| 8181109229 | An electrogenic pump is | a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane by transporting more ions in one direction than the other
generates a membrane potential, and the membrane potential leads to an electrochemical gradient. | | 0 |
| 8181112721 | . A proton pump is | the most common electrogenic pump in plants, bacteria and fungi, and it is responsible for pumping protons from the inside of the cell to the extracellular environment. | | 1 |
| 8178839705 | plasma membrane | separates the living cell from its surroundings. Controls traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable.
bifacial- has distinct cytoplasmic + EC side |  | 2 |
| 8178839706 | selectively permeable | allows some substances to cross more easily than others. | | 3 |
| 8178839707 | phospholipids | most abundant lipids |  | 4 |
| 8178839708 | lipids and proteins | main macromolecules in membranes |  | 5 |
| 8178839709 | amphipatic molecules | have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |  | 6 |
| 8178839710 | fluid mosaic model | The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the... |  | 7 |
| 8178839711 | freeze-fracture | preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer |  | 8 |
| 8178839712 | transmembrane proteins | the integral protein completely spans the membrane as... |  | 9 |
| 8178839713 | integral proteins | proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
reach partway or completely through membrane with hydrophilic ends + hydrophobic middle
attach ECM to P.M |  | 10 |
| 8178839714 | peripheral proteins | proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bi layer
they are attached to cytosol side of integral proteins ( not embedded)
held in place by cytoskeleton
maintain cell shape + fix location of proteins |  | 11 |
| 8178839715 | cell-cell recognition | the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another. |  | 12 |
| 8178839718 | channel proteins | transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane. |  | 13 |
| 8178839719 | aquaporins | channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water |  | 14 |
| 8178839720 | carrier proteins | transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. |  | 15 |
| 8178839721 | diffusion | movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space
passive transport
high to low down concentration gradient decreas freee energy
- delta G |  | 16 |
| 8178839722 | concentration gradient | the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |  | 17 |
| 8178839723 | passive transport | transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen |  | 18 |
| 8178839724 | osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |  | 19 |
| 8178839725 | tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |  | 20 |
| 8178839726 | isotonic (animal cell) | if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same. |  | 21 |
| 8178839727 | hypertonic (animal cell) | when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies. |  | 22 |
| 8178839728 | hypotonic (animal cell) | when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon. |  | 23 |
| 8178839729 | osmoregulation | the control of water balance |  | 24 |
| 8178839730 | Paramecium | is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives. |  | 25 |
| 8178839731 | turgid | when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells. |  | 26 |
| 8178839732 | hypotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake. |  | 27 |
| 8178839733 | isotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt. |  | 28 |
| 8178839734 | flaccid | limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.) | | 29 |
| 8178839735 | hypertonic (plant cells) | the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell. |  | 30 |
| 8178839736 | plasmolysis | This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall. |  | 31 |
| 8178839737 | facilitated diffusion | the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins. |  | 32 |
| 8178839738 | ion channels (gated channels) | Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus. |  | 33 |
| 8178839739 | cystinuria | human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells. | | 34 |
| 8178839740 | active transport | transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy. |  | 35 |
| 8178839741 | ATP | supplies energy for most active transport |  | 36 |
| 8178839742 | sodium-potassium pump | transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells. |  | 37 |
| 8178839743 | membrane potential | voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside. | | 38 |
| 8178839744 | electrochemical gradient | 2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane. |  | 39 |
| 8178839745 | electrogenic pumps | special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane.
Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps. |  | 40 |
| 8178839746 | sodium-potassium pump | major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage. |  | 41 |
| 8178839747 | proton pumps | the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution. | | 42 |
| 8178839748 | cotransport | single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism. |  | 43 |
| 8178839749 | exocytosis | transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents. |  | 44 |
| 8178839750 | endocytosis | a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. |  | 45 |
| 8178839751 | phagocytosis | a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle. |  | 46 |
| 8178839752 | pinocytosis | molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles. |  | 47 |
| 8178839753 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment. |  | 48 |
| 8178839754 | lipoproteins | complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______ |  | 49 |
| 8178839755 | ligands | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. |  | 50 |
| 8178839756 | dialysis | movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes. The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane. |  | 51 |
| 8178908250 | Overton 1895 | Substances that dissolve in lipids enter cells more rapidly than those insoluble in lipids
deduction- membranes are made of lipids | | 52 |
| 8178925639 | Langmuir 1917 | Amphiphilic phospholipids will form a artificial membrane on wa water surface with hydrophilic heads immersed in water + hydrophobic tails excluded | | 53 |
| 8180728398 | Esterification | making of an ester bridge from an alcohol and acid | | 54 |
| 8180734553 | phosphoester bridge | phosphate and acid b bonding together | | 55 |
| 8180742735 | lections | a phospholipid both with glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acids
Attach a nitrogenous base called ethanolamine | | 56 |
| 8180740853 | Cepalins | a phospholipid both with glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acids
Attach a nitrogenous base called ethanolamine | | 57 |
| 8180749478 | membrane is held together by | weak hydrophobic interactions | | 58 |
| 8180766447 | cholesterol | wedged into the phospholipid animal membranes, hinders close packing at lower temps | | 59 |
| 8180801640 | integral proteins functions | transport proteins, enzymes, Receptor sites cell to cell recogonition | | 60 |
| 8180813140 | transport protein | a channel spanning the membrane selective for a solute | | 61 |
| 8180814978 | Enzymes | active site exposed to ECF substances
several in a membrane function as o metabolic pathway | | 62 |
| 8180821948 | receptor sites | expose a binding site fro specific chemical messenger ( neurotransmitter or hormones) | | 63 |
| 8180831236 | inter cellular junctions | adhere adjacent cells | | 64 |
| 8180834255 | cell to cell recognition | ability of a cell to determine if other cells are alike or different from itself
use glycoproteins and glycolipids as ID tags
also used to sort embryo cells into tissues
for rejection of foreign cells by immune system Ex- RBC A B AB o each has a different oligosacharide | | 65 |
| 8180897784 | peremability of p m depends on | bilayer charactceristiccs
non polar hydrophillic molecules dissolve in membrane + cross easily smaller ones move faster
Transport proteins
allow hydrophilic ions _ polar molecules to pass specfic channel for pspectifc molecules | | 66 |
| 8180918350 | diffusion entropy | low to high | | 67 |
| 8180924857 | water will move from | high H2O potenital (hypo) to low H2o potenial ( hyper)
low solute to higher soulte
hypo to hyper
low osmotic- hypo to high osmotic-
hyper potential
high free energy to low | | 68 |
| 8180962526 | water balance aniamal cells | hypo + solvent-solute
cytolysis- cell destruction
iso solvent = solute
hyper - solvent + solute
cell shrinks crenation or RBC hemolysis
osmoregulation in parameicum- contractile vacuoles | | 69 |
| 8180971043 | water balance plant cells | hyper H2O out p.m + cytoplasm shrivels
plasmolysis
hypo h2o in swells plump cell ( turgid)
rigid cell
turgor pressure becomes greater than an osmotic pressure that brings H2O in ( 1st equilibrium) then H2o will actually be pushed out if cell by turgor pressure
iso no water gain or loss flaccid-limp | | 70 |
| 8181048764 | osmostic concentrion | # if particles in a solution affect osmosis
H2o moves from low osmotic conc. (High H2o Conc.) to high osmotic conc. ( Low H2o Conc.) | | 71 |
| 8181063084 | osmotic pressure sloute potenitla | puul ot push on H2o into ot out of an area
dretctly proportoinla to # of lsoute partilces
the more particles the greater osmotic pressure | | 72 |
| 8181065943 | ethaply free energy | an indication of the eprotinal ( store enregy of a syetem available for work.
the purere the H2O the greater the enthalpy
the more solutes particles in H2o , the lowr the enthaply
h2o moves froma state of high to low ethaply | | 73 |
| 8181070941 | entropy | a meaure of disorganiztion or chatoic state of a system
univers goes from low to high enthropy
the purer the h2o the more organised the lower the entropy
h2 o moves from low to high entrophy
low enthrophy - sugar cube
high- sugar cub dissolved in cup of water | | 74 |
| 8181080017 | osmotic potenial | the tendency of a s,oution to gain h2o kots of solutes wiil suck waer in to it | | 75 |
| 8181083487 | water potenial | a measure of the potential energy in water as well as the difference between the potential in a given water sample and pure water
add solute particles to h2o - megative #'s
h2o moves frmo high to low
lower solute concenraion to high sloute concentraion | | 76 |
| 8181106509 | Membrane potential is | the voltage across a membrane, the result of the separation of opposite charges. | | 77 |
| 8181108345 | Electrochemical gradient is | a combination of two forces on an ion: the first one is chemical force (the ion's concentration gradient), the second one is an electrical force (the result of the membrane potential). | | 78 |
| 8181123027 | uniport | carries a single aolute acrocc th emrenbrane | | 79 |
| 8181125226 | symport | moves 2 @ the same time in same direction | | 80 |
| 8181129233 | anitport | exchanges two solutes in opposite directions | | 81 |
