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AP pysch Flashcards

13925089022	cerebral cortex	outerlayer of cerebrum contains the dendrites	0
13925089023	glial cells	cells in the brain which support nourishment and protection for neurons	1
13925089024	pons	"bridge" between brain stem and cerebellum, helps with sleep	2
13925089025	sympathetic nervous system	"fight or flight" response	3
13925089026	Thalamus	"relay station" for sensory information, for smell,taste, etc	4
13925089027	Amygdala	insticts, emotional, survival	5
13925089028	cerebrum	contains two hemispheres everything but brainstem and cerebellum and limabic system	6
13925089029	pituitary gland	"master gland" controls all other glands, communicates with nervous system	7
13925089030	autonomic nervous system	automatic, unconscious, involuntary ex. heartbeat, breathing	8
13925089031	serotonin	regulates mood, hunger, sleep undersupply=depression	9
13925089032	action potential	a neural impulse, brief charge that travels down terminal	10
13925089033	synapse	the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron	11
13925089034	dendrites	receives neural messages	12
13925089035	cell body/soma	hub of cell, contains the nucleus and metabolic process "post office"	13
13925089036	axon	transmits a message	14
13925089037	myelin	speeds up the message sent	15
13925089038	interneurons	transmits neural stimulus between sensory and motor neurons sensory->interneurons->motos	16
13925089039	reticular formation	"on switch" for attention, alertness	17
13925089040	cerebellum	balance, unconscious, coordination	18
13925089041	parasympathetic nervous system	"rest and digest"	19
13925089042	plasticity	the brain can mold and adapt to circumstances	20
13925089043	CT scan	series of x-rays taken from different angles good to see structure	21
13925089044	neurogenesis	growth and regeneration of neurons	22
13925089045	frontal lobe	voluntary movement, problem-solving, decision-making, emotional regulation	23
13925089046	nucleus accumbens	when you statisfy a drive locates at the center of brain	24
13925089047	Dopamine	satisfaction of desire,	25
13925089048	Acetylcholine	excites enables muscle action, learning, and memory	26
13925089049	neurotransmitters	it triggers chemical messengers	27
13925089050	PET scan	visual display of brain activity that detects a form of glucose for function	28
13925089051	MRI	magnetic fields and radio waves produce computer images of tissues for structure	29
13925089052	Norepinephrine	helps control alertness and arousal(fight or flight)	30
13925089053	GABA	major inhibitory slows everything down	31
13925089054	Medulla	unconscious vital functions heartbeat/breathing etc	32
13925089055	endorphins	"good feelings" natural pain killer	33
13925089056	EEG	amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity	34
13925089057	motor neurons	relays messages from brain to muscles sensory->interneurons-> motor	35
13925089058	resting potential	positive outside - inside (charge when not firing)	36
13925089059	depolarization	when a neuron fires more + go into cell and axon gates open	37
13925089060	sensory neurons	sends messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord sensory-> interneurons-> motor	38
13925089061	axon terminal buttons	releases molecules to other neurons "mail man"	39
13925089062	glutamate	major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory	40
13925089063	fMRI	reveals blood flow for both structure and function	41
13925089064	peripheral nervous system	not brain and spinal cord	42
13925089065	adrendal gland	secrets adrenaline	43
13925089066	motor cortex	back of frontal lobe initiates voluntary movements	44
13925089067	sensory cortex	front of parietal lobe receives sensory info	45
13925089068	parietal lobe	sensory processes, attention, language, awareness, touch	46
13925089069	wernicke's area	language input, ability to understand wern=learn	47
13925089070	occipital lobe	visual information, shapes, colors	48
13925089071	temporal lobe	sound information, short-term memory	49
13925089072	right hemisphere	visual-spatial "bigger picture"	50
13925089073	broca's area	language output	51
13925089074	corpus callosum	allows two hemispheres to interact together	52
13925089075	left hemisphere	language, attention to detail, rational, logic	53
13925089076	somatic nervous system	voluntary, conscious activity	54
13925089077	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	55
13925089078	hypothalamus	regulating temperature, hunger, thirst	56
13925089079	hippocampus	process and formation of memory	57
13925089080	vestibular sense	sense of equilibrium/balance	58
13925089081	retinal display	by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes the brain computes the distance	59
13925089082	kinesthesis	senses the position and movement of individual body parts	60
13925089083	frequency	how we perceive pitch	61
13925089084	amplitude	how we perceive loudness	62
13925089085	wave form	how we perceive quality of sound	63
13925089086	feature detectors	neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of stimulus (shape, angle movement, etc)	64
13925089087	cochlea	sound energy is converted into neural impulses	65
13925089088	place theory	different pitches activate different places on the cochlea's membrane	66
