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Period 4: AP World History Flashcards

13915308874	Absolutism	A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator	0
13915312878	Astrolabe	Instrument that uses star to find latitude	1
13915329475	Atlantic Slave Trade	Trade across the Atlantic from Africa to Europe to North America	2
13915336857	Balance of Power	Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries	3
13915341050	Biological diffusion	Global diffusion of plants and food	4
13915356116	Boyars	Russian nobles	5
13915360253	Codices	Mayan texts on long sheets written in bright color	6
13915369566	Colinization	the process of colonizing land	7
13915377142	Columbian Exchange	Exchange of plants animals and ideas from New and Old World	8
13915383966	Conduits	Agencies and private companies	9
13915394869	Conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the New World	10
13915401603	Creoles	Spanish born in Latin America	11
13915410928	Debt Peonage	A system of binding a person to slavery to pay off a debt	12
13915443037	Devshirme	Ottoman policy of taking boys for military service	13
13915448673	Dhimmi	People who live in Muslim Land but are not Muslim	14
13915463929	Divine right	Monarchy is given by God	15
13915470298	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain in exchange for the conversion of all Amerindians in the area to Christianity	16
13915482862	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement that emphasized science and reason to society	17
13915491750	Hacienda	Spanish plantations in the Americas	18
13915500644	harem	"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided	19
13915504282	Indentured servant	Someone who was bound to labor for a certain amount of time in exchange for travel	20
13915510853	Janissaries	Ottoman soldiers who had been converted to Islamic beliefs	21
13915517672	joint-stock company	A company that is made up of share holders who buy into a company	22
13915530862	Literacy	the number of people who read in an area	23
13915534451	Local resistance	- food riots - Samurai revolts - Peasant uprisings	24
13915540647	Manila Galleon	Spanish trade ships that sailed across the Pacific Ocean	25
13915552649	Maroon	A slave who ran away from his owner	26
13915557707	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	27
13915561252	Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry	28
13915566125	Mulattoes	People of African and European descent	29
13915570450	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America	30
13915581628	Peninsulares	Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class	31
13915584760	Plantation system	Agricultural production with many slaves	32
13915587982	Predominance	pre-destined superiority	33
13915597232	Protestantism	the faith, practice, and church order of the Protestant churches.	34
13915601366	Repartimiento	Spanish forcing of Natives to do slave labor for a certain amount of time	35
13915611274	royal charted monopoly	Association of trade companies and merchants who controlled all of explored areas under a royal degree	36
13915628201	Scientific revolution	Major change in European thought too a more scientific outlook on society	37
13915632423	Sikhism	Monotheistic doctrines in Northern India combining Hinduism and Islam	38
13915639572	Social contract	An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed	39
13915642550	Triangular Trade	Trade between Europe, America, and Africa	40
13915648447	Viccroy	a governor who rules in the name of a king	41
13915654953	Vodun	African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves	42
13915658144	Westernization	adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture	43
13915663771	Zen	The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation	44

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AP World History - Red Folder Flashcards

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13772912482	Causes of WWI	- Alliances - Serbia (part of AH empire --> pushing for independence --> ethnic conflict in South Europe --> Archduke Ferdinand of AH assassinated by Serbian nationalist) - Nationalism (--> competition over natural resources that come from colonies --> competition over colonies) - Industrialization - Colonies - Resources	0
13800847265	WWI new technology	machine guns, airplanes, tanks, trench warfare, submarines	1
13772923948	Causes of WWII	- Treaty of Versailles and Hitler - US Sanctions on Japan	2
13800851607	WWII New Technology	radar, aircraft carrier, rifles, machine guns, nuclear bombs	3
13772928053	Mexican Revolution	- Purpose: overthrow the current ruler and dictator Porfirio Diaz Mori, who wanted to develop Mexico into an industrial and modernized country, but campaigned using bullying, which intimidated supporters - Distributed land to wealthy non-nationals in an attempt to strengthen ties with the US - Francisco Madero removed Diaz from office, but failed to implement land reforms he had promised - 1917: End of the Revolution, constitution of Mexico - 1942: Citizens saw their first glimmer of political solidarity/unity	4
13772928054	Russian Revolution	- Accumulated tensions of Russian society exploded due to the pressures of WWI; people were exploited and suffered from wartime shortages - End of autocratic rule and establishment of a socialist/communist government; formation of Soviet Union	5
