	34
16309733497	speed	The distance an object travels per unit of time	35
16309733498	mechanical energy	the energy associated with the motion and position of an object	36
16309747606	total energy	All energy, potential and kinetic, within a specific system.	37
16309754251	conservation of mechanical energy	if there is no friction or air resistance, the mechanical energy of a system changes only if the system does work on something else or energy is added from outside the system.	38
16309766373	conservation of total energy	the total energy of an isolated system remains constant	39
16309766508	momentum	The product of an object's mass and velocity	40
16309772277	impulse	change in momentum	41
16309779725	center of mass	the point in an object that moves as if all the object's mass were concentrated at that point	42
16309783604	impulse momentum theorem	states that the impulse on an object equals the object's final momentum minus the object's initial momentum	43
16320541504	Perfectly inelastic collision	Momentum is conserved and energy isn't, objects collide and stick together, equal and opposite velocity	44
16320552015	1-D elastic collision	Both momentum and energy are conserved	45

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AP Government Flashcards

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13844725690	Conservative	Status Quo, less Gov.	0
13844725691	Moderate	Mid-Ground	1
13844725692	Liberal	Peaceful gradual change, reject violent revolution	2
13844725693	Radical	Far Left, Resorts to extreme methods to bring about change.	3
13844725694	Political Spectrum	Tool used to visually compare different political positions by placing them on one or more axis.	4
13844725695	Right	Less Gov intervention, Traditional Values	5
13844725696	Left	More Gov Intervention, support change	6
13844725697	Parliamentary Government	Executive are members of the legislative branch	7
13844725698	Presidential Governemt	Separates Power between executive/legislative	8
13844725699	Reactionary	Far right, Extreme methods	9
13844725700	Representative Democracy	People represented through elected officials.	10
13844725701	The State	Body of people living in a defined territory, having power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority.	11
13844725702	Monarchy	Power in the hands of royalty	12
13844725703	Dictatorship	Ruled by a single leader not elected.	13
13844725704	Military Dictatorship	Army is in control	14
13844725705	Theocracy	Religious based Government	15
13844725706	Public Policies	All things a government decides to do.	16
13844725707	Conferred Power	Power which is agreed upon.	17
13844725708	Four aspects of the State	1. Population: must have people 2. Territory: recognized boundaries 3. Sovereignty: Having supreme and absolute authority in it's own territory 4. Government- Different forms	18
13844725709	Evolutionary theory	Developed out of early familiy	19
13844725710	Divine Right Theory	State created by God and those of royal birth have a divine right to rule.	20
13844725711	Force Theory	A group claimed control and forced all other to submit.	21
13844725712	Social or Political Contract theory	Peoples moral and/or political obligations are dependent on an agreement among them to form the society in which they live. *Law and political order are not natural, they are human creations.	22
13844725713	Confederate	An alliance of independent states	23
13844725714	Federal	Power is divided between a central gov't and several local gov't.	24
13844725715	State of Nature	Survival of the Fittest	25
13844725716	Unitary	All power belongs to one level of gov't	26
13844725717	Government	An organization of people set up to protect the community and make rules. -Protects community -Makes laws -Keeps order	27
13844725718	Politics	Activities relate to governance of a country or area	28
13844725719	Democracy	Gov elected by the people. Determine either directly or through elected Reps.	29
13844725720	Direct Democracy	People vote Directly on every issue	30
13844725721	Democrats	Generally liberal because they support gov reg. of the economy.	31
13844725722	Republicans	Generally Conservatives because they advocate a reduction in gov.	32
13844725723	Current issues (Left)	Left: Pro Gun control, Pro Choice, No Censorship, Prisons should Rehabilitate, Pro-privacy, Equal funding for Education.	33
13844725724	Current issues (Right)	Right: Anti-gun Control, Pro-life, Anti Flag burning, Prisons should punish, Prayer in schools, School vouchers.	34
13844725725	Taxation (Left)	Acceptable, Gov have $ to fund programs benefiting society, % taxes preferred over flat rate, rich= more tax	35
13844725726	Taxation (Right)	Taxes infringe on personal freedoms Taxes= bad for free market Taxes= Penalization those who are successful Taxes= Punish Profit Prefers flat tax	36
13844725727	Business Regulation (Left)	Yes on gov. Reg Market no reliable to provide safe work conditions Gov. reg= protect workers+ consumers= Everyone= chance to succeed	37
13844725728	Business Regulations (Right)	Business need free from gov. and supply and demand will guide Gov policies that affect products are bad Trickle down economics is the way to stimulate economy	38
13844725729	Political Rights (Left)	Extend Civil Rights to minority groups, students, prisoners, homosexuals, and poor. Protect individual rights: Free speech, pro-choice, anti-capital punishment, and privacy.	39
13844725730	Political Rights (Right)	Cent gov= diminish Issues dealt best on state and local level No change in family values ( usually christian centered) O.K to censor obscure ideas that shake Status Quo.	40