13925089089	conduction deafness	hearing loss due to sound waves not reaching the mechanism within ear, damage to ear canal	67
13925089090	sensorineural deafness	hearing loss caused by damage of the inner ear or nerve from ear to the brain	68
13925089091	volley principle	neurons alternate firing to process highest pitch sounds	69
13925089092	gate- control theory	there is a gate in the spinal cord and when it is opened nerves are sent to the brain	70
13925089093	gustatory sense	taste, chemical sense	71
13925089094	olfaction	smell, chemical sense	72
13925089095	young-helmholtz trichromatic theory	three different cones on eyes red, blue, green	73
13925089096	McGurk effect	hearing and vision are linked	74
13925089097	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumation and retinal images change	75
13925089098	synaesthesia	when one sensation produces/stimulates another	76
13925089099	after-image	when one gets exhausted the other opposing one takes over ex. staring at a blue image for a lone time and then seeing yellow	77
13925089100	stroboscopic motion	our brain perceives continuous movement	78
13925089101	top-down processing	looking at situation overall ex. overlooking typos in a paper because you assume they are right	79
13925089102	bottom-up processing	looking at each detail ex. looking at each detail of a painting	80
13925089103	lens	helps focus shapes on retina	81
13925089104	iris	dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and inner emotion	82
13925089105	fovea	central focal point in the retina, cones cluster in and around	83
13925089106	retina	converts light energy into neural impulses very responsive to light and pressure	84
13925089107	weber's law	more intense stimuli need to change more to notice a difference	85
13925089108	convergence	eyes turn inward to see things near you	86
13925089109	signal detection theory	no single absolute threshold ex. experience, expectations, motivations	87
13925089110	Gestalt	our tendency to integrate pieces into a meaningful whole	88
13925089111	frequency theory	basilar membrane vibrates at frequency of the sound	89
13925089112	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when lights blink on and off in succession	90
13925089113	blind spot	where the optic nerve leaves the eye	91
13925089114	rods and cones	cones- near fovea, low dim light sensitivity, and color sensitive rods- located at periphery, high dim light sensitivity, not color sensitive	92
13925089115	parallel processing	feature detectors fire simultaneously ex. when we see an object we don't just see color	93
13925089116	transduction	coverts sensory energy into neural impulses	94
13925089117	absolute threshold	weakest amount of stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time	95
13925089118	subliminal stimulation	perception below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	96
13925089119	sensory adaptation	decreased sensation due to constant stimulation	97
13925089120	optic nerve	nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain	98
13925089121	cornea	protects the eye and bends light to provide focus	99
13925089122	opponent-process theory	opposing retinal processes enable color vision	100
13925089123	pupil	where light enters the eye	101
13925089124	habituation	simplest form of learning-less responsive to a repeated stimulus	102
13925089125	retrograde amnesia	inability to remember before the trauma	103
13925089126	retroactive interference	new information disrupts memory of old information P.O.R.N.	104
13925089127	proactive interference	old information disrupts memory of new information P.O.R.N.	105
13925089128	Engrams	memory stored as biochemicals and synaptic changes how scientists trace memories	106
13925089129	procedural memory	skills- motor ans cognitive ex. playing the piano	107
13925089130	implicit memory	without conscious recall ex. riding a bike	108
13925089131	self-reference effect	applying to your own experiences ex. to learn a word you think of examples that apply to your life	109
13925089132	semantic encoding	the encoding of meanings ex. understanding words not just memorizing	110
13925089133	serial position	items in the beginning and at the end are more likely to be recalled	111
13925089134	mirror neurons	frontal lobe, fire when performing certain actions or when seeing them be performed	112
13925089135	negative punishment	decrease behavior by removing good stimulus	113
13925089136	positive punishment	decrease a behavior by presenting a bad stimulus	114
13925089137	shaping	reinforce each step toward desired behavior, useful for complex behaviors	115
13925089138	primary reinforcers	unlearned, natural, biological ex. eating when hungry	116
13925089139	negative reinforcement	increases response by removing unpleasant stimulus ex. letting seniors exempt from finals	117
13925089140	positive reinforcement	increases response by presenting pleasant stimulus ex. giving students candy when they raise their hand	118
13925089141	high-order conditioning	adding 2nd CS to produce a 2nd CR	119
13925089142	conditioned response	physical reflexes response to a conditioned stimulus tuning fork->salvation	120
13925089143	conditioned stimulus	learned stimulus that causes response tuning fork->salvation	121