13772928090	Chinese Revolution	- Chinese imperial system had collapsed in 1911, under the pressure of foreign imperialism, its own inadequacies and mounting internal opposition - 1921: small Chinese Communist Party was founded, aimed initially at organizing the country's minuscule urban working-class - CCP frontally addressed both of China's major problems: foreign imperialism and peasant exploitation - Expressed Chinese nationalism; demand for social change	6
13772930727	Effects of WWI	- Suffrage movements revived and women received the right to vote in a number of countries - Independent nations rose with a principle based around "national self-determination" - Brought into existence a number of new states that were carved out of the old German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires - Millions of Asian and African men returned home with less respect for their rulers and with expectations for better treatment as a reward for their service - Brought US to center stage as a global power	7
13772930728	Effects of WWII	- Total deaths = 60 million - The needs of the war drew huge numbers of women into both industry and the military - Soviet Union, women constituted more than half of the industrial workforce by 1945; almost completely dominated the field - Europe's greatly diminished role in the world registered internationally as its Asian and African colonies achieved independence - Development of communist values (Soviet Union) to mobilize all the state's resources for war	8
13772933177	Great Depression	- the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s - Many countries depended on the US and so they suffered when the US suffered	9
13772933178	How did Hitler come to power?	- German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust - Proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority - A determination to rescue Germany from the humiliating requirements of the Treaty of Versailles	10
13800774345	Holocaust	- A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy - It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disable	11
13800780112	Armenian genocide	- the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries	12
13772933179	How did Benito Mussolini come to power?	- Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power - WWI gave rise to resentful veterans, many of them unemployed, and to patriots who believed that Italy had not gained the territory it deserved from the Treaty of Versailles	13
13800785699	Facism	A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition	14
13772939005	Japanese Authoritarianism	- Newcomer to great power status - Had a rather limited experience with democratic politics - Major cabinet positions now went to prominent bureaucratic or military figures rather than to party leaders - The military exercised a more dominant role in political life - Censorship limited the responsibilities of free expression	15
13800795946	league of nations	- an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations - ultimately failed	16
13800798559	united nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	17
13800804228	New Deal	A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression	18
13800810249	Collapse of Ottoman Empire	- The Ottoman Empire started to decline during the late 1800's when the Egyptians, Greeks, and Bosnians broke away due to nationalism - The empire collapsed after WWI	19
13800820154	Collapse of Russian Empire	Russia unprepared technologically and economically for WWI, lack of leadership, huge losses to the army, shortages of food and basic goods at home, growing opposition to the tsar	20
13800834997	Collapse of Qing Dynasty	Causes of the collapse: - Corruption - Population growth leading to food shortages - Incompetence - Pressure from Western Countries - The Chinese thought that China was too infiltrated by Westerners	21
13549563691	Indian National Congress	- 1885 - Association of English-educated Indians - Did not initially seek to overthrow British rule, rather they hoped to gain greater inclusion within the political, military and business life of British India	22
13549565908	Ho Chi Minh	- Held resistance when France tried to restore rule after Japan's defeat in 1945 - One of the original founders of the French communist party; took the lead in imagining a new Vietnamese nation-state	23
13549575760	Muslim League	- 1906 - Political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the time of the partition of British India - Meant to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims	24
13549577480	Al-Qaeda	- Terrorist group created by Osama Bin Laden - Supported by the same Taliban group the US had supported in the war in Afghanistan - Ultimate goal is to overthrow the corrupt "apostate" regimes in the Middle East and replace them with "true Islamic governments - Primary enemy is the US because they see them as the root cause of the Middle East's problems	25
13549587082	Non-violence	- The use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change - Almost led to a violent response	26
