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AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards

From Gene to Protein

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12753792991	Transcription	-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus	0
12753792992	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell	1
12753792993	Translation	-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm	2
12753792994	Ribosomes	-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains	3
12753792995	Triplet Code	genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words	4
12753792996	Template Strand	DNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript	5
12753792997	Codons	mRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction	6
12753792998	RNA Polymerase	-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed	7
12753792999	Promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	8
12753793000	Terminator	sequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria	9
12753793001	Transcription Unit	stretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule	10
12753793002	Transcription Factors	proteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription	11
12753793003	TATA Box	crucial promoter DNA sequence	12
12753793004	RNA Processing	enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm	13
12753793005	5' Cap	modified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	14
12753793006	poly-A Tail	-50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	15
12753793007	RNA splicing	removal of large portions of RNA molecule with spliceosomes	16
12753793008	Introns	noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions	17
12753793009	Exons	nucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences	18
12753793010	Spliceosome	interacts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron	19
12753793011	Alternative RNA Splicing	many genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes	20
12753793012	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome	21
12753793013	Anticodon	nucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA	22
12753793014	Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases	-able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome	23
12753793015	Wobble	flexible base pairing at codon position	24
12753793016	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits	25
12753793017	P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain	26
12753793018	A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain	27
12753793019	E Site (exit site)	where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome	28
12753793020	Release Factor	protein that binds to stop codon @ A site	29
12753793021	rRNA	makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis	30
12753793022	snRNA	small nuclear RNA	31
12753793023	srpRNA	signal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides	32
12753793024	RNAi	Interference RNA	33

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AP Unit 4 Flashcards

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10737561592	Vasco Da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	0
10737565797	Bartholomeu Dias (1450-1500)	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia)	1
10737572384	Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)	-Commissioned by Charles V to find a route to the spice island of Moluccas -Sailed south to Brazil and around Cape Horn into the Pacific -Sailed to the Malay Archipelago -Was killed at Malay -His crew continued and returned to Spain in 1522 from the east -Verified that the earth was round -He is credited with being the first person to circulate the world	2
10737588676	Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)	The Italian sailor who persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition across the Atlantic to discover a new trade route to Asia. Instead of arriving at China or Japan, he reached the Bahamas in 1492.	3
10737599486	Atahualpa (1502-1533)	-last Incan emperor -gained power by defeating his brother in a civil war -died during a conquest and shortly after that the Incan empire fell	4
10737606052	*Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)	5
10737612143	Montezuma II	The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.	6
10737618901	Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)	Spanish Conquistador who defeated the Aztec Empire and claimed Mexico for Spain	7
10737618902	Jamestown	The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia	8
10737624743	*Triangle Trade	a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa	9
10737632013	*Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	10
10737636541	*Joint Stock Companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	11
10737641664	*Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	12
10737646162	*Favorable Balance of Trade	an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad	13
10737650168	Zheng He	(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.	14
10737653244	The Forbidden City	The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.	15
10737658447	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.	16
10737663551	Tokugawa Shogunate	was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.	17
10737667639	*Columbia Exchange	the transfer pf plants, animals, and disease between the American and Europe, Asia and Africa	18
10737677594	*Encomienda System	It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity	19
10737681220	*Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital	20
10737686362	*Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	21
10737688959	Dutch East India Company	Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. 17th century	22
10737705776	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).	23
10737709302	Treaty of Tordesillas	A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	24
10737712219	Line of Demarcation	This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America	25
10737716442	Colonies	a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.	26
10737720938	Amerigo Vespucci	Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America	27
10737725392	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	28