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AP Flashcards

14560827382	Jethro Tull	lumikha ng seed drill nagpabilis ng pagtatanim ng binhi	0
14560827383	Robert Bakewell	Nagparami ng lahi ng tupa ginamit sa paggawa ng tela	1
14560827384	John Kay	flying shuttle nagpabilis ng paghahabi ng tela	2
14560827385	James Hargreaves	spinning jenny paglikha ng sinulid	3
14560827386	Richard Arkwright	water frame pumalit sa manual na flying shuttle at spinning jenny	4
14560827387	Edward Cartwright	power loom nagpabilis ng paghahabi	5
14560827388	Samuel Crompton	spinning mule pino matibay na sinulid	6
14560827389	James Watt	Steam engine	7
14560869641	Robert Fulton	ferry boat	8
14560869642	Wilbur at Orville Wright	Magkapatid na lumikha ng eroplano	9
14560896612	1930	Lumipad sa may Kill Devil hills	10
14560896613	Samuel Morse	Telegraph 1830	11
14560896614	Guglielmo Marconi	wireless telegraph	12
14560896615	Alexander Graham Bell	Telepono 1876	13
14641744013			14

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AP Psych Midterm Flashcards

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12087500466	Wilhelm Wundt	German scientist, "father of psychology", established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 and developed the study of structuralism	0
12087518266	Hermann von Helmholtz	German psychologist- theory on how people perceive color (Trichromatic Theory)	1
12087537049	Introspection	careful examination of one's conscious experience	2
12087545569	Structuralsim	how the mind is structured, tried to define the structure of the mind by breaking down mental experiences into their components (sensation, feelings, and images), analyzed the components into their most basic elements to discover how they become connected	3
12087597104	William James	Studied functionalism; focused on the functions of behavior in order to explain behavior a) how and why behavior occurs b) studied the "stream of consciousness"-continuous thoughts that flow through our minds	4
12087631735	Behaviorist	psychologist that study observable behavior that can be recorded and measured	5
12087663132	B.F. Skinner	Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rat; study observable behavior and the role of learning in shaping behavior	6
12087715121	Sigmund Freud	focused on the unconscious (sources of desires, thoughts, and memories), the region of the mind that is beyond the reach of ordinary consciousness) the unconscious is the repository of primitive sexual and aggressive drives or instincts, wishes impulses and urges; early childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior (psychodynamics)	7
12087772228	Humanistic psychology	free will, conscious choice, and the potential for personal growth guide behavior and mental processes	8
12087792130	sociocultural perspective	study social and environmental factors that influence cultural differences behavior; culture's influence on the way we think	9
12087828787	case study	thorough, careful study of one or a few individuals; interviews, observations, and written records (lacks control found in scientific experiments)	10
12087846367	survey	gather information form groups of people by using interviews or questionnaires; must have an accurate representative sample (random sample) (subject to memory gaps and biases)	11
12087865147	naturlaistic observation	examines behavior as it unfolds in the everyday environment (risk influencing behavior being observed)	12
12087880938	correlational	relationship between two or more variables, represented mathematically (does not determine cause-and-effect relationships)	13
12087895505	experimental	can explore cause-and-effect relationships by directly manipulating some variables and observing their effects on other variables under controlled conditions (expectations may influence results)	14
12087911595	independent variable	factors that are manipulated in an experiment	15
12087923031	dependent variable	factors that are measured after the manipulation of the independent variable	16
12087936574	control group	the group that receives no treatment or a placebo (used for comparison)	17
12087948981	double-blind study	neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group	18
12087960863	single-blind study	participants do not know which treatment group they are in	19
12088000231	neurons	basic building blocks of the nervous system; individual nerve cells which transmit info through the body (form of electrical impulses)	20
12088024171	dendrites	root-like structures that receive info and send impulses to the cell body	21
12088041939	glial cells	cells in the nervous system the hold neurons together and forms the myelin sheath, they are smaller than neurons and they make up about 90 percent of the cells in the adult brain, get rid of waste, and nourish neutrons	22
12088073835	multiple sclerosis	chronic and crippling disease of the central nervous system, eventual destruction of the myelin sheath on nerve cells, cause unknown	23
12088106881	antagonists	drugs that attach to receptor sites preventing neurotransmitters from docking; they block the transmission of messages	24
12088134366	autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands, smooth muscles, blood vessels, and heart (controls involuntary responses)	25
12088188634	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	26
12088210913	parts of the hindbrain	medulla, pons, cerebellum, not basal ganglia	27
12088219457	medulla	regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation	28
12088227191	Pons	involved in sleep and arousal	29
12088230390	Cerebellum	Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance	30
12088241917	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important roll in controlling arousal	31
12088252348	parts of the forebrain	thalamus, cerebrum, limbic system, and hypothalamus, not the cerebellum	32
12088313798	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	33
12088326103	hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	34
12175650456	What happens if the hypothalamus is damaged ?	Eat very little and lose weight	35
12088330351	limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives	36
12088347451	cerebrum	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center	37
12088391533	hippocampus	contributes to memory, encoding	38
12088403615	Amygdala	A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression (two lima bean-sized neural clusters)	39
