Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Lang Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13868886378 | Cumulative (Loose) Sentence | begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause. | 0 | |
| 13868886379 | Periodic Sentence | a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense. |  | 1 |
| 13868886380 | Litotes/Understatement | a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement. | 2 | |
| 13868886381 | Warrant | expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 3 | |
| 13868886382 | Ethos | an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. | 4 | |
| 13868886383 | Pathos | an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response. | 5 | |
| 13868886384 | Logos | an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason. | 6 | |
| 13868886385 | Concession | an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. | 7 | |
| 13868886386 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. |  | 8 |
| 13868886387 | Major premise | contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion. |  | 9 |
| 13868886388 | Minor premise | contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion. | | 10 |
| 13868886389 | Induction | a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 11 | |
| 13868886390 | Deduction | a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise). | 12 | |
| 13868886391 | Equivocation | a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language. | 13 | |
| 13868886392 | Refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument. | 14 | |
| 13868886393 | Diction | a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message. | 15 | |
| 13868886394 | Simile | a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though. |  | 16 |
| 13868886395 | Metaphor | figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as. | 17 | |
| 13868886396 | Anaphora | the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect. |  | 18 |
| 13868886397 | Rhetoric | it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience. | 19 | |
| 13868886398 | Allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art. | 20 | |
| 13868886399 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point. | 21 | |
| 13868886400 | Personification | attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea. | 22 | |
| 13868886401 | Asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. | 23 | |
| 13868886402 | Polysyndeton | the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words. |  | 24 |
| 13868886403 | Parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. | 25 | |
| 13868886404 | Antithesis | opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction. | 26 | |
| 13868886405 | Enumeration | to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list |  | 27 |
| 13868886406 | Rhetorical Question | Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid? | 28 | |
| 13868886407 | Chiasmus | the reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him. |  | 29 |
| 13868886408 | Rebuttal | In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections. |  | 30 |
| 13868886409 | Fallacy of Argument | a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect. |  | 31 |
| 13868886410 | Bandwagon Appeal | a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it. | 32 | |
| 13868886411 | Begging the Question | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute. | 33 | |
| 13868886412 | Anecdote | a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim. |  | 34 |
| 13868886413 | Modes of Disclosure | Exposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it. | 35 | |
| 13868886414 | Example | a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic. | 36 | |
| 13868886415 | Contrast/ Comparison | a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination | 37 | |
| 13868886416 | Cause and Effect | establishes a relationship: B is the result of A. | 38 | |
| 13868886417 | Classification | separates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category. | 39 | |
| 13868886418 | Process | simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done. | 40 | |
| 13868886419 | Definition | identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class. | 41 | |
| 13868886420 | Narration | is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end. | 42 | |
| 13868886421 | Description | writing that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings. | 43 | |
| 13868886422 | Dogmatism | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community. | 44 | |
| 13868886423 | False Dilemma or Dichotomy | a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other. | 45 | |
| 13868886424 | False authority | a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials. | 46 | |
| 13868886425 | Faulty causality | a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions. | 47 | |
| 13868886426 | Hasty generalization | a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data. | 48 | |
| 13868886427 | Non sequitor | a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another. | 49 | |