13549590609	Mohandas Gandhi	- 1893: accepted a job with an Indian firm in South Africa -- Personally experienced overt racism for the 1st time and soon became involved in organizing Indians to protest that country -- Developed a concept of India that included Hindus and Muslims alike and pioneered strategies of resistance that he would later apply to India itself - Quickly rose with the leadership ranks of the INC -- His radicalism was different as he did not call for social revolution but sough the moral transformation of individuals -- Opposed modern industrial future, seeking instead a society of harmonious self-sufficient villages drawing on ancient Indian principles of duty and morality	27
13549598016	Martin Luther King Jr.	- American Baptist minister and activist who became the most well-known spokesperson and leader of the civil rights movement - Prominent leader in many important protests such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Birmingham Campaign, and the Great March on Washington - The nonviolent protests and activism led by MLK left a lasting impact on the civil rights movement, pushing the nation closer to racial equality	28
13549599474	Nelson Mandela	- South Africa's nationalist leader - 1964: trailed for treason, sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of his country -- Spent the next 27 years in prison - 1994: becomes South Africa's first black president -- Linked South Africa to dozens of other countries across Africa, Asia and Oceania that had thrown off European rule or the control of white settlers during the 2nd half of the 20th century - Fought for the "ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with opportunity"	29
13549622572	Partition of India	- Division of British India in 1947 which eventually accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan - The British leaders finally agreed that the partition was the best way to limit bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims within India - Pakistan ; Muslim - India ; Hindu	30
13549630366	Metropoles	- The former colonizing country, usually in the major cities - Britain, France, US	31
13549632703	Cold War	- Political and economic rivalry - Between the United States and Soviet Union -- Race to expand power and influence -- Effort to maximize power by outcompeting the other side - Disagreed in ideologies, as the US was capitalist and the Soviet Union was communist - US and Soviet Union don't actively fight one another	32
13549639755	Superpowers	- Term first applied after World War II - State with a dominant position characterized by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale -- Combined-means of economic military, technological and cultural strengths, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence	33
13549649525	NATO	- 1949 - Defensive alliance: if one country is attacked, then all the other countries will join in defensive of that country -- Collective security/balance one another	34
13549653614	Warsaw Pact	- Collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet Union and 7 Eastern Bloc satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War - Response to NATO - Soviet Union creating a defense buffer zone	35
13549661823	Proxy wars	- A war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved, but do support - Examples: Korean war, Vietnam war	36
13549664310	Great Leap Forward	- 1958-1960 - Marked Mao's 1st response to industrialization - Promoted small-scale industrialization in the rural areas, envisaged an immediate transition to full communism in the peoples communes, rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for the transition	37
13549666959	Non-Aligned Movement	countries that are looking for more peaceful alternatives and want to remain neutral during the war	38
13549670880	Anti-Apartheid	- Movement for Africans to be accepted as civilized people within the existing order rather than overthrow it - Protests were peaceful; nonviolent civil disobedience	39
13549698070	Military-Industrial Complex	- Informal alliance between a nation's military and the defense industry that supplies it -- Seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy	40
13549700276	Soviet invasion of Afghanistan	- 1979 - Wanted to establish a communist government in Afghanistan against a growing uprising - US gave aid and assistance to Taliban to prevent the Soviet Union from taking over	41
13549704846	End of the Cold War	- Expansions in US military spending the technological development - The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan -- Expensive war that did not go well for the Soviets - Economic weakness in communist countries -- Death of Mao lead to the abandonment of the CCP in China -- Popular movements toppled despised communist governments in Eastern Europe -- Efforts to save Soviet socialism from its accumulated problems through reforms by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union	42
13549713694	Decolonization through negotiated independence	- India from the British Empire - The Gold Coast from the British Empire - French West Africa	43
13549737569	Decolonization through armed struggle	- Alegria and Vietnam from the French Empire - Angola from the Portuguese Empire - Kenya from the British Empire	44