12088416809	temporal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear	40
12088434443	occipital lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position, if damaged can damage vision	41
12088456645	frontal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying immediately behind the forehead; area concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement	42
12088476289	electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp	43
12088489960	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them; treatment of epilepsy includes anti-seizure medication, surgery, or therapy	44
12088574735	Broca's area	Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	45
12088585385	Wernicke's area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	46
12088607794	prefrontal cortex	involved in relational reasoning; working memory	47
12088616558	homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level	48
12088635150	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine and cortisol steroids) that help arouse the body in times of stress.	49
12088645961	phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.	50
12088681741	psychophysics	the study of how the physical energy (events in the environment ) relate to our individual psychological experiences of those events (in the form of sensations)	51
12088697631	absolute threshold	the minimum amount of physical energy need to produce a sensory experience. It is the least amount of a substance needed to activate the sensory receptors (for smell, taste, vision, and hearing). Smallest amount of a given stimulus a person can sense. Measured by recording the amount of stimulation needed for detection 50% of the time	52
12088733932	difference threshold	minimum difference between any two stimuli that a person can reliably detect 50% of the time. Should be low enough to detect changes in important stimuli (important for survival)	53
12088757249	Weber's Law	Difference thresholds increase in proportion to the size of the stimuli; to perceive their difference, two stimuli mist differ by a constant minimum percent rather than a constant amount; there has to be a significant change in order to hear a difference	54
12088793980	Sensory adaptation	stimulation is unchanging (become less sensitive to the stimulus). Permits you to focus on informative changes without being distracted by irrelevant data.	55
12088810914	retina	the inner layer of the eye- there are approximately 125 million light sensitive photoreceptor cells (light receptors) that convert light into impulses to be sent to the brain where an image is constructed.	56
12088833333	Rods	receptors that detect black, white, gray, and work best in low light; have low sensitivity to detail	57
12088843902	Cones	receptors that see color, they function in light only, and perceive fine detail; they are clustered around the fovea	58
12088862055	feature detectors	the cells in the visual cortex, when they receive information from the retina they respond to specific features of a scene (lines, angles, and movements)	59
12088883872	trichromatic theory of color vision	Color vision occurs in the three types of cones in the retina (wavelengths= red is longest, green is mid, and blue-violet is shortest ). Any color can be created by combining the light waves of the three primary colors.	60
12088921658	opponent-process theory of color vision	the retina has three color systems and each system is sensitive to two opposing colors (receptors respond to either blue or yellow, red or green, and black or white). This accounts for afterimage.	61
12088965725	Dichromats	common form of color blindness in which people lack 1 of the 3 types of cones. Can't distinguish between certain types of colors. Most common form is red-green color blindness (a genetic defect), but less common is blue-yellow color blindness	62
12088989988	hair cells	the auditory receptors that transform vibrations caused by sound waves into neural impulses that are then transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve	63
12089023036	eardrum	a tight membrane that vibrates with the waves; a sheet of connective tissue separating the outer ear form the middle ear that vibrates in response to auditory stimuli that transmits sound waves to the middle ear; vibrates the ossicles	64
12089063372	conduction deafness	eardrum punctured and loses ability to vibrate (treated with hearing aids); can be caused by wax in auditory canal, injury to tympanic membrane, or ossicle malfunction. All these conditions interfere with the transmission of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea	65
12089100936	Nerve deafness	damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve canal (caused by loud sounds, disease, aging); can be treated with cochlear implants or an auditory brainstem implant	66
12089140401	cause of nerve deafness	can be caused by damage to auditory receptors (hair cells) which prevent production of impulses or by damage to the auditory nerve preventing impulses to reach the brain	67
12089155305	olfaction	the sense of smell	68
12089166126	gustation	the sense of taste	69
12089169321	pheromones	Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species	70
12089202159	erogenous zones	areas that give rise to erotic or sexual sensations	71
12089213161	pressure receptors	found over different parts of the body (hands contain about 135 receptors per square centimeter; upper arm has about 1/10 as much)	72
12089226723	pain receptors	respond to a number of intense stimuli (cutting, pricking, twisting, heat or cold, damage to tissue, or pressure severe enough to cause injury)	73
12089241209	temperature receptors	a square centimeter of skin contains about 6 cold spots and 1 or 2 warm spots (No hot receptors) Hot is created by stimulus of warm and cold receptors	74
12089275785	endorphins	natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure	75
12089280314	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	76
12089296878	perceptual set	our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a mental predisposition that influences what we perceive	77
12089314135	interposition	when objects block what we perceive	78
12089323206	Muller-Lyer Illusion	A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward.	79
12089336908	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena	80
12089352580	divided consciousness	dividing your attention between driving and other thoughts, or conversation. This occurs when you are simultaneously performing two or more activities.	81
