| 8287072834 | Linkage institutions | organizations that translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers | | 0 |
| 8287072835 | 4 key linkage institutions | parties, interest groups, media | | 1 |
| 8287072836 | 3 Indirect linkage institutions | parties, interest groups, media | | 2 |
| 8287072837 | Party competition | battle between Democrats and Republicans for control of public office, this creates a democracy because it creates a choice | | 3 |
| 8287072838 | Goal of Parties | Endorse candidates for public office, WIN | | 4 |
| 8287072839 | Three parts of a party | party in : the electorate, as an organization, the government | | 5 |
| 8287072840 | Party in the electorate | people in general public, voters who identify with a party | | 6 |
| 8287072841 | Party as an organization | people who work for the party, leaders, campaign officials | | 7 |
| 8287072842 | Party in the government | elected officials who identify as a party, e.g. president | | 8 |
| 8287072843 | Tasks of linkage institutions | pick policymakers, run/coordinate campaigns, give cues to voters, articulate policies, coordinate policymaking | | 9 |
| 8287072844 | The Downs Model | based on the rational choice theory | | 10 |
| 8287072845 | Rational Choice Theory | assumes that parties and political actors have goals that are more important to the party than ideology | | 11 |
| 8287072846 | Characteristics of the Party in the Electorate | no memberships, upsurge of independence lately | | 12 |
| 8287072847 | Party Identification | self-proclaimed preference for one party, influences voter choice | | 13 |
| 8287072848 | Ticket Splitting | voting for both parties on a ballot | | 14 |
| 8287072849 | Straight Ticket Voting | voting one party on a ballot | | 15 |
| 8287072850 | Divided Government | different party in Congress compared to the President | | 16 |
| 8287072851 | Likely Republican voters | higher income/affluence, college grads, older voters, protestants, suburban areas, smaller cities, southeast | | 17 |
| 8287072852 | Likely Democratic Voters | lower income, lower education, women , younger voters, Catholics (changing), Jews, Asians, African Americans, large cities, northeast and west coast | | 18 |
| 8287072853 | Party Organizations | party activists who keep party running between elections and make party rules, decentralized and fragmented | | 19 |
| 8287072854 | Party Machines | party organization that depends on material inducements such as patronage | | 20 |
| 8287072855 | patronage | pass laws that helped the ones that voted and elected | | 21 |
| 8287072856 | 50 State Party System | national parties are loose aggregation of state parties, each state party system is different, great discretion in regulation of activities | | 22 |
| 8287072857 | National Convention | Prepare, every four years, write party platform, nominate candidates for Pres and VPres | | 23 |
| 8287072858 | National Committee | reps from state and territories, keeps party operating between conventions | | 24 |
| 8287072859 | National Chairsperson | chosen by national party committee, day to day activities of national party | | 25 |
| 8287072860 | Congressional Campaign Committee | work to re-elect party incumbents, win more elections | | 26 |
| 8287072861 | Officeholders | those who identify with party and hold elective/appointed offices in all three branches and levels of government | | 27 |
| 8287072862 | How does Party Control matter? | try to turn campaign promises into policies, has weakened due to less party dependent, voters attracted to different parties by their performance and policies, parties translate platform policies into public policy well | | 28 |
| 8287072863 | Party Era | period of one party consistently dominating over the other | | 29 |
| 8287072864 | Critical elections | new issues appeared that divided the electorate and party coalitions underwent realignment | | 30 |
| 8287072865 | Coalition | set of individuals or groups supporting the party | | 31 |
| 8287072866 | Party Era 1796-1824 | The first party system | | 32 |
| 8287072867 | Party Era 1828-1856 | Jackson and the Democrats vs the Whigs | | 33 |
| 8287072868 | Party Era 1860-1928 | The Republican Era | | 34 |
| 8287072869 | Party Era 1932-1964 | The New Deal Coalition | | 35 |