13925089144	unconditioned response	reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus food->salvation	122
13925089145	unconditioned stimulus	natural stimulus causing reflexive response food->salvation	123
13925089146	behaviorism	a theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning	124
13925089147	classical conditioning	associate two stimuli together to anticipate events ex. a dog salivates to bell anticipating food	125
13925089148	associative learning	learn that certain events occur together	126
13925089149	instinctive drift	occurs when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns	127
13925089150	episodic memory	personally experienced events ex. memories form a vacation	128
13925089151	operant conditioning	associate a behavior with a good or bad result	129
13925089152	anterograde amnesia	inability to remember information after trauma not making new memories	130
13925089153	biological perspective	how your hormones and nuerotransmitters affect your brain	131
13925089154	psychodynamic	unconscious mind and how your childhood affects your behavior	132
13925089155	behavioral perspective	our behaviors are influenced by our observations and consequences	133
13925089156	cognitive perspective	how our behaviors are influenced by how we interpret the world	134
13925089157	humanistic perspective	our behaviors are influenced by our conscious choices and finding our true identity to reach self-fulfillment	135
13925089158	social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort	136
13925089159	social facilitation	improved performance in presence of others for simple tasks or something you are good at	137
13925089160	asch's line study	participants had to identify the line closest in length to other lines. The whole group said the same wrong answer. The one subject conformed with the group	138
13925089161	deindividuation	losing self-awareness or self restraint, occurs when group participation makes people aroused	139
13925089162	group think	occurs when desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides alternatives	140
13925089163	conciliation	graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension-reduction ex. giving someone a small positive gesture to reduce tension	141
13925089164	cognitive dissonance theory	when we become aware that our attitudes and actions do not coincide so we feel uncomfy	142
13925089165	self-serving bias	we are sensitive to how our behavior changes with the situation, we see our own behaviors as positive	143
13925089166	normative social influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval and avoid disapproval ex. pretending to like a band your friends do	144
13925089167	information social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions ex. when you don't know the answer so you go along with what others say	145
13925089168	group polarization	beliefs that grow stronger as we discuss with like-minded people	146
13925089169	frustration-aggression principle	the blocking of a goal that creates aggression	147
13925089170	social exchange theory	maximize benefits and minimize costs ex. stopping to help because you are not running late	148
13925089171	bystander effect	people are less likely to help when in a group of people	149
13925089172	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	150
13925089173	mirror- image perceptions	mutual views held by conflicting people ex. USA calling Russia "evil" and Russia calling USA"evil"	151
13925089174	self-filling prophecies	a belief that leads to one fulfilling the role expected ex. a teacher expecting you to fail so you do	152
13925089175	reciprocity norm	people help me if I help them	153
13925089176	social responsibility norm	duty as a human to help others	154
13925089177	confounding variables	other variables that could effect the results of an experiment	155
13925089178	illusory correlation	the perception of a relationship where none exists	156
13925089179	naturalistic oberservation	observe people's actions, does not explain behaviors but describes it	157
13925089180	operational definition	specifies how a variable will be defined and measured so the experiment can be replicated	158
13925089181	case study	one or a small group of people being analyzed and asked questions	159
13925089182	social-cultural perspective	social environment influences our behavior	160
13925089183	evolutionary perspective	your behavior is influenced by your survival needs and genetics	161
13925089184	social trap	a situation where each party is rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than good of the group become caught in a mutually destructive behavior	162
13925089185	fundamental attribution	we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situation	163
13925089186	situational attribution	someone's "bad day" or "bad mood"	164
13925089187	dispositional attribution	someone's enduring traits	165
13925089188	null hypothesis	no relationships between variables	166
13925089189	within-subjects design	comparing results within one subject	167
13925089190	between-subject design	comparing results between two subjects	168
13925089191	cross-sectional study	different groups compared at one time	169