12090284775	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle (for example, of temperature and wakefulness)	82
12090339882	melatonin	A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.	83
12090342938	REM sleep	Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	84
12090376219	Why do we sleep?	Prevents sleep deprivation, gets us out of harms way, helps us restore body and brain tissue, and may play a role in the growth process	85
12090383080	activation-synthesis	the brain's attempt (cerebral cortex) to make sense of random electrical discharges that occur during REM. (discharges came from BRAINSTEM)	86
12090444341	hypnosis	an altered state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, deep relaxation, and heightened susceptibility to suggestion	87
12090457802	hypnotic age regression	a hypnotically induced experience that involves re-experiencing past event's in one's life	88
12090472703	hypnotic analgesia	a loss of feeling or responsiveness to pain in certain parts of the body occurring during hypnosis	89
12090482238	Posthypnotic amnesia	an inability to recall what happened during hypnosis if the hypnotist suggested that, upon awakening, the person would forget what took place during hypnosis	90
12090504104	Posthypnotic suggestion	a hypnotist's suggestion that the subject will respond in a particular way following hypnosis	91
12090521735	Hypnosis is a trance state theory	an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility	92
12090533804	role-playing model of hypnosis	hypnosis is best understood in the terms of the social demands of the situation (hypnosis is a social interaction that exists between the hypnotist and the subject)	93
12090545987	neo-dissociation theory	a theory of hypnosis based on the belief that hypnosis represents a state of dissociated consciousness; consciousness splits or divides, split portion follows hypnotist's suggestions, other portion becomes the "hidden observer" which monitors all events (still aware of what occurs during hypnosis).	94
12090585081	physiological dependence	a physical need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	95
12090601467	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	96
12090613387	heroin	most widely abused opioid ?	97
12090672778	Marijuana	Most widely used illicit drug?	98
12090695873	Ivan Pavlov	His experiments are considered to be "classics" and what he discovered is what we call classical conditioning	99
12090743799	Jonn B. Watson	He classically conditioned fear with his "Little Albert Experiment"	100
12090787321	unconditioned response	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	101
12090792410	unconditioned stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.	102
12090799983	conditioned response	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	103
12090805149	conditioned stimulus	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response	104
12090818964	neutral stimulus	a stimulus that does not intentionally elicit a response	105
12090830502	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance , after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	106
12090848082	Phobia	conditioned fear often coming from natural dangers, type of classical conditioning	107
12090860768	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	108
12090869794	Law of effect	Thordlike's principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	109
12090896692	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. This is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response	110
12090924465	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	111
12090929880	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	112
12090935966	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	113
12090941909	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	114
12090965197	concerns about punishment	can increase aggressiveness or create fear, can cause a person to feel helpless and depressed, and should be combined with reinforcer	115
12091012132	behavior modification	strengthens the positive behaviors and gets rid of the negative behaviors	116
12091049845	insight learning	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy based solutions	117
12091061106	observational learning	learning by observing others (social learning)	118
12091084685	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words	119
12091090517	state-dependent memory	Tendency for info to be better recalled in same context in which it was originally learned	120
12091126017	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system	121
12091132902	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten	122
12091139311	consolidation	the brain converts short term memories into lasting stable memories, processed in hippocampus	123
12091165408	declarative memory	facts and personal info (conscious effort to bring to mind) "knowing that"	124
12091177050	procedural memory	without conscious recall or effort "knowing how" (skills to do something or engaged without any conscious effort), stored in the cerebellum	125
12091220182	constructionist theory	a theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past but a representation, or reconstruction, of the past	126
12091240590	Elizabeth Loftus	Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony	127
12091264816	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	128
12091271009	retrograde amnesia	an inability to retrieve information from one's past	129
12091273298	dissociative amnesia	Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.	130
12091282180	long term potential	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	131
12091229218	memory schema	organized knowledge structure that reflects one's past experiences, expectancies, and knowledge about the world	132
12091247214	Herman Ebbinghause	the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well	133
12175650457	How many decibels are needed to damage your ears ?	85 decibels	134
12175650458	classical conditioning	a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus	135
12175650459	Which drug effects the central nervous system badly ?	Depressants	136
12175650460	Which drug can create psychosis	Amphetamines	137
12175650461	Glial cells do all of the following EXCEPT	produce neurotransmitters	138
12175650462	Which is false of neurons ?	They are the only cells in the nervous system	139
12175650463	Chemical senses	taste and smell	140