13549739321	Impact of nationalism on push for decolonization	- Indian National Congress - Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam) - Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)	45
13549747530	Role of Communism in uniting people	- Communism as a whole - Pan-Arabism - Pan-Africanism	46
13549749499	Mexican revolution causes	- Rose in opposition to neocolonialism and economic imperialism, and movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia and Latin America -- Sometimes advocating communism and socialism	47
13549751208	Mexican revolution effects	- Ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic - Reestablished the economy and social systems - Land was divided up to peasants	48
13549759375	Methods of decolonization	- European countries lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress far-away revolts - Strong nationalist movements/political unrest/boycotts - India; used British colonization mechanisms to decolonize themselves - Negotiation - War of independence	49
13549765166	Causes of the Cold War	- Soon after the Russian Revolution, communist government became the source of fear/loathing to many in the Western capitalist world -- Soviet Union and US were now the world's major political/military powers --- Represented sharply opposed views of history, society, politics and international relations Conflict = inevitable	50
13772939006	Green Revolution	- Borlaug crossed multiple varieties of wheat, creating a miracle crop in 1963; a high yield resistance wheat crop - Seed traveled across the globe, making many countries reach an increase in agricultural productivity - Helped with famines caused by booming populations - However, production also required dramatic applications of fertilizer and irrigation - Use caused severe environmental implications - Lack of biodiversity occurred when farmers only planted the highest yielding variety: mono cropping - Also caused economic disparity	51
13772945249	Impacts of oil and nuclear power	- Bulk of the conflicts during the 20th century are a direct result of oil - Japanese decision to bomb pearl Harbor directly stems from an American oil embargo - War was fought using oil as a tech to aid the Allies - Oil is facilitating economic development around the world - Nuclear power could potentially be "clean" energy, as no fossil fuel emissions would occur	52
13800561860	Internet	A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information	53
13800561919	Radio communication	A form of communicating through radio	54
13800584167	Cellular communication	form of communication technology that enables the use of mobile phones	55
13800639396	Genetically modified agriculture	- plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods - usually for an advantage - can deplete soil of its nutrients	56
13800657453	vaccines	- dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen - a weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.	57
13800665280	antibiotics	drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria	58
13800673857	petroleum	Another name for oil	59
13800680500	nuclear power	electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor	60
13800684167	birth control	any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions	61
13800688544	deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves	62
13800693106	desertification	degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting	63
13800697384	disease	- malaria, tuberculosis, cholera: related to poverty - HIV/AIDS, Ebola: new global epidemics - Diabetes, Heart disease: lifestyle disease - Alzhelmer's disease: affected elderly	64
13772947635	3 factors that impact the environment	- Growing population: more consumption, more demand of earth's resources - Fossil Fuels: drove industrialization process everywhere - Economic growth: modern science allowed for an increasing production of goods and services; the idea of economic growth or "development" as something possible and desirable took hold as a novel element of global culture	65
13772947636	Global warming	- An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere - Vastly increased through burning of fossil fuels, which release heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as well as by the loss of trees that would otherwise remove CO2 from the air - Has interacted with a variety of social conditions: poverty, inequality, oppression, to generate or exacerbate conflict and upheaval	66
13772957958	First wave environmentalism	- Western industrialization - Derived from a concern with deforestation, drought, and desertification, usually conflicted by colonial men - This approach sought to mobilize scientific expertise and state control to manage contain and tame modern assaults on the environment - Protecting remaining wilderness areas: yellow stone	67
13772957959	Second wave environmentalism	- 1960s - Resource exhaustion and the collapse of industrial society in the face of unrelenting economic and population growth - Involvement and activism - Pollution, resource depletion, toxic waste, protecting wildlife habitats, nuclear power and nuclear testing, limiting development, climate change - "Deep ecology"; humans no longer the center of the Earth - "Environmental justice"; concerned with unequal impact on minorities and developing countries	68