| 8287072870 | Party Era 1968-Present | The Era of Divided Government | | 36 |
| 8287072871 | Reasons for 2 Party system | historical, force of tradition, electoral system ,american ideological consensus | | 37 |
| 8287072872 | 3 Main Types of 3rd Parties | promote certain cause, splinter parties, extensions of popular individual with presidential aspirations | | 38 |
| 8287072873 | Parties that promote certain causes | controversial single issue, extreme ideological position | | 39 |
| 8287072874 | Splinter parties | offshoots of a major party | | 40 |
| 8287072875 | Parties that are an extension of a popular individual with presidential aspirations | Ross Perot 1992, 1996 | | 41 |
| 8287072876 | Importance of 3rd Parties | can tip college vote, brought new groups into electorate, safety valves for popular discontent, brought new issues to the political agenda, innovator | | 42 |
| 8287072877 | Consequences of the 2 party system | Moderation of political conflict, winner take all system, proportional representation problems | | 43 |
| 8287072878 | Interest Group | organization of people with similar policy goals that tries to influence the political process to achieve those goals | | 44 |
| 8287072879 | What do interest groups try to influence? | Every branch and every level of government | | 45 |
| 8287072880 | What distinguishes interest groups from political parties? | Multiplicity of policy arenas | | 46 |
| 8287072881 | 3 Theories of Interest group politics | Pluralist, elite, hyperpluralist | | 47 |
| 8287072882 | Pluralist theory in interest groups | interest group activity brings representation to all: groups compete and counterbalance one another | | 48 |
| 8287072883 | Elite theory in interest groups | a few groups (mostly wealthy) have most of the power | | 49 |
| 8287072884 | Hyperpluralist theory in interest groups | too many groups are getting too much of what they want, resulting in government policy that is contradictory/lacking in direction | | 50 |
| 8287072885 | Interest group liberalism | government's excessive deference to groups | | 51 |
| 8287072886 | Subgovernments | iron triangles | | 52 |
| 8287072887 | Iron triangles | composed of key interest groups interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering the policy, and the members of congressional committees/subcommittees handling the policy | | 53 |
| 8287072888 | Arrangement of Iron triangle | |  | 54 |
| 8287072889 | Policy paralysis | hard choices about national policy don't get made because government tries to favor all groups | | 55 |
| 8287072890 | Factors that influence success of interest groups | size, intensity, financial resources | | 56 |
| 8287072891 | Organizational advantage of smaller interest group | potential group vs actual group; collective good | | 57 |
| 8287072892 | Potential group | all people who might be group members because they share common interest; interested and care | | 58 |
| 8287072893 | Actual group | those in potential group who choose to join- groups vary in degree to which they enroll potential members | | 59 |
| 8287072894 | Collective group | something of value that cannot be withheld from a potential group member; members of potential group share in the benefits that members of the actual group work to secure | | 60 |
| 8287072895 | Free-rider problem | when potential members decide not to join, but sit back and let others do the work from which they will still benefit | | 61 |
| 8287072896 | Olsen's law of large group | the bigger the group, the more serious the free-rider problem | | 62 |
| 8287072897 | Selective benefits | primary way for large potential groups to overcome Olsen's law; goods a group can restrict to those who pay yearly dues | | 63 |
| 8287072898 | Intensity | more feelings toward something; increased work toward something | | 64 |
| 8287072899 | Single issue group | has narrow interest, dislikes compromise, and single-mindedly pursues its goal at the expense of other goals | | 65 |
| 8287072900 | Interest group goal | to shape policy | | 66 |
| 8287072901 | Strategies of interest group to reach goal | lobbying, electioneering, litigation, appeal to public for widespread support | | 67 |
| 8287072902 | Lobbying | interest groups that directly influence | | 68 |
| 8287072903 | Lobbyist | political persuaders who are reps of organized groups | | 69 |