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AP Psychology: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

Psychological Disorders: important terms

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13633744421	Agoraphobia	A morbid fear of open spaces (as fear of being caught alone in some public place)	0
13633744422	Antisocial personality disorder	A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist	1
13633744423	Anxiety disorders	Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety	2
13633744446	ADHD	A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity	3
13633744424	Bipolar disorder	A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. was once known as Manic Depression.	4
13633744425	Catatonia	a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods	5
13633744426	Conversion disorder	A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found	6
13633744447	compulsions	The person's need to perform repetitive behaviors	7
13633744427	Delusions	False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders	8
13633744428	Dissociative amnesia	The sudden loss of memory for significant personal information	9
13633744429	Dissociative disorders	Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. the person may become "detached" from themselves	10
13633744430	Dissociative fugue	The sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity	11
13633744431	Dissociative identity disorder (DID)	A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder	12
13633744448	diathesis stress theory	an individual is born with a genetic predisposition towards a mental health problem- the problem is only expressed if the individual is exposed to certain environmental triggers.	13
13633744449	dopamine	neurotransmitter that influences voluntary movement, attention, alertness; lack of dopamine linked with Parkinson's disease; too much is linked with schizophrenia	14
13633744450	DSM-V	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: A reference for coding psychiatric disorders or conditions. Organized by symptoms	15
13633744432	Generalized anxiety disorder	An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal	16
13633744433	Hallucinations	False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	17
13633744434	Hypochondriasis	Chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments	18
13633744435	Major depressive disorder	A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities	19
13633744436	Mood disorders	Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes	20
13633744437	Negative symptoms	Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech	21
13633744438	Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)	22
13633744451	obsessions	persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress	23
13633744439	Panic disorder	An anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks. May be triggered by the amygdala.	24
13633744440	Personality disorders	Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning	25
13633744441	phobia	An anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation	26
13633744442	Positive symptoms	Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas	27
13633744452	PTSD	Post Traumatic Stress Disorder A disorder in which a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event	28
13633744453	postpartum depression	A new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth	29
13633744443	Prevalence	The percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period	30
13633744454	psychological disorder/psychopathology	a mental or behavioral pattern or anomaly that results in distress	31
13633744455	Rosenhan study	study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.	32
13633744444	Schizophrenia	psychological disorder marked by disturbances in thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes	33
13633744445	Somatoform disorders	Disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists	34
13633744456	serotonin	a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons	35
13633744457	seasonal affective disorder	Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.	36
13633744458	mania	A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. extravagant shopping sprees may happen or a flight of ideas	37
13633744459	flat affect	A marked lack of expressed emotions; a symptom of schizophrenia.	38
13633744460	word salad	Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences	39
13633744461	paranoia	A tendency toward excessive or irrational suspiciousness; irrational fear; delusions of persecution	40
13633744462	Irrationality	Abnormal indicator involving acting or talking in ways that are incomprehensible to others	41
13633744463	Unpredictability	Abnormal indicator involving erratic and inconsistent behaviors	42
13633744464	Unconventional Behavior	Abnormal indicator involving behavior that violates social norms or are statistically rare.	43
13633744465	Organic Disorders	disorders that affect organs; in the case of psychological patients most often dementia and Alzheimer's which leads to problems with normal functioning	44
13633744466	conversion disorder	A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.	45
13633744467	dissociative fugue	disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity	46
13633744468	dissociative amnesia	Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.	47
13633744469	somatoform disorders	disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists	48
13633744470	specific phobia	a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function	49
13633744471	flat effect	a lack of emotional responsiveness	50
13633744472	biopsychosocial model	a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness	51
13633744473	Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)	marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives	52
13633744474	Schizoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)	emotional detachment, disinterest in close relationships	53
13633744475	Shizotypal Personality Disorder	a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions	54
13633744476	antisocial personality disorder	A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.	55
13633744477	borderline personality disorder	condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control	56
13633744478	histrionic personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior	57
13633744479	narcissistic personality disorder	characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration	58
13633744480	avoidant personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.	59
13633744481	dependent personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.	60
13633744482	obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control	61
13633744483	Bipolar II Disorder	a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes	62
13633744484	bipolar disorder (I)	characterized by one or more manic episodes, often alternating with major depressive episodes	63