13844725731	Distribution of wealth (Left)	Disparity between rich and poor no good, taxes= distribute wealth. Gov more involved in ed, Health care, Child C., and Elderly. Pub Project= Stimulate economy	41
13844725732	Distribution of wealth (Right)	Business= right to make profit People are rich or poor b/c of choices they make Prosperous people should no be penalized.	42
13844725733	Economy (Left)	Minimum wage standards Public projects= more jobs Gov provide basic living standards of living to all citizens	43
13844725734	Economy (Right)	Economy works best in free market (Laissez- Faire) Forces of the market= trusted to meet needs of business, consumer, and workers. Gov. programs should not compete with private industry.	44
13844725735	Foreign Affairs (Left)	Spread Democracy + Protect human rights in the world Strong Support of UN.	45
13844725736	Foreign Affairs (Right)	Gov role= pro us business and econ. intervention in other countries. Fix us before we fix others Support tariffs (tax on imports)	46
13844725737	SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Left)	The government should serve as the equalizers in society and establish a basic standard of living, a minimum wage is an acceptable tool of government intervention. The left accepts government control and regulation of business and an active government that protects political rights.	47
13844725738	SCOPE OF THE GOVERNMENT (Right)	Government should be downsized. Large governments, both federal and state, have the power to control business interests and therefore potentially infringe on the freedoms of individuals. Government programs tend to provide unnecessary services that go beyond the scope of the constitution.	48
13844725739	Two- Party System	A system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government	49
13844725740	Third party	Any political party that is not one of the two major parties in a two-party system	50
13844725741	Plank	Each issue included in a political party's platform. Gives the candidates a clear political position with which they can campaign. They give voters a sense of what the candidates believe in, the issues they think are important, and how - if elected - they will address them.	51
13844725742	Becoming President	Step 1: Formation of a Presidential Exploratory Committee Step 2: Announcement of intention to run for president based on findings of the exploratory committee Step 3: Fundraising and gathering of support and endorsements from the general public as well as other politicians, special interest groups, corporations, etc. Step 4: Campaigning early, especially in states where primaries are important (Iowa, New Hampshire, candidates home state, etc.) Step 5: Continuing to campaign to beat out all other opponents from within your own party Step 6: Attending your party's National Convention and securing the nomination of the party Step 7: Campaigning nationwide against your opponents from other parties Step 8: Winning election and securing enough electoral college votes to be named the next president	52
13844725743	Three main concepts of Government brought by English Colonists	The need for an ordered social system, or government. The idea of limited government, that is, that government should not be all-powerful. The concept of representative government—a government that serves the will of the people.	53
13844725744	Royal Colonies	Ruled directly by the English monarchy.	54
13844725745	Proprietary colonies.	Land given to the colonist by the Monarchy	55
13844725746	Charter Colonists	Self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists.	56
13844725747	Confederation	A joining of several groups for a common purpose	57
13844725748	The Albany Plan	In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan, an annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed.	58
13844725749	Stamp Act Congress	In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York. These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king.	59
13844725750	First Continental Congress	The colonists sent a Declaration of Rights to King George III. The delegates urged each of the colonies to refuse all trade with England until British tax and trade regulations were repealed, or recalled.	60
13844725751	Second Continental Congress	In 1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States from 1776 to 1781.	61
13844725752	Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters.	62
13844725753	Common Features of State Constitutions	Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Civil Rights and Liberties Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	63
13844725754	Popular Sovereignty	The principle of popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution. That principle says that government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed. The people hold power and the people are sovereign.	64
13844725755	Limited Government	The concept of limited government was a major feature of each State constitution. The powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions.	65
13844725756	Civil Rights and Liberties	In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times. Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the "unalienable rights" held by the people.	66
13844725757	Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	The powers granted to the new State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch was given powers with which to check (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government.	67