13925089192	longitudinal study	one group compared to a different times	170
13925089193	receptive language	ability to comprehend speech	171
13925089194	productive language	ability to produce words	172
13925089195	linguistic determinism	language determines the way we think, culturally influenced	173
13925089196	universal language	innately wired to have a complicated language, common structure	174
13925089197	algorithms	step by step procedure that guarantees the right solution to a problem	175
13925089198	heuristics	mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us solve problems	176
13925089199	prototypes	best example of a concept/mental image	177
13925089200	availability heuristic	judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes in our mind	178
13925089201	representative heuristic	judging a situation on how easily examples come to mind	179
13925089202	anchoring heuristic	human tendency to accept and rely on, the first piece of information received before making a decision	180
13925089203	inductive reasoning	making generalizations from observations	181
13925089204	deductive reasoning	takes general rule and applies it to specific cases	182
13925089205	confirmation bias	seeking information that supports our preconceptions	183
13925089206	Mental Set	tendency to stick to problem solving strategies that have worked in the past	184
13925089207	functional fixedness	tendency to think of things only for usual functions	185
13925089208	overconfidence	tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge	186
13925089209	general intelligence (g)	the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences our cognitive ability	187
13925089210	Gardner's multiple intelligence theory	intelligence is not just one dominant ability, outlines 8 different intelligence	188
13925089211	Savant Syndrome	when a person with a mental disability demonstrates abilities far in excess of what is considered normal	189
13925089212	Sternberg's three intelligences	practical, creative, and analytical intelligence	190
13925089213	emotional intelligence	the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships empathetically	191
13925089214	aptitude test	the ability to learn or develop in an area	192
13925089215	achievement test	to measure to the extent a person has acquired certain information	193
13925089216	Flynn effect	the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase in intelligence test score averages over time	194
13925089217	content validity	Refers to how accurately an assessment or measurement tool taps into the various aspects of the specific construct in question	195
13925089218	predictive validity	is the extent to which performance on a test is related to later performance that the test was designed to predict	196
13925089219	securely attached	distressed when the mom left nut greeted her positively when she returned	197
13925089220	avoidant-insecure	little interest when mom left or returned	198
13925089221	resistant-insecure	intense distress when mom left and rejected the mother when she returned	199
13925089222	schema	mental structure which helps to organize knowledge	200
13925089223	assimilation	placing new information on pre-existing schema	201
13925089224	accommodation	modifying schema to fit new information	202
13925089225	sensorimotor	ages=0-2 senses and actions, reflexes, basics of language, object permanence	203
13925089226	preoperational	ages 2-6 egocentrism: one-dimensional thinking lacks conservation- does not recognize that basic properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same while other features change theory of mind- realize people have different mental state	204
13925089227	concrete operational	ages 7-12 logic-tangible objects rather than abstract ideas concept of reversibility	205
13925089228	formal operational	12+ cognitive maturity abstract thought	206
13925089229	authoritarian	strict demands rely on force and communicate poorly	207
13925089230	permissive	low/no parental control, warmth, easy going, warm and supportive	208
13925089231	authoritative	high parental control and high warmth gives the children the best outcomes	209
13925089232	pruning process	"use it or lose it" with neural pathways	210
13925089233	preconventional morality	right and wrong determined by rewards	211
13925089234	conventional morality	views of others matter, avoidance of blame seeking social approval	212
13925089235	postconventional morality	judgements are based on abstract, more personal principles that aren't necessarily defined by society's laws	213
13925089236	crystallized intelligence	tends to increase with age concrete intelligence	214
13925089237	fluid intelligence	tends to decrease with age one's ability to reason	215
13925089238	Id	pleasure, principle, the need to fulfill needs right now	216
13925089239	Ego	reality principle and defense mechanisms decision making component of personality	217
13925089240	superego	morality principle, guilt	218
13925089241	fixation	preoccupation for satisfying pleasure-seeking energies ex. if you don't release everything through the oral stage you will be a nail bitter	219
13925089242	defense mechanisms	coping mechanisms->how we deal with stress	220