13772957960	Global South	- A term used to designate the less-developed countries located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere - Fewer larger organization - Involved more poor people in direct actions - Less engaged in political lobbying and corporate strategies - More concerned with issues of food security, health, and basic survival than with the rights of nature or wilderness protection - "Environmentalism of the poor"	69
13772961088	Americanization	- America remained the world's most influential culture - Influence through movies, corporations, scientific research - English became a 2nd language	70
13772961089	Re-globalization	- The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them - US was determined to avoid any return to such Depression-era conditions - Technology helped advance that - Money mobility - Transnational corporations produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries	71
13772964124	Consequences of re-globalization	- Soaring oil prices contributed to a severe stock market crash in 1973-1974 - Inability to repay mounting debts triggered a major financial crisis in Latin America during the 1980s - Worldwide economic contraction, 2008 - Globalization worsened the North/South Gap	72
13772964125	Globalization of liberation	- Communism promised workers and peasants liberation from capitalist oppression - Nationalism offered subject peoples liberation from imperialism - Democracy sought liberation from authoritarian governments - Protest movements around the world suggested the emergence of a global culture of liberation	73
13772967325	Feminism in the west	- Individual rights based discourse - More emphasis on gender - Very white issues - Women looked upon as inferior over men	74
13772967326	Feminism in the Global South	- Sharply criticized Western feminism and its focus on motherhood, marriage, and sexuality - Intersectionality - Took shape around a wide range of issues, not all of which were explicitly gender based - Women have a different set of priorities than women in the West	75
13772970438	UN Responses	- Universal Declaration of Human Rights: basic protections common to all people - International Court of Justice: settles disputes over International law brought to it by countries - Protection of Refugees: working through sub-agencies such as NGOs and UNHCER, UN provides food, medicine, and temporary shelter - Peacekeeping: UN frequently sends peacekeeping forces, consisting of civilians, police and troops from member countries to try to ease tensions in trouble spots	76

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AP World History: Chapter 21 Flashcards

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13582358418	Russian Revolution	Russia needed a way out of WWI and out of the provisional government and dynasty, so they were motivated by Lenin and the Bolsheviks	0
13582358419	Bolsheviks/Lenin	socialist party that took control of Russia after the revolution, made use of promises and a charismatic leader to gain support	1
13582358420	Guomindang	Chinese nationalist party that made reforms within the city but was not able to gain wide spread support, traded out for communism in 1949	2
13582358421	Mao Zedong	leader of the CCP that gained the support of many peasants and workers through integrity and persistance	3
13582358422	Chinese Revolution	marked the end of Imperialism in China in 1911	4
13582358423	Stalin	followed Lenin as the leader of the communist party in Russia, killed off millions of his own people though he was regarded as a deity in his life time	5
13582358424	"building socialism"	achievements of the centralized state and collectivization helped communism gain more support, while economic growth kept the system on its feet	6
13582358425	Zhenotdel	Bolshevik leaders set this up in 1919 to try to further women's rights, and enabled women to be the sole leaders of this feminist agenda	7
13582358426	collectivization	the process of taking land away from individuals and dividing it equally among everyone, an attempt to make farming more efficient	8
13582358427	cultural revolution	launched by Mao in an attempt to eliminate any capitalist tendencies that had been picked up, also rejected feminism	9
13582358428	Great Terror/purges	efforts by the Chinese and Russian communist parties to chase down suspicions and get rid of revolutionaries	10
13582358429	Cuban missile crisis	Soviets and Americans wanted to make use of their shiny new nuclear toys and Russia used the revolutionary regime of Fidel Castro to expand communism	11
13582358430	Nikita Khrushchev	Soviet leader at the time of the Cuban crisis, came into power after stalin, made use of alliance with Cuba to get back at the Americans	12
13582358431	Deng Xiaoping	Attempted to make up for the wrong doings of Mao by exposing the truths of the Cultural Revolution; used economic reformation to piece China back together	13
13582358432	Perestroika/Glasnost	Gorbachev's policies of economic and social freedoms that were aimed at regaining support through the introduction of some aspects of democracy	14
13582358433	Mikhail Gorbachev	came to power in 1985 in a final attempt to revive Soviet socialism, resulted in the end of the communist era and cold war in 1991	15