| 8287072904 | 2 types of lobbyists | regular (paid employees of corp/ union/ association) and those for hire on a temporary basis | | 70 |
| 8287072905 | How do lobbyists help congresspeople | source of info, help with political strategy, formulate campaign strategy, source of ideas and innovation | | 71 |
| 8287072906 | Electioneering | getting support, votes and money | | 72 |
| 8287072907 | Political Action Committees (PACs) | provide a means for groups to participate in electioneering | | 73 |
| 8287072908 | Litigation | taking it to the courts | | 74 |
| 8287072909 | Environmental legislation | written provisions allowing ordinary citizens to sue for enforcement | | 75 |
| 8287072910 | Amicus curiae briefs | "Friend of the court"; written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case | | 76 |
| 8287072911 | Class action lawsuits | enables group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single unit | | 77 |
| 8287072912 | 4 main policy areas | economic issues, environmental issues, equality issues, interest of all consumers issues | | 78 |
| 8287072913 | Economic groups | concerned with wages, prices and profits | | 79 |
| 8287072914 | Labor groups | union workers in a specific group | | 80 |
| 8287072915 | Business groups | support the right to work laws | | 81 |
| 8287072916 | Right to work laws | outlaw union membership as condition of employment | | 82 |
| 8287072917 | Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 | permits states to adopt right to work laws | | 83 |
| 8287072918 | Equality interests | equal rights for women and minorities | | 84 |
| 8287072919 | The only guarantee for equal protection of women in constitution | 19th Amendment | | 85 |
| 8287072920 | Primary goal of equality interest groups | passage of the ERA (equal rights amendment) | | 86 |
| 8287072921 | Public interest lobbies | represent groups that champion causes or ideas in the public interest | | 87 |
| 8287072922 | Consumer Product Safety Commission of 1973 | regulate all consumer products and ban dangerous ones | | 88 |
| 8287072923 | Madison's solution to problem in Federalist 10 | create an open system in which many groups would be able to participate; groups with opposing interests would counterbalance each other | | 89 |
| 8287072924 | High tech politics | behavior of citizens, policymakers, and the political agenda are shaped by technology | | 90 |
| 8287072925 | Mass media | reaches out and profoundly influence not only the elites but the masses | | 91 |
| 8287072926 | 30 second presidency | 30 second sound bits/commercials on tv; highlight and headlines | | 92 |
| 8287072927 | Investigative journalism | use of detective like reporting methods to unearth scandals | | 93 |
| 8287072928 | Federal Communications Commission | regulates the use of airwaves | | 94 |
| 8287072929 | Narrowcasting | stations target narrow audiences; bias | | 95 |
| 8287072930 | Reporting the news | a business in America in which profits shape how journalists decide what is newsworthy, where they get their information from, and how they present it | | 96 |
| 8287072931 | Trial balloons | info leaked to see what political reaction would be | | 97 |
| 8287072932 | New Era of journalism | journalists assume politicians have something to hide and politicians assume reporters are out to embarrass them | | 98 |
| 8287072933 | Political neutrality | limiting an expression of views in the workplace | | 99 |
| 8287072934 | Talking head | shot of person's face talking directly to camera | | 100 |
| 8287072935 | Political Activists | depend heavily on the media to get their ideas placed on the government agenda | | 101 |
| 8287072936 | Policy entrepreneurs | invest political capital in an issue | | 102 |
| 8287072937 | Media | key linkage institution between people and policymakers | | 103 |
| 8287072938 | Watchdog function | helps keep government small; expose scandals and intrigues people | | 104 |
| 8287072939 | Gate keeper | what is news and for how long; sets and swings political agenda | | 105 |
| 8287072940 | Agenda setter | activists depend on media to get ideas on political agenda | | 106 |
| 8287072941 | Scorekeeper | who is winning/losing and by how much; horserace | | 107 |
| 8287072942 | Media functions | gate keeper, agenda setter, scorekeeper, watchdog | | 108 |