13925089243	regression	returning to earlier, more comforting form of behavior	221
13925089244	repression	pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness	222
13925089245	rationalization	unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations instead of real reasons for action or event	223
13925089246	reaction formation	expressing the opposite of how one truly feels	224
13925089247	displacement	redirecting one's impulses toward another person or object	225
13925089248	projection	disguising threatening impulses toward another person or object	226
13925089249	sublimation	channeling one's impulses toward a different, more positive and acceptable goal or behavior	227
13925089250	denial	rejecting the ego-threatening truth	228
13925089251	inferiority complex	all children go through a period where you feel inferior and how you cope with it processes your personality	229
13925089252	collective unconscious	shared pool of memories and ideas we all have	230
13925089253	archetypes	similar roles in collective unconscious	231
13925089254	projective tests	given ambiguous picture, make up story a and one's conscious may be woven into the story	232
13925089255	terror-management theory	proposes a basic psychological conflict that results from having a desire to live, but realizing that death is inevitable	233
13925089256	person-situation controversy	refers to the controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavio	234
13925089257	unconditional positive regard	we feel love and accepted despite our flaws	235
13925089258	instinct theory	motivated by our inborn automated behavior	236
13925089259	drive-reduction theory	drives arise from motivated state and the aim is homeostasis	237
13925089260	optimum arousal theory	motivated to seek ways of increasing arousal when stimulation drops	238
13925089261	maslow's hierarchy of needs	we strive to meet self-actualization	239
13925089262	intrinsic motivation	motivated for internal pleasure and self-enjoyment	240
13925089263	extrinsic motivation	motivated for external rewards	241
13925089264	over-justification	less likely that a task will be done intrinsically when extrinsic reward is no longer given	242
13925089265	achievement motivation	master tasks and take great pride in doing so	243
13925089266	approach-approach conflicts	two desirable but conflicting choices	244
13925089267	avoidance-avoidance conflicts	choosing between two undesirable choices	245
13925089268	approach-avoidance conflicts	one choice has both attractive and unattractive features	246
13925089269	multiple approach-avoidance conflicts	choosing between one option that has both positive and negative features and another that has both positive and negative features	247
13925089270	lateral hypothalamus	tells us we are hungry, causes secretion of ghrelin	248
13925089271	ventromedical hypothalamus	tells us we are full, causes secretion of PYY	249
13925089272	set point theory	stable weight to which your body wants to return	250
13925089273	unit bias	size of food portion will determine how much you eat	251
13925089274	james-lange theory	stimulus->physiological arousal->emotion, fear	252
13925089275	cannon-bard theory	stimulus->physiological arousal ->emotion, fear	253
13925089276	Schachter two-factor	stimulus->physiological arousal ->cognitive interpretation-> emotion, fear	254
13925089277	spillover effect	when one experience of one emotion affects our perceptions and our reactions	255
13925089278	lazarus and cognitive appraisal	stimulus->cognitive appraisal(thought)->physiological ->emotion	256
13925089279	relative deprivation	It refers to the discontent people feel when they compare their positions to others and realize that they have less of what they believe themselves to be entitled than those around them	257
13925089280	facial feedback hypothesis	your facial expression intensifies your emotions	258
13925089281	general adaptation syndrome	term used to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Alarm->resistance->exhaustion	259
13925089282	adaptation-level phenomenon	describes the human tendency to judge various stimuli and situations relative to those we have previously experienced	260
13925089283	Bipolar cells	specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.	261
13925089284	thorndike's law of effect	responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation	262
13925089285	circadian rhythms	Often referred to as the "body clock", the circadian rhythm is a cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, eat--regulating many physiological processes	263
13925089286	latent learning	form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned	264
13925089287	Elaborative rehearsal	a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over	265
13925089304	ebbinghaus forgetting curve		266
13925089288	Miller's law	in working memory we can remember 7+-2 chunks	267
13925089289	misinformation effect	memory bias that occurs when misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory	268
13925089290	whorf theory of language	where your language affects your world view	269
13925089291	Carl Jung	He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious	270
13925089292	Iconic memory	The encoding of visual images	271