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AP histology Flashcards

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11033866518	Chondroblasts	cartilage forming cells	0
11033883170	Chondrocytes	mature cartilage cells	1
11033889028	hyaline cartilage	Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose	2
11033893021	elastic cartilage	Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers External ear and epiglottis	3
11033920765	osteoclasts	bone cells that break down bone	4
11033961153	Fibrocartilage	cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.	5
11033982701	osseous tissue	bone tissue	6
11033999946	Osteoblasts	bone forming cells	7
11034008023	Osteocytes	mature bone cells found in lacunae	8
11034048232	areolar loose connective tissue	Binds skin to underlying organs; Forms delicate, thin layers between muscles; Fills in spaces underneath epithelia;	9
11034058875	adipose connective tissue	provides insulation for the body	10
11034133844	dense conective tissue elastic		11
11034146372	connective tissue blood	red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)	12
11034165654	skeletal muscle	A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.	13
11034173553	cardiac muscle	Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.	14
11034177541	smooth muscle	muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control.	15
11034188565	nervous tissue	A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.	16
11034296848	simple squamous epithelium	single layer of flat cells, lines the blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels	17
11034330979	simple cuboidal epithelium	single layer of cube shaped cells, secretion and absorption, kidney tubules, ovary surfaces.	18
11034348982	simple columnar epithelium	Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.	19
11034368642	pseudostratified columnar epithelium	tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract, ciliated	20
11034402221	stratified squamous epithelium	Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.	21
11034410959	transitional epithelium	function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra	22
11035362384	loose conective tissue, reticular	important in lymph system and houses lymphocytes	23

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Physical Science Electrolytes and Solutions Flashcards