13844725758	Articles of Confederation (AC)	Approved November 15, 1777 Est. "a firm league of friendship" between the states Needed the ratification of the 13 states March 1, 1781 Second Continental Congress declared the Articles effective	68
13844725759	Structure of Constitution	3 parts; the preamble, the articles(7), and the amendments	69
13844725760	The Preamble	intro, explains purpose of Constitution and purpose of govt	70
13844725761	Article I	establishes legislative branch	71
13844725762	Article II	creates an executive branch to carry out laws created by Congress	72
13844725763	Article III	creates judicial branch	73
13844725764	Article IV	explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national govt	74
13844725765	Article V	spells out the ways the Constitution can be amended	75
13844725766	Article VI	contains the supremacy clause, establishing that federal law shall be the supreme law of the land	76
13844725767	Article VII	addresses ratification and says that 9 states are needed to ratify the Constitution	77
13844725768	Connecticut Compromise	Two houses Senate - equal representation House - proportional representation based on population Combination of Virginia and New Jersey plans	78
13844725769	6 Major Principles of Constitution	1. Popular sovereignty- rule by people 2. Federalism- power is divided between national and state govts 3. Separation of powers- limits the central govt by dividing power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches 4. checks and balances- each branch of govt exercises some control over the others	79
13844725770	Electoral College	a compromise, combining features of both congressional selection and direct popular election	80
13844725771	Electors	individuals selected in each state to officially cast that state's electoral votes; Wisconsin selects 10 electors	81
13844725772	Popular Vote	the popular vote winner may not win the electoral college; for example: small-state bias caused by each state getting at least three electoral votes regardless of its size	82
13844725773	The Virginia Plan	-Three Separate branches of government: Legislature, Executive, and Judicial -Bicameral legislature (2 parts) -Based on population or the amount of money given to support the central government -Members of House of Reps = based on population -Senate = chosen by House from a list from the State Legislature -Congress would be given powers it had under the Articles of Confederation -Any State law that conflicted with National Law would be vetoed -"National Executive" and "National Judiciary" -Council of Revision -Veto acts passed by Congress (but can be overridden by Congress) -State officers should take an Oath to the Union -Admission process for new States	83
13844725774	New Jersey Plan	-Unicameral (one body) Congress of the Confederation -Each state equally represented -Give them limited and closely monitored powers -Tax and regulate trade -Federal Executive -More than one person -Chosen by Congress/could be removed with a majority vote -Federal Judiciary -Single "supreme Tribunal" -Selected by the Executive Branch	84
13844725775	Three-Fifths Compromise	All "free persons" will be counted; 3/5 of all other persons Southerners could count slaves but had to pay taxes on them	85
13844725776	judicial review	power of courts to say that laws and actions of govt are invalid bc they conflict w the constitution's principles	86
13844725777	The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromises	Congress has the power to regulate foreign and interstate trade -Scared southerners because of slave trade -States cannot enact import/export taxes only federal government can -Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years	87
13844725778	AC (Power of congress)	Make war and peace Send and receive ambassadors Make treaties Borrow money Set up a money system Est. post offices Build a navy Raise an army by asking the states for troops Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among the states	88
13844725779	James Madison	James Madison was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation. Kept detailed records of the convention Conventions Floor leader Contributed more to the constitution than any other	89
13844725780	Constitutional Convention	Mid-February of 1787 meeting of all thirteen States, which eventually became the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.	90
13844725781	AC (States Obligations)	Pledge to obey the Articles and Acts of the Congress Provide the funds and troops requested by the congress Treat citizens of other states fairly and equally Give full faith and credit to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings Submit disputes to congress for settlement Allow open travel and trade b/w and among states Primarily responsible for protecting life and property Accountable for promoting the general welfare of the people.	91
13844725782	Weaknesses of the Articles	-One vote for each state, regardless of size. -Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes, and regulate foreign and interstate commerce. -No executive to enforce acts of congress. -No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all states. -Amendment only with consent of all State. -A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. -Articles only a "firm league of friendship"	92
13844725783	Lobbying	efforts by individuals or groups to influence governmental decision makers Types of lobbying; -full-time employee -temporary employee -often former legislatives	93