13925089293	Echoic memory	memory of auditory stimuli	272
13925089294	retrospective memory	memory for the past	273
13925089295	prospective memory	is memory for the future	274
13925089296	insight learning	The sudden realization of a problem's solution	275
13925089297	problem-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor	276
13925089298	emotion-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress by ignoring stressor and attending to emotional needs	277
13925089299	spotlight effect	phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are noticed more than they really are	278
13925089300	heriability	% liklihood that the variation among members of a group is due to genetics	279
13925089301	chameleon effect	when we mimic others around us	280
13925089302	effort-justification	if you have to put alot of effort into something you justify you must have enjoyed that task	281

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AP Literature Unit 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

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14841393532	Acquisitive	(adj.) able to get and retain ideas or information; concerned with acquiring wealth or property	0
14841393533	Arrogate	(v.) to claim or take without right	1
14841393534	Banal	(adj.) hackneyed, trite, commonplace	2
14841393535	Belabor	(v.) to work on excessively; to thrash soundly	3
14841393536	Carping	(adj.) tending to find fault, especially in a petty, nasty, or hairsplitting way; (n.) petty, nagging criticism	4
14841393537	Coherent	(adj.) holding or sticking together; making a logical whole; comprehensible, meaningful	5
14841393538	Congeal	(v.) to change from liquid to solid, thicken; to make inflexible or rigid	6
14841393539	Emulate	(v.) to imitate with the intent of equaling or surpassing the model	7
14841393540	Encomium	(n.) a formal expression of praise, a lavish tribute	8
14841393541	Eschew	(v.) to avoid, shun, keep away from	9
14841393542	Germane	(adj.) relevant, appropriate, apropos, fitting	10
14841393543	Insatiable	(adj.) so great or demanding as not to be satisfied	11
14841393544	Intransigent	(adj.) refusing to compromise, irreconcilable	12
14841393545	Invidious	(adj.) offensive, hateful; tending to cause bitterness and resentment	13
14841393546	Largesse	(n.) generosity in giving; lavish or bountiful contributions	14
14841393547	Reconnaissance	(n.) a survey made for military purposes; any kind of preliminary inspection or examination	15
14841393548	Substantiate	(v.) to establish by evidence, prove; to give concrete or substantial form to	16
14841393549	Taciturn	(adj.) habitually silent or quiet, inclined to talk very little	17
14841393550	Temporize	(v.) to stall or act evasively in order to gain time, avoid a confrontation, or postpone a decision; to compromise	18
14841393551	Tenable	(adj.) capable of being held or defended	19

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AP Words Flashcards

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14787781633	Audience	who the author is directing his or her message towards hint - when you create a resume, the ________ is your potential employers	0
14787790939	Attitude	the writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand hint - "the deplorable state of the school" implies a negative ________	1
14787803810	Aristotelian appeals	three different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them - ethos, pathos, logos hint - ethos: credibility; pathos: emotion; logos: logic	2
14787816029	Argument	the combination of reasons, evidence, etc. the author uses to convince an audience of their position hint - in effective rhetoric, every phrase serves to further build the ________	3
14787834903	Analogy	explaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple hint - an amateur playing in a professional game is like an ibex stepping into a lion's den	4
14994583257	Compare & Contrast	discussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose hint - hybrid cars have a much smaller carbon footprint than other cars	5
14994612705	Connotation	the implied meaning of a word; positive, negative, or neutral hint - conscientious: positive fussy: negative	6
14994632522	Context	the extra-textual environment in which text is being delivered hint - time/place/occasion At a speech for an award, the immediate context is the ceremony, and the broad context is the purpose of the award	7
14994754488	Counterargument	the argument against the author's position hint - if you wanted to eliminate the dress code, you are forcing people to spend money on expensive uniforms	8
14994767074	Deductive Reasoning	a form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case hint - if all planets orbit a star, and theta II is a planet, then it must orbit a star	9

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Learning (AP Psychology) Flashcards

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11782890917	Learning	Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience	0
11782890918	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	1
11782890919	Habituation	Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling	2
11782890951	Pavlov, Ivan	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	3
