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[node:title] Flashcards

14495637886	DNA	Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus	0
14495637887	replication	double the chromosomes	1
14495637888	nucleotides	neuclic acid base pairs	2
14495637889	RNA	receives instructions from DNA	3
14495637890	Transcription	process of forming a neucleic acid using a template	4
14495637891	Translation	uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid	5
14495637892	proteins	monomers of amino acid chains	6
14495637893	mitosis, meiosis	body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction	7
14495637894	sexual reproduction	2 parents male and female	8
14495637895	asexual reproduction	1 parent	9
14495637896	genes	segment of dna that codes for a specific trait	10
14495637897	Chromosomes	made up of DNA and proteins	11
14495637898	Endocrine system	composed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.	12
14495637899	Pituitary	at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands	13
14495637900	thyroid	below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones	14
14495637901	parathyroid	in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth	15
14495637902	thymus	in front of the heart; enables the body to produce certain antibodies	16
14495637903	adrenal	on top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.	17
14495637904	pancreas	between the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels	18
14495637905	testes	lower abdomen; androgen and testosterone; control maturation and male characteristics	19
14495637906	ovaries	lower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence female traits and support reproductive function.	20
14495637907	homeostasis	state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.	21
14495637908	semen	the ejaculated fluid containing sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland.	22
14495637909	sperm	shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete	23
14495637910	egg cell	also called ovum; female gamete	24
14495637911	embryo	an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.	25
14495637912	fertilization	a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo	26
14495637913	radiometric dating	a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.	27
14495637914	carbon dating	used to tell the age of organic materials.	28
14495637915	homologous structure	perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions	29
14495637916	analogous structure	have similar functions but different origin	30
14495637917	divergent evolution	splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.	31
14495637918	convergent evolution	analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.	32
14495637919	convergence	is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.	33
14495637920	Jean Baptiste de Lamarck	first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse, the theory of acquired characteristics.	34
14495637921	Theory of Need	states that organisms change in response to their environment	35
14495637922	Theory of Use and Disuse	organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.	36
14495637923	Variation	differences in traits of organisms in a population	37
14495637924	Theory of Evolution	states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.	38
14495637925	amino acids	the building blocks of protein	39
14495637926	anticodon	the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA	40
14495637927	chromosomal mutations	changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis	41
14495637928	codon	each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal	42
14495637929	genetic code	set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins	43
14495637930	nitrogenous base	is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.	44
14495637931	mutation	any change in the DNA sequence	45
14495637932	mRNA	messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm	46
14495637933	rRNA	ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids	47
14495637934	tRNA	transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.	48
14495637935	Recombinant DNA	A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering	49
14495637936	Transcription	process of copying DNA sequence into RNA	50
14495637937	Translation	process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein	51
14495637938	accessory pigments	energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll	52
14495637939	metabolism	all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.	53
14495637940	systolic	Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Contraction of the heart	54
14495637941	diastolic	occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery	55
14495637942	blood pressure	Reflects the force the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries during contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.	56
14495637943	function of the blood	Transportation materials to and from cells Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste products, hormones to their target cells, regulates body temperature, protects against bacteria and viruses	57
14495637944	blood components	Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements	58
14495637945	plasma	Liquid portion of blood	59
14495637946	RBC	red blood cell Erythrocytes 4.5-5 million	60
14495637947	red blood cells	Carry oxygen Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.	61
14495637948	hemoglobin function	transports oxygen and carbon dioxide carry oxygen and also CO2 back to the lungs *transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs	62
14495637949	Red blood cells regulated	1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates Erythropoietin (EPO) production by kidneys	63
14495637950	White blood count	Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils tests to see what percentage of total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes	64
14495637951	neutrophils	Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.- WBC	65
14495637952	lymphocytes	The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.	66
14495637953	monocytes	A type of white blood cell that transforms into macrophages, extends pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers of microbes over a long period of time An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.	67
14495637954	eosinophils	What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction?	68
14495637955	basophils	When performing a WBC differential, which cell has the large, scattered dark blue granules that are darker than the nucleus? A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.	69
14495637956	White Blood Count	What is a marker for an infectious disease? Status of immune system and ability to fight off infection	70
14495637957	Platelet function	They play a key role in retention of blood loss by forming a * plug at the site of tears when connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls. *Blood clotting - Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plu	71