13844725784	Inside lobbying	appeals directly to lawmakers and their staff -through meetings -by providing research and info -by testifying at committee hearings	94
13844725785	Outside lobbying	attempt to influence decision makers indirectly, by influencing the public -try to build public support -increase conflict about an issue -lobby other groups and try to form alliances tactics: direct contact, direct mail, and media advertisements	95
13844725786	Electioneering	-efforts to help candidates financially -efforts to help candidates gain voter support	96
13844725787	Litigation	testifying to influence public policy	97
13844725788	Types of Interest Groups	-economic interests -environmental interests -equality interests -consumer and other public interest lobbies	98
13844725789	Economic Interests	trade associations; - organized commercial groups, farm organizations - corporations; form own interest groups, hire lobbyists - labor unions, professional associations	99
13844725790	Environmental Interests	- sprang up since 1970 - profound policy impact bc of numbers, not money	100
13844725791	PAC	Political Action Committees; raise and spend money to influence electoral outcomes	101
13844725792	Equality Interests	14th Amendment guarantees equality Minorities and Equality - social welfare policies Women	102
13844725793	Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies	Represent broad classes of people or the public as a whole -consumer, voters, reformers, etc Public Interest Groups -policies that are in the public's interest Think tanks -conduct research -advocate a strong ideological viewpoint	103
13844725794	How do interest groups shape public policy?	lobbying, electioneering, litigation, going public	104
13844725795	Law making process	http://integrationsolutions.westlaw.com/gov/leghist/images/cap.gif	105
13844725796	Presidential Roles	Chief of State - the ceremonial head of the government of the United States Chief Executive - given this title by the Constitution Chief Administrator - carry out the laws, head of the federal bureaucracy Chief Diplomat - main architect of America's foreign policy Commander in Chief - head of the nation's armed forces Chief Legislator - can push for laws to be passed Chief of Party - Leader of their political party	106
13844725797	Presidential Qualifications	Must be a natural born citizen Be at least 35 years old Have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years	107
13844725798	Who takes over if pres. cannot	Vice President Speaker of the House President pro tempore Secretary of State	108
13844725799	22nd Amendment	set 2 term limit on	109
13844725800	Presidential pay	$400,000 a year and $50,000 expense account	110
13844725801	Presidential Benefits	Live in the White House (132 Rooms) Yacht, Automobiles, Air Force One Lifetime pension of $143,800 a year Camp David - Resort in Maryland	111
13844725802	Presidential power	Power to appoint cabinet members, diplomats and ambassadors, judges Power to make treaties - formal agreement between two or more sovereign state Executive Agreement - pacts between the President and the heads of foreign states Recognition - President can acknowledge the legal existence of a country and its government	112
13844725803	Presidential Legislative power	Recommend Legislation Veto Bills Can call for a special session of Congress	113
13844725804	Presidential Judicial power	Reprieve - postponement of the execution of a sentence Pardon - legal forgiveness of a crime (only involving a federal offense) Commutation - reduce the length of a sentence or a fine Amnesty - a general pardon offered to a group of violators 1977 - Pardon to Vietnam War draft evaders	114
13844725805	Main jobs of House and Senate	Make Laws Declare War Represent their Constituents	115
13844725806	House Membership	435 members (each state's delegation is determined by its population)	116
13844725807	Senate Membership	100 members (two per state)	117
13844725808	House Qualifications	25 years old U.S Citizens for 7 years Resident of State they're representing	118
13844725809	Senate Qualifications	30 years old U.S citizens for 9 years Resident of State they're representing	119
13844725810	Terms limit for House	2 years entire house elected every two years	120
13844725811	Terms limit for Senate	1/3 of Senate 2 years	121
13844725812	"Leader" of House	Speaker of the House	122
13844725813	"Leader" of Senate	Vice President	123
13844725814	How House is elected	Directly voted by voter per district	124
13844725815	How Senate is elected	Directly by the voters of a state	125
13844725816	Reapportionment	Applies only to HOUSE redistribution of seats every 10 years states gain or lose seats based on their population growing or shrinking	126
13844725817	Thomas Paine	Author of book "Common Sense"	127
13844725818	Gerrymandering	an attempt by politicians to create unbalanced districts for their party's political gain	128
13844725819	Special Powers of House	Brings impeachment charges May choose the President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must start all revenue bills	129
13844725820	Special Powers of Senate	Acts as jury in impeachment trials (2/3 vote needed) May choose the Vice President if there is no majority in the electoral system Must ratify treaties with foreign nations by 2/3 vote Must approves Presidential appointments (majority needed)	130
13844725821	What makes an interest group successful?	access, info, leadership skills, numerical strength, group unity, money	131
13844725822	CBO	- strengthen Congress' role in the budgeting process	132