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16297438617	Which is typically in greater amount? Solute or solvent?	Solvent, as it is dissolving the solute in the solution	0
16297438618	Will sucrose conduct electricity in water? Will sodium chloride?	Sucrose (a sugar) will not, as it cannot break up into mobile ions, since it is molecular and thus composed of individual MOLECULES. Sodium chloride, on the other hand, is an ionic compound and will have a molecule-ion attraction w/ the polar molecules of water. Thus, it will be split into the mobile ions: Na+ and Cl-	1
16297438619	Definition of Dissociation	a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner	2
16297438620	Homogeneous mixture	Uniform composition of particles throughout the sample	3
16297438621	Aqueous	A solution where water is the solvent	4
16297438622	Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity in water?	Water is a neutral substance, but due to its molecular geometry (polarity), it has a partially positive end and a partially negative end. The partially positive end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative ions of the salt while the partially negative end is attracted to the positive ions of the salt. Ions in water are good conductors of electricity.	5
16297438623	Polar Molecule: Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte?	these covalently bonded molecules do have a slight difference in charge across opposite ends of the molecule, but are NOT considered to be electrolytes because they do not form ions when dissolved in water.	6
16297438624	Acids: Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte	Electrolyte: Will break up into ions when dissolved in water	7
16297438625	Bases: Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte	Electrolyte: Will break up into ions in water	8
16297438626	Salts: Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte	Soluble ionic compounds are strong electrolytes, as they break up into mobile ions in water. This is due to the molecule-ion attratcion with polar H2O molecules.	9
16297438627	Nonpolar Molecule: Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte	Molecules DO NOT have an overall net charge and thus CANNOT conduct an electric current. Nonpolar molecules do NOT dissolve in water (like dissolves like) and WILL NOT conduct.	10
16297438628	How can one differentiate between two aqueous solutions relative to their electrical conductivity?	Utilize a conductivity apparatus to measure their electrical conductivites. The one that lights the bulb more will be the stronger electrolyte	11
16297438629	Electrolytes	are solutes that are capable of conducting electricity	12
16297438630	Non-electrolytes	are solutes that are not capable of conducting electricity	13
16297438631	Strong Electrolytes	completely break apart in solution and form ions. Since there are many ions present in solution, these substances are excellent conductors of electricity (ie. strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic compounds)	14
16297438632	Weak Electrolytes	only partially break apart in solution forming ions. Since there are not as many ions present in solution, these substances are weak conductors of electricity (ie. weak acids and weak bases)	15
16297438633	Nonelectrolytes	do not break apart at all in solution. Since no ions are formed, these substances cannot conduct electricity at all (ie. molecular compounds and insoluble ionic compounds)	16
16297438634	Strong Acids	HI(aq) - HBr(aq) - HCl(aq) - HNO3 (aq) - H2SO4 (aq) - HClO3 (aq) - HClO4 (aq)	17
16297438635	Strong Bases	Any Group I metal hydroxide (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), LiOH(aq), RbOH(aq), CsOH(aq)) The following Group II metal hydroxides • Ca(OH)2 (aq) • Sr(OH)2 (aq) • Ba(OH)2 (aq)	18
16297438639	Concentrated Solution	If a solution has a considerable amount of solute present, then it is said to be a concentrated solution	19
16297438640	Dilute Solution	If a solution has a very small amount of solute present, then it is said to be a dilute solution	20
16297438643	Dilution	is a process where a concentrated solution is reduced to a lower concentration by adding more solvent to the sample. Adding more solvent reduces the concentration of solute present per liter of solution	21
16297438646	Neutralization	Process where an acid and base react to product water and a salt	22

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circuits Flashcards

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16297771648	what way does the conventional current flow?	from positive to negative	0
16297792174	What way do electrons flow?	from negative to positive	1
16297823145	which components will only allow current to flow in forward bias?	LED and diode	2
16297899448	What makes metals good conductors?	They have delocalised/conduction electrons which drift slowly along the wire	3
16297916558	what is kirchoffs first law?	current and charge are always conserved	4
16297986662	how is the movement of electrons through a metal described?	random as there is no overall net movement	5
16298018756	why do electrons drift slowly through the copper lattice?	because they can only go a small distance before colliding with another atom	6
16298054018	what has to be applied across the ends of a wire to cause current to flow?	potential difference	7
16298127104	Why are insulators poor conductors?	they contain very few delocalised electrons	8
16298150949	why do semiconductors undergo doping?	because this adds impurity atoms to improve their conductivity	9
16298198076	what is the equation for EMF?	energy transferred over time	10
16298208689	what is the equation for pd?	work done over time	11
16298239922	What is Ohm's Law?	The current through an ohmic conductor (at a constant temperature) is directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor.	12
16298321226	what factors affect electrical resistance?	the material, its length, the cross sectional area and the temperature	13
16298520095	what is resistivity affected by?	temperature	14
16298630810	how do you convert from joules to kwh?	divide by 3600000	15
16298646738	how do you convert from kwh to joules	multiply by 3600000	16
16298688704	what is this a graph for?	a filament lamp	17
16298668060	what is this a graph for?	LED	18
16298716823	what is this a graph for?	resistor	19
16298758839	what is kirchoffs second law?	The total emf around a series circuit = the sum of p.d.s across each component.	20