11782890920	Watson, John B	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	4
11782890921	Bretlands	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of biological/instinctive processes in operant conditioning by studying a variety of animals Significance: Creates the "Instinctive Drift" theory	5
11782890952	Skinner, B.F.	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	6
11782890922	Bandura, Albert	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	7
11782890923	Thorndike, Edward	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	8
11782890924	Garcia, John	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	9
11782890925	Seligman, Martin	Contribution: Used dogs to demonstrates the significance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Learned Helplessness" theory	10
11782890926	Tolman, Edward	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	11
11782890927	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	12
11782890928	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	13
11782890953	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	14
11782890929	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	15
11782890954	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	16
11782890930	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	17
11782890955	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	18
11782890931	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	19
11782890932	Neutral Stimulus	does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the CS	20
11782890956	Acquisition of Classical Conditioning	Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US	21
11782890957	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	22
11782890958	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	23
11782890959	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	24
11782890960	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	25
11782890961	Higher Order Conditioning	When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS	26
11782890962	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	27
11782890933	Learned Helplessness	Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to belive they can't win	28
11782890963	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	29
11782890964	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	30
11782890965	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	31
11782890934	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	32
11782890966	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	33
11782890967	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	34
11782890968	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	35
11782890969	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	36
11782890935	Immediate Reinforcer	Defined: when you are immediately rewarded for a behavior (it's all about the short run) Example: skipping school and enjoying time with friends	37
11782890936	Delayed Reinforcer	Defined: when you complete a behavior but not awarded immediately (it's all about the long run) Example: getting good grades in school and attending class in order to get a good job in the future	38
11782890970	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	39
11782890971	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	40
11782890937	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner Example: If your psychology teacher taught you everything you didn't need to know for the AP Psych Exam	41
11782890972	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior	42
11782890938	Discriminative Stimulus	Defined: the stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement Example: Calling your friend one name but not using that same name with your parents	43
11782890939	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	44
11782890940	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	45
11782890941	Partial Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior	46
11782890973	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	47
11782890974	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	48
11782890975	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	49
11782890976	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	50
11782890977	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	51
11782890942	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	52
11782890978	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank	53
11782890979	Insight Learning	Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort	54
11782890943	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	55
11782890944	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	56
11782890980	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	57
11782890945	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	58
11782890946	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	59
11782890947	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	60
11782890948	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	61
11782890949	Anti-Social Modeling	Defined: People show violent, selfish behavior prompts similar behaviors in others Significance: Watching violent TV prompts similar behaviors in others (pro-wrestling, etc.)	62