13844725823	Pluralist Theory	- groups link ppl and govt - competition between interest groups is a central part of American democracy - different groups have strengths in different areas	133
13844725824	Types of Committees	Standing committees - handle bills in different policy areas Select - may be temporary and permanent and usually have focused responsibility Joint Committees - draw their membership from both the Senate and the House Conference Committees - are formed when Senate and the house pass different versions of the same bill	134
13844725825	Elite Theory	- reject the pluralists' assertion that competing groups balance power - believe unequal distribution of power in society ensures that interests of some groups will dominate others	135
13844725826	Hyperpluralist Theory	- argue that pluralism in the US is out of control -results in govt that is very subservient to interest groups and tries to appease them all	136
13844725827	4 Models of Representations	delegate model - assumes that a representative's job is to convey the will of the majority of their constituents to the legislature trustee model - should take the majority view into account but use his or best judgment when voting or acting on behalf of constituents politico model -middle path between trustees and delegate model conscience model - should generally follow what the follow what the public says unless it goes against their deepest values	137
13844725828	Agenda setting	bringing issues to the public's attention and placing them on the national agenda	138
13844725829	GAO	Government Accountability Office - broad authority to oversee the operations and finances of executive agencies	139
13844725830	GPOthec	Government Printing Office - distributes over 200,000 govt publications in U.S. govt bookstores throughout the nation	140
13844725831	Types of gerrymandering	Partisan gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one political party over others Incumbent gerrymandering - a state legislature is so closely divided that neither political party has an advantage Racial gerrymandering - drawing a district to favor one racial group over others Affirmative racial gerrymandering - creation of predominately African American and minority districts whenever possible	141
13844725832	Free rider problem	barrier to collective action bc ppl can reap the benefits of group efforts without participating	142
13844725833	Single-issue groups	groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics	143
13844725834	CRS	Congressional Research Service - works for the U.S. Congress and provides nonpartisan an policy and research analysis to committees and members of both houses	144
13844725835	Edmund Burke	contrasts with the idea of representatives as delegated who feel obligated to vote according to the views of the "folks back home" regardless of their own personal viewpoint	145
13844725836	Caucus	a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic	146
13844725837	House Rules Committee	the committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House	147
13844725838	Companion legislation	similar or identical legislation which is introduced in Senate and House	148
13844725839	Omnibus legislation	large bills that often cover several topics and may contain extraneous, or pork-barrel projects	149
13844725840	Who runs for congress?	People involved: Law Business Public service	150
13844725841	legislative oversight	congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings	151
13844725842	power of the purse	congressional exclusive power to authorize expenditures by all avenues of the federal govt	152
13844725843	advice and consent	advice and consent and confirmation of presidential appointments and treaties	153
13844725844	Seniority system	governs most committee assignments and movement into committee leadership positions	154
13844725845	Pork barrel	federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local govts, businesses, colleges, and other institutions	155
13844725846	congressional casework	activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get ppl what they think they have a right to get	156
13844725847	partisan polarization	a vote in which a majority of democratic legislators oppose a majority of republican legislators	157
13844725848	incumbent advantages	advertising - gather info through technological sources-thus having the incumbents' personal interests credit claiming - enhancing their standing w constituents through service to individuals and the district weak opponents -no name recognition campaign spending - the candidate who spends the most money tends to win misinformed voters	158
13844725849	federalist	a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority	159
13844725850	anti-federalist	somebody who opposed the U.S. Constitution when it was being drawn up	160
13844725851	filibuster	any member can speak for as long as he or she wants on any given use	161
13844725852	Amendment 1 freedoms	Freedom of Religion, freedom of speech, Freedom of expression, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly.	162
13844725853	bill of rights	the first ten amendments to the US Constitution	163

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Ap Flashcards

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14730491134	absolute location	Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates	0
14730491135	Cartography	The science of making maps	1
14730491136	clustered	Gathered closely together in a group	2
14730491137	Contagious Diffusion	The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.	3