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Agriculture Flashcards

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8986141346	animal domestication	The process of taming an animal species to be accustomed to humans and human contact the taming of animals through generations of breeding to live in close association with humans as a pet or work animal	0
8986141347	agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.	1
8986141348	crop	Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.	2
8986141349	vegetative planting	earliest form of plant cultivation; reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots	3
8986141350	seed agriculture	the taking of seeds from existing plants and planting them to produce new plants	4
8986141351	subsistence agriculture	Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.	5
8986141352	commercial agriculture	term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor, and the latest technology	6
8986141353	prime agricultural land	A designation assigned by U.S. Department of Agriculture defining land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also available for these land uses.	7
8986141354	Agribusiness	The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.	8
8986141355	shifting cultivation	A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.	9
8986141356	slash-and-burn	another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris	10
8986141357	swidden	Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method.	11
8986141358	pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	12
8986141359	nomadism	A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.	13
8986141360	transhumance	The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.	14
8986141361	pasture	Grazing land for animals	15
8986141362	intensive subsistence agriculture	form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land; practiced in densely populated areas such as East, South, and Southeast Asia	16
8986141363	double cropping	growing more than one crop a year on the same land	17
8986141364	crop rotation	the practice of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land - for example, corn one year, legumes for two years, and then back to corn.	18
8986141365	cereal grain	A grass yielding grain for food. ex. oats, wheat, rye, or barley	19
8986141366	milkshed	The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.	20
8986141367	grain	the seeds of plants (such as wheat, corn, and rice) that are used for food	21
8986141368	winter wheat	wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer	22
8986141369	spring wheat	Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.	23
8986141370	ranching	commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area	24
8986141371	range wars	Typically fought over water rights or grazing rights to unfenced/unowned land, it could pit competing farmers or ranchers against each other	25
8986141372	horticulture	The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.	26
8986141373	truck farming	Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.	27
8986141374	market gardening	The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.	28
8986141375	McCormick reaper	Mechanized the harvest of grains such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. Started commercial agriculture in the Midwest.	29
8986141376	combine	A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.	30
8986141377	debt for nature swap	when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources	31
8986141378	Aquaculture	The cultivation or farming(in controlled conditions) of aquatic species, such as fish. In contrast to commercial fishing, which involves catching wild fish.	32
8986141379	collective farm	a farm or group of farms run by the government, as in a communist state	33
8986141380	pesticide	A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.	34
8986141381	herbicide	A substance used to destroy plants, especially weeds	35
8986141382	soil erosion	Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.	36
8986141383	growing season	The average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall, the season during which a crop grows best	37
8986141384	extractive industry	Industries involved in the activities of prospecting, exploring, developing, and producing for non-regenerative natural resources from the Earth	38
8986141385	feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	39
8986141386	staple grains	basic dietary items, such as wheat, rice, or corn. harvested and stored to be eaten all year	40
8986141387	tragedy of the commons	situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community	41
8986141388	plantation	A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.	42
8986141389	Ester Boserup	said population density creates more agricultural output and humans will figure out ways of producing more food on the same amount of land rather than starve to death	43
8986141390	cash cropping/export crops	the raising of crops for market sale rather than domestic consumption	44
8986141391	Von Thunen's model	a model of agricultural land use that illustrates the relationship between the cost of land and transportation costs involved in getting product to market	45
8986141392	Neolithic Revolution	(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.	46
8986141393	2nd Agricultural Revolution	Dovetailing with and benefiting from the industrial revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce	47
8986141394	Green Revolution aka 3rd Agricultural Revolution	The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation.	48
8986141395	plant domestication	deliberate tending of crops to gain certain desired attributes; began around 12,000 years ago along several fertile river valleys and cultural hearths; growing plants on purpose	49
8986141396	luxury crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	50
8986141397	dairying	An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.	51
8986141398	mediterranean agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.	52
8986141399	organic agriculture	approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicieds, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs	53
8986141400	biotechnology	A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.	54
8986141401	intertillage	the practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden	55
8986141402	desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.	56
8986141403	genetic modification	Branch of biotechnology that alters the genes in biological organisms to achieve a medicinal or agricultural purpose	57
8986141404	sustainable yield	An amount of a renewable resource such as trees that can be harvested regularly without reducing the future supply	58
8986141405	clustered rural settlements	a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement	59
8986141406	dispersed rural settlement	Where farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.	60
8986141407	enclosure movement	The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners.	61
8986141408	fallow	inactive, plowed but not sowed	62
8986141409	extensive subsistence farming	consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre	63
8986141410	mixed crop and livestock farming	integration of crops and livestock, with most of the crops being fed to the animals rather than consumed directly by humans, which in turn provides manure fertilizers and goods for sale, like eggs.	64
8986141411	capital-intensive farms	Farm that makes heavy use of machinery in the farming process.	65
8986141412	labor intensive farms	Where most of the work is done by humans ie plantations	66
8986141413	large scale grain production	Extensive commercial grain farm where grain is grown to be exported elsewhere for consumption	67