14495637958	Platelet function in hemostasis	- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other to create a temp. mechanical plug	72
14495637959	blood cells made	blood cells and bone marrow	73
14495637960	blood type	a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.	74
14495637961	antigens	Foreign material that invades the body Anything that is foreign to the body and that causes an immune response *What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?	75
14495637962	antibodies	An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response. Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents	76
14495637963	antigens in blood	Def A,B in blood macromolecules are foriegn to host organism and trigger an immune response	77
14495637964	antibodies in blood	Passive immunity= When are HIV antibodies detectable in blood?	78
14495637965	blood vessels	Veins Arteries	79
14495637966	blood flow thru blood vessels	tissue perfusion	80
14495637967	heart function	pumps blood throughout the body Blood goes into right atrium from superior vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta	81
14495637968	heart structure	4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2 ventricles (right and left)	82
14495637969	heart valves	structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood	83
14495637970	heart layers	Endocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle), and epicardium ( outer)	84
14495637971	pericardium	Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.	85
14495637972	blood flow thru heart	Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body	86
14495637973	cardiac cycle	A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next	87
14495637974	cardiac conduction	a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat	88
14495637975	digestive system	Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. *The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.	89
14495637976	chyme	mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food	90
14495637977	digestive process	The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. Ingestion➡digestion➡absorption➡egestion *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins (by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small intestine	91
14495637978	saliva	softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth	92
14495637979	GI tract	stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal canal mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter	93
14495637980	motility	The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called The ability of an organism to move by itself	94
14495637981	colon	The large intestine the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine	95
14495637982	small intestine structure	The thinner of the two intestine but is much longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it can absorb nutrients into the blood - The small intestine has three main structures— the lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme	96
14495637983	gastric juices	Secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein.	97
14495637984	pancreas secretion	Secretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs, fats, and proteins Secrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood sugar Secretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when acidic food from stomach enters small intestine. Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and water from pancreas.	98
14495637985	pancreas function	regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins	99
14495637986	bile function	digest fat; excrete waste	100
14495637987	respiratory system	A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.	101
14495637988	upper respiratory	consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea	102
14495637989	lower respiratory	consists of the bronchial tree and lungs	103
14495637990	respiratory tract	The passageway that makes breathing possible. series of branching tubes that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone for gas exchange	104
14495637991	larnyx	upper part of the trachea contains vocal chords - 3 bands of tissue stretched across the opening of trachea	105
14495637992	epiglottis	A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.	106
14495637993	trachea	Allows air to pass to and from lungs Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as air rushes in; branches into right/left bronchus The respiratory process begins when air is inhaled through the nose and into the what?	107
14495637994	lung	Main organs of the respiratory system An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood	108
14495637995	bronchi	The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.	109
14495637996	alveoli	(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system. Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.	110
14495637997	breathing process	+The diaphragm muscle drops and creates a vacuum; Air rushes into the lungs; The diaphragm muscle contracts and pushes the air out inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs Oxygen goes to the lungs , has a close contact to blood absorbs it and carries it to all body parts. Blood gives up CO2 which is from lungs to air breathed out - active process that allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, allowing lungs to expand (diaphragm goes down Pharynx > Larynx (voice box) > Trachea (windpipe) > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli	111
14495638060	oxegen transported in blood		112
14495637998	carbon dioxide transported in blood	Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondri diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the atmosphere *diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveol Process that moves CO2 from tissues to lungs in 3 forms: bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin; as carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved CO2	113
14495637999	Nervous system	Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. The bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs.	114
14495638000	graded potential	shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.	115
14495638001	action potential	A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. Fast, moving change across a neurons membrane, also called an impulse. the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted	116
14495638002	neurotransmitter	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.	117
14495638003	Central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord A subdivision of the human nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Transmits & receives messages to & from the PNS	118
14495638004	Peripheral nervous system PNS	peripheral nervous system sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord, that relay information between the CNS and other parts of body	119
14495638005	neuron cells	role of this type of cell is already determined and is not dictated by neighboring cells. communicate w