14730491138	GIS	A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.	4
14730491139	relocation diffusion	The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.	5
14730491140	Culture ecology	Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.	6
14730491141	Hierarchical Diffusion	the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places	7
14730491142	GPS	Global Positioning System	8
14730491143	remote sensing	The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.	9
14730491144	Gravity Model	A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.	10
14730491145	Robinson Projection	Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.	11
14730491146	scale	the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole	12
14730491147	site	The physical character of a place	13
14730491148	Hearth	The region from which innovative ideas originate	14
14730491149	Culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	15
14730491150	situation	the location of a place relative to other places	16
14730491151	Latitude	Distance north or south of the equator	17
14730491152	Density	mass/volume	18
14730491153	Diffusion	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.	19
14730491154	Longitude	Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees	20
14730491155	time-space compression	A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.	21
14730491156	spatial analysis	the study of geographic phenomena in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map	22
14730491157	Mercator Projection	a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder	23
14730491158	dispersed	scattered, spread, broken up	24
14730491159	Distance Decay	The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.	25
14730491160	Possibilism	The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.	26
14730491161	stimulus discrimination	a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus	27
14730491162	environmental determinism	A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.	28
14730491163	distrubution	Shipping and transportation, delivery to customers.	29
14730491164	Prime Meridian	0 degrees longitude	30
14730491165	Sustainability	The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained	31
14730491166	uneven development	The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.	32
14730491167	Toponym	The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.	33
14730491168	Peters Projection	An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.	34
14730491169	Equator	0 degrees latitude	35
14730491170	Projection	The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.	36
14730491171	Regionalism	an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot	37
14730491172	Expansion Diffusion	The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.	38
14730491173	relative location	The position of a place in relation to another place	39

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AP Review- #3 Flashcards

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13583450875	1st Amendment	Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition	0
13583459623	2nd Amendment	Right to bear arms	1
13583471880	3rd Amendment	No quartering of troops	2
13583479291	4th Amendment	Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures	3
13583494656	5th Amendment	Right to the Due Process of Law The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy private property cannot he taken for public use without just compensation	4
13583537430	6th Amendment	The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person	5
13583550872	7th Amendment	Right to jury in civil trials. $$$$	6
13583564345	8th Amendment	No cruel or unusual punishment	7
13583582076	9th Amendment	Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution	8
13583586968	10th Amendment	Nature of Federalism Powers not given to federal government go to people and States	9

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AP Gov 9 papers Flashcards

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13713450092	Fed 10	Factions	0
13713455203	Fed 10	The concern of bicameral govt Larger the better more groups compete with others	1
13713478075	Fed 51	checks and balances	2
13713480691	Fed 51	separation of powers	3
13713485727	Fed 51	"If men were angels"	4
13713495927	Fed 70	Executive Power	5
13713519909	Fed 70	We need one strong exec. Hamilton No monarch	6
13713526657	Fed 78	Judicial Branch	7
13713529750	Fed 78/ U.S Constitution	judicial review	8
13713534113	Fed 78	Perceived court as not powerful	9
13713551160	Brutus 1	Anti-federalists	10
13713561688	Brutus 1	Too powerful central gov't Talks about rights The government needs to spell out rights otherwise	11
13713582829	Declaration of Independence	Human rights basic rights	12
13713591276	Declaration of Independence	King George is an idiot	13
13713601242	Articles of Confederation	the first constitution of the United States	14
13713607843	Articles of Confederation	Super weak	15
13713615732	Articles of Confederation	No taxation No ability to keep an army Lack of unity on money, trade, foreign negotiation No courts	16
13713623992	U.S. Constitution	Necessary and proper clause	17
13713639068	U.S. Constitution	Full faith and credit- states have to respect others states laws	18
13713641824	U.S. Constitution	supremacy clause	19
13713649048	U.S. Constitution	bill of rights	20
13713659643	Letter to Birmingham Jail	Intended for white clergy	21
13713662987	Letter to Birmingham Jail	Equality to all	22

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