| 13868886439 | Allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. | 50 | |
| 13868886440 | Alliteration | The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). |  | 51 |
| 13868886441 | Allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. | 52 | |
| 13868886442 | Ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. |  | 53 |
| 13868886443 | Analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. | 54 | |
| 13868886444 | Antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. | 55 | |
| 13868886445 | Antithesis | the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite. |  | 56 |
| 13868886446 | Aphorism | A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) | 57 | |
| 13868886447 | Apostrophe | A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. | 58 | |
| 13868886448 | Atmosphere | The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. | 59 | |
| 13868886449 | Caricature | a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. | 60 | |
| 13868886450 | Clause | A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. | 61 | |
| 13868886451 | Colloquial/Colloquialism | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. | 62 | |
| 13868886452 | Literary Conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense | 63 | |
| 13868886453 | Connotation | The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. | 64 | |
| 13868886454 | Denotation | The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. | 65 | |
| 13868886455 | Diction | Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. | 66 | |
| 13868886456 | Didactic | From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." | 67 | |
| 13868886457 | Euphemism | From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT | 68 | |
| 13868886458 | Extended Metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 69 | |
| 13868886459 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid | 70 | |
| 13868886460 | Figure of speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement | 71 | |
| 13868886461 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. | 72 | |
| 13868886462 | Homily | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. | 73 | |
| 13868886463 | Hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") | 74 | |
| 13868886464 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. | 75 | |
| 13868886465 | Inference/infer | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. | 76 | |
| 13868886466 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | 77 | |
| 13868886467 | Irony/ironic | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. | 78 | |
| 13868886468 | Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence | A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. | 79 | |
| 13868886469 | Metaphor | A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. | 80 | |
| 13868886470 | Metonymy | A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. | 81 | |
| 13868886471 | Mood | The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. | 82 | |
| 13868886472 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 83 | |
| 13868886473 | Onomatopoeia | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. | 84 | |
| 13868886474 | Oxymoron | Oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. | 85 | |
| 13868886475 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 86 | |
| 13868886476 | Parallelism | the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc. | 87 | |
| 13868886477 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 88 | |
| 13868886478 | Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words). | 89 | |
| 13868886479 | Periodic sentence | The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. | 90 | |
| 13868886480 | Personification | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 91 | |
| 13868886481 | Point of view | In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. | 92 | |
| 13868886482 | Prose | written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. | 93 | |
| 13868886483 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 94 | |
| 13868886484 | Rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 95 | |
| 13868886485 | Sarcasm | Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. | 96 | |
| 13868886486 | Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. | 97 | |
| 13868886487 | Subordinate clause | Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. | 98 | |
| 13868886488 | Syllogism | A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. | 99 | |
| 13868886489 | Symbol/symbolism | Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. | 100 | |
| 13868886490 | Syntax | The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. | 101 | |
| 13868886491 | Theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. | 102 | |
| 13868886492 | Thesis | The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. | 103 | |
| 13868886493 | Tone | Describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. | 104 | |
| 13868886494 | Transition | A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. | 105 | |
| 13868886495 | Understatement | the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is. | 106 | |
| 13868886496 | Wit | in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. | 107 | |
| 13868886497 | Slippery Slope | This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events. | 108 | |
| 13868886498 | Straw man | When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. | 109 | |
| 13868886499 | Ethos | An appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. | 110 | |
| 13868886500 | Juxtaposition | Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite. | 111 | |
| 13868886501 | Logos | An appeal to reason. | 112 | |
| 13868886502 | Pathos | An appeal to emotion. | 113 | |
| 13868886503 | Rhetorical Question | A question whose answer is assumed. | 114 | |
| 13868886504 | Simile | A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance. | 115 | |
| 13868886505 | rhetorical appeal | the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos. | 116 | |
| 13868886506 | descriptive detail | When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description. | 117 | |
| 13868886507 | Anaphora | Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses | 118 | |
| 13868886508 | Anecdote | A brief story that illustrates or makes a point | 119 | |
| 13868886509 | Appeal to authority | A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution. | 120 | |
| 13868886510 | Argumentation | one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way. | 121 | |
| 13868886511 | Assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity | 122 | |
| 13868886512 | Asyndeton | A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction). | 123 | |
| 13868886513 | tone | A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject. | 124 | |
| 13868886514 | audience | One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. | 125 | |
| 13868886515 | Begging the question | Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. | 126 | |
| 13868886428 | understatement | "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye | 127 | |
| 13868886429 | allusion | The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes. | 128 | |
| 13868886430 | hyperbole | "I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain" | 129 | |
| 13868886431 | invective | "I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels | 130 | |
| 13868886432 | antithesis | "To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism" | 131 | |
| 13868886433 | euphemism | "I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello | 132 | |
| 13868886434 | paradox | "Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi | 133 | |
| 13868886435 | alliteration | "His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead." | 134 | |
| 13868886436 | oxymoron | "Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow." | 135 | |
| 13868886437 | personification | "Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it." | 136 | |
| 13868886438 | inverted syntax | "Patience you must have, my young padawan." | 137 |
AP Biology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13603825073 | Plant vs animal cells | Plant: central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata Animal: lysosomes, centrioles, flagella and cilia, extracellular matrix, desmosomes, tight & gap junctions | 0 | |
| 13603840683 | ____ are not part of the endomembrane system | chloroplasts and mitochondria | 1 | |
| 13603845020 | Structure of mitochondria | matrix--> fluid filled space cristae--> inner membrane folded | 2 | |
| 13603850618 | amyloplasts | plastids that store starch | 3 | |
| 13603850619 | chromoplasts | plastid that stores pigments in fruits and flowers | 4 | |
| 13603855810 | structure of cholroplast | grana: stacks of thylakoids thylakoid: sacs where ATP is made stroma: fluid filled space | 5 | |
| 13603868602 | Smooth ER | -metabolic processes -makes lipids -metabolizes carbs -detoxifies | 6 | |
| 13603875506 | Rough ER | makes proteins for outer cell export | 7 | |
| 13603879212 | golgi appartus | -shipping and receiving cis: receiving trans: shipping | 8 | |
| 13603885842 | lysosomes | -not found in plant cells -kills cells -recycles materials -sac of hydrolytic enzymes | 9 | |
| 13603896241 | peroxisomes | -found in both animal and plant cells -breaks down fatty acids into sugars -detoxifies | 10 | |
| 13603900682 | 3 fibers of cytoskeleton | microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments | 11 | |
| 13603903636 | microtubules | -thickest -cell motility and structure -made of tubulin -makes up cilia and flagella | 12 | |
| 13603910129 | microfilaments | -thinnest -cell shape -muscle contraction -cell division (cleavage furrow formation) -made of actin and myosin | 13 | |
| 13603915407 | intermediate filaments | -medium thickness -anchoring -maintenance of cell shape -made of keratin | 14 | |
| 13603938153 | types of intercellular junctions | -tight junctions -adherent junctions (aka desmosomes) -gap junctions -plasmodesmata (plants) | 15 | |
| 13603942926 | tight junctions | -Watertight seal between cells -Plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins -Common between cells that line GI and bladder | 16 | |
| 13603945517 | gap junctions | provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells communicating junctions | 17 | |
| 13603950788 | desmosomes | Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart | 18 | |
| 13603950789 | plasmodesmata | channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells | 19 | |
| 13603962623 | Functions of inter membrane proteins | -transport -enzymatic activity -signal transduction -cell-to-cell recognition -cell-to-cell attachments -attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix | 20 | |
| 13608635252 | types of tranpsorter proteins | -aquaporins -carrier proteins -electrogenic pump -cotransport | 21 | |
| 13608642797 | passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion | 22 | |
| 13608642833 | active transport | pumps/carriers, vacuoles, endocytosis | 23 | |
| 13608657639 | hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. | 24 | |
| 13608657640 | hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution | 25 | |
| 13608663435 | structure of chromosome | 2 sister chromatids, each made with chromatin & containing genes, attached in the middle by a centromere | 26 | |
| 13608665851 | kinetochore | A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. | 27 | |
| 13608668520 | interphase | G1- growing S- replicates DNA G2- preps for div | 28 | |
| 13608671961 | prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms | 29 | |
| 13608675164 | metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | 30 | |
| 13608675165 | anaphase | Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell | 31 | |
| 13608678046 | telophase | the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. | 32 | |
| 13608683004 | cytokinesis in animal cells | cleavage furrow, actin and myosin pinch in cytoplasm | 33 | |
| 13608685100 | cytokinesis in plant cells | cell plate forms, middle lamella cements adjacent cells together | 34 | |
| 13608689329 | anabolic | A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules, consuming energy | 35 | |
| 13608691190 | catabolic | A process in which large molecules are broken down, releases energy | 36 | |
| 13608693486 | Free Energy Change | the difference between the change in enthalpy and the product of the Kelvin temperature and the entropy change |  | 37 |
| 13608700071 | If deltaG is negative | rxn is spontaneous system becomes more stable | 38 | |
| 13608702169 | exergenic | releases energy | 39 | |
| 13608702170 | endergenic | reaction that needs/absorbs energy | 40 | |
| 13608707819 | factors affecting enzyme function | enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, inhibitors | 41 | |
| 13608710810 | as enzyme concentration increases-- | reaction rate increases | 42 | |
| 13608713254 | as substrate concentration increases | Rate of reaction increases | 43 | |
| 13608713256 | as temperature increases | bonds in enzyme may denature | 44 | |
| 13608720261 | as temperature decreases | molecules move slower, enzyme less effective | 45 | |
| 13608728919 | types of enzyme inhibitors | competitive, noncompetitve, irreversible, feedback | 46 | |
| 13608736180 | competitive inhibition | substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site | 47 | |
| 13608739197 | noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. | 48 | |
| 13608741733 | irreversible inhibition | active site is made unavailable for prolonged period of time or enzyme is permanently altered | 49 | |
| 13608741735 | feedback inhibition | A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. | 50 | |
| 13608747898 | oxidation | substance loses electrons | 51 | |
| 13608747899 | reduction | substance gains electrons | 52 | |
| 13608750335 | reducing agent | electron donor | 53 | |
| 13608752652 | oxidizing agent | electron acceptor | 54 | |
| 13608752653 | oxidation is.... | exergenic | 55 | |
| 13608755245 | reduction is... | endergenic | 56 | |
| 13608757680 | energy is_____ when new bonds are formed | released | 57 | |
| 13608760145 | where ATP stores energy | in the phosphate groups | 58 | |
| 13608762499 | 3 steps of cellular respiration | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain | 59 | |
| 13608762501 | glycolysis | -occurs in cytoplasm -anaerobic reaction -breaks up one glucose into 2 atp and 2 pyruvic acids | 60 | |
| 13617574407 | Phosphofructokinase | The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP. | 61 | |
| 13617576890 | Krebs Cycle | -occurs in matrix -completes oxidation of glucose to CO2 -turns 2x for each glucose molecule -acetyl coA combines w 4 carbon acid top form citric acid -produces 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 | 62 | |
| 13617588967 | Electron Transport Chain | -occurs in cristae -releases energy stored within H carriers to produce ATP -step 1: generating proton motive force -step 2: chemiosmosis and ATP synthase activity -step 3: oxygen acts as final electron acceptor and produces h2o | 63 | |
| 13617622196 | chlorophyll b | broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis | 64 | |
| 13617626746 | carotenoids | absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll | 65 | |
| 13617630882 | chlorophyll a | Only pigment that can participate directly in the light reactions. | 66 | |
| 13617633428 | photosystem II | contains chlorophyll a | 67 | |
| 13617633429 | photosystem I | contains chlorophyll b | 68 | |
| 13617647318 | light dependent reactions | -convert light energy from sun into ATP -takes place in thylakoid -1) excitation of photosystems by light energy -2) production of ATP via ETC -3) reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water | 69 | |
| 13617665248 | excited e- from __________ transferred to ETC | photosystem II | 70 | |
| 13617672243 | excited e- from __________ used to reduce NADP+ | photosystem I | 71 | |
| 13617675402 | photolysis | In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons. | 72 | |
| 13617677831 | e- lost from PSI replaced by.... | de-energized e- from PSII | 73 | |
| 13617680853 | e- lost from PS II replaced by.... | e- reduced from H2O via photolysis | 74 | |
| 13617685865 | Calvin Cycle | -takes place in stroma -1) carbon fixation -2) reduction of GP -3) regeneration of RuBP | 75 | |
| 13617716577 | carbon fixation | -first step of Calvin Cycle -begins with 5 C called bisphosphate (RuBp) -Rubisco attaches CO2 to RuBp -6 C cmpd breaks into 2 3C cmpds called GP -single cycle involves 3 RuBp + 3 CO2 = 6 GP | 76 | |
| 13630280269 | reduction of GP | -second step of Calvin Cycle -GP converted into triose phosphate using NADPH and ATP -reduction by NADH transfers hydrogen atoms while hydrolysis of ATP provides energy -single cycle requires 6x NADPH and ATP | 77 | |
| 13630289160 | regeneration of RuBp | -third step of Calvin Cycle -of six TP produced, only ONE can be used to form 1/2 a sugar molecule -remaining 5 TP used to regenerate stocks of RuBp -regeneration of RuBp requires energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP | 78 | |
| 13630302521 | Law of segregation | During the formation of gametes, the traits carried on homologous chromosomes separate | 79 | |
| 13630305242 | law of independent assortment | the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis | 80 | |
| 13630307729 | Di hybrid cross ratio | 9:3:3:1 | 81 | |
| 13630309372 | incomplete dominance | blending of traits | 82 | |
| 13630310872 | codominance | both traits show | 83 | |
| 13630310889 | multiple alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait | 84 | |
| 13630314665 | pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. ie cystic fibrosis | 85 | |
| 13630317315 | epistasis | one gene masks the expression of the other gene even though two separate genes control that one trait | 86 | |
| 13630332627 | genomic imprinting | a variation in phenotype depending on whether a trait is inherited from the mother or father -they are on autosomes | 87 | |
| 13630341045 | extranuclear genes | located in mitochondria and chloroplasts | 88 | |
| 13630644236 | penetrance | The proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype. | 89 | |
| 13630645745 | linked genes | genes on the same chromosome | 90 | |
| 13630648611 | sex-linkage | the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome | 91 | |
| 13631215312 | x-inactivation | one of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated and remains coiled as a Barr body | 92 | |
| 13631218090 | gene mutations | caused by a change in DNA sequence | 93 | |
| 13631220336 | chromosome mutations | observable under light microscope. deletion of addition of part of or entire chromosome | 94 | |
| 13631233226 | karyotype | A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. | 95 | |
| 13631237680 | deletion | when a fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division | 96 | |
| 13631246270 | inversion | chromosomal fragment reattaches to its original chromosome but in reverse orientation | 97 | |
| 13631252789 | translocation | fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non homologous chromosome | 98 | |
| 13631255467 | polyploidy | cell or organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 99 | |
| 13631257630 | nondisjunction | Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. | 100 | |
| 13631294830 | aneuploidy | any abnormal number of chromosomes | 101 | |
| 13631294831 | trisomy | 3 copies of a chromosome | 102 | |
| 13631297132 | trisomy 21 | Down syndrome | 103 | |
| 13634819645 | Griffith | discovered bacterial transformation through the transformation experiment | 104 | |
| 13634823558 | Avery, Macleod and McCarty | published classic findings that Griffith's transformation factor is DNA; provided direct experimental evidence that DNA was genetic material | 105 | |
| 13634873309 | Hershey and Chase | experiments lent strong support to theory that DNA is the genetic material -tagged bacteriophages with radioactive isotopes 32-phosphorous and 35-sulfur that labeled the DNA and protein coat respectively -only P entered the bacterium, proving that DNA was infecting bacteria | 106 | |
| 13634883597 | Rosalind Franklin | carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix | 107 | |
| 13634885716 | Watson and Crick | correctly described double helix structure of DNA | 108 | |
| 13634887381 | Meselson and Stahl | proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion -cultured bacteria in heavy nitrogen medium and light nitrogen -resulting bacteria was midway in density between bacteria -demonstrated that the new bacteria contained DNA with one heavy strand and one light strand | 109 | |
| 13641013087 | three domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | 110 | |
| 13641019772 | germ layers | Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body. ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm | 111 | |
| 13641021622 | ectoderm | the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue. | 112 | |
| 13641022730 | endoderm | the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems | 113 | |
| 13641022731 | mesoderm | the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm. becomes blood and bones | 114 | |
| 13641023436 | diploblastic | only having two cell layers | 115 | |
| 13641024660 | Which two primitive animals only have two cell layers? | Porifera Cnidarians | 116 | |
| 13641024661 | mesoglea | The middle layer of a two-layered animal, like sponges or hydra, which holds the two layers together. | 117 | |
| 13641026929 | bilateral animals are all... | triploblastic | 118 | |
| 13641026930 | phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species | 119 | |
| 13641032709 | shared ancestral trait | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon | 120 | |
| 13641033574 | shared derived trait | characteristic found in more than one, but not all, descendant forms and not in the common ancestor | 121 | |
| 13641037108 | Know how to create a simple cladogram | yes | 122 | |
| 13641078627 | Bacteria have only one type of... | RNA polymerase | 123 | |
| 13641079402 | Do Bacteria have introns? | no,, only archaea and eukaryotes | 124 | |
| 13641082537 | Only Bacteria have _________ in cell wall | peptidoglycan | 125 | |
| 13641082538 | level of taxanomy | Domain- 1.kingdom 2.phylum 3.class 4.order 5.family 6.genus 7.species | 126 | |
| 13641090461 | characteristics of domain bacteria | 1.no membrane-enclosed organelles 2.peptidoglycan in cell wall 3.one type of RNA polymerase 4.no introns (non-coding regions of genes) 5.inhibited antibiotic sensitvity to streptomycin, chloramphenicol 6. all are prokaryotes | 127 | |
| 13641093187 | characteristics of domain archaea | 1) unicellular 2) prokaryotic 3) includes extremophiles 4) introns present in some genes 5) no peptidoglycan | 128 | |
| 13641095999 | characteristics of domain eukarya | 1) include kingdoms: protista, fungi, plants, and animals | 129 | |
| 13641101501 | characteristics of kingdom protista | 1) includes widest variety of organisms 2) includes organisms that don't fit into fungi or plant kingdoms ie seaweeds and slime molds 3) includes heterotrophs and autotrophs 4) mobility by varied methods (amoeba- pseudopods; paramecium- cilia; euglena- flagella( 5) some carry out conjugation | 130 | |
| 13641107832 | characteristics of kingdom fungi | 1) all are heterotrophs and eukaryotes 2) extracellular digestion, nutrients absorbed into body by diffusion 3) cell walls composed of chitin | 131 | |
| 13641111757 | characteristics of kingdom plantae | 1) autotrophic eukaryotes 2) some do and some do not have vascular tissue | 132 | |
| 13641115454 | characteristics of kingdom animalia | 1) heterotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes 2) monophyletic 3) classified by anatomical features, DNA data, and embryonic dev | 133 | |
| 13641118228 | monophyletic | all animal lineages can be traced back to one common ancestor | 134 | |
| 13641131226 | characteristics of phylum porifera | 1. the sponges--invertebrates 2. no symmetry at all 3. nerves are sessile 4. filter nutrients from water drawn into a central cavity called a spongocoel 5. diploblastic 6. have no true tissues or organs, although they do have different types of cells 7.evolved from the colonial organism, if a sponge is broken up, it will grow into more sponges. 8.reproduce asexually by fragmentation as well as sexually: are hermaphrodites | 135 | |
| 13648625932 | characteristics of phylum cnidarians | 1.hydra and jellyfish 2.invertebrate 3.radial symmetry 4.body plan is the polyp (vase shaped) or the medusa (upside down bowl shaped) 5.Life cycle--some go through a planula larva (free-swimming) stage then go through two reproductive stages, asexually reproducing (polyp) and sexually reproducing (medusa) 6.two cell layers: ectoderm and endoderm connected by mesoglea 7.have a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs 8.also carry out intracellular digestion inside body cells, carried out in lysosomes 9.have no transport system because every cell is in contact with environment. 10. all members have stinging cells called cnidocytes | 136 | |
| 13648628687 | platyhelminthes phylum characteristics | 1.flatworms including tapeworms 2.simplest animals with bilaterial symmetry, an anterior end, three distinct cell layers, and cephalization 3.have true tissues and organs 4.digestive cavity has only one openin g for both ingestion and egestion so food cannot be processed continuously 5.flatworms are acoelomate, they have no coelom; they have a solid body with no room for digestive or respiratory systems to circulate food molecules or oxygen; they have solved this problem in 2 ways --the body is very flat, which keeps the body cells in direct contact with oxygen in the environment --the digestive cavity is branched so that good can be spread to all regions of the body | 137 | |
| 13648629437 | Nematoda characteristics | 1.roundworms 2.invertebrate 3.unsegmented worms with bilateral semmetry but little sensory apparatus 4.protostome pseudocoelomate 5.pseudocoelom transports nutrients, but there is inadequate room for a circulatory system 6.many are parisity, such as trichinella which causes trichinosis aquired form uncooked pork 7.one species, caenorhabditis elegans, is widely used as a model in studying the link between genes and development | 138 | |
| 13648632095 | annelida phylum characteristics | 1.segmented worms 2. invertebrate 3.protostome coelomates with bilateral symmetry but little sensory apparatus 4.digestive tract is a tube within a tube consisting of crop, gizzar, and intestine 5.nephridia for excretion of nitrogenous waste, urea 6.closed circulatory system-heart consists of five pairs of aortic arches 7.blood contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen 8.diffusion of oxy and carbon dioxide through moist skin 9.are hermaphroditic, but do not self fertilize | 139 | |
| 13648633121 | mollusca phylum characteristics | 1.squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, and snails 2.invertebrate 3.protostome coelomates 4.have a soft body often protected by a hard calcium-containing shell 5.have bilateral symmetry with three distinct body zones --head-foot, which contains sensory and motor organs --visceral mass, which contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and reporduction --mantle, a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell 6.radula, a movable, tooth bearing structure, acts like a tongue 7.open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels; lack capillaries 8.most have gills and nephridia | 140 | |
| 13648634371 | arthropoda | 1.insects (grasshoppers), crustaceans (shrimp, crabs), and arachnids (spiders) 2.invertebrate 3.protosome coelomates 4.jointed appendages 5.segmented: head, thorax, abdomen 6.havign more sensory apparatus than the annelids gives them more speed and freedom of movement 7.chitinous exoskeleton protects the animal and aids in movement 8.malpighian tobules for removal of nitrogenous wastes, uric acid 9.air ducts called trachea bring air from environment into hemocoels 10. some have book lungs or book gills | 141 | |
| 13648635503 | echinodermata | 1.sea stars, sea urchins 2.invertebrate 3.deuterostome 4.most are sessile or slow moving 5.bilateral symmetry as an embryo but reverts to the primitive radial symmetry as an adult, the radial anatomy is an adaptation to a sedentary lifestyle 6.water vascular system, which is a modified coelom, creates hydrostatic support for tube feet, the locomotive structures 7.reproduces sexually by eternal fertilization 8.also reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration 9. sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of calcium plates, which grow with the body | 142 | |
| 13648636077 | chordata | 1.fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals 2.vertebrate 3.deuterostome coelomates 4.have a notochord, a rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis 5.dorsal, hollow nerve cord 6.tail aids in movement and balance 7.birds and mammals and endotherms and homeotherms, but all others are ectotherms | 143 | |
| 13648722236 | the right side up in which DNA runs | 5 - 3 | 144 | |
| 13648722898 | purines | Adenine and Guanine, double ring structure | 145 | |
| 13648723468 | Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, uracil, triple hydrogen bonds | 146 | |
| 13648736463 | steps of DNA replication | 1) helicase separates the DNA strands 2) SSB proteins prevent DNA from reanneling 3) primase creates RNA primer 4) DNA polymerase extends DNA strand from the primer 5) DNA polymerase I (RNase H) removes the primers 6) ligase joins the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand | 147 | |
| 13648740216 | helicase | unzips DNA | 148 | |
| 13648740217 | Telomores | lengths of repeating DNA; timekeepers for the cells - once used up the cell stops dividing | 149 | |
| 13872811899 | cytochrome c | 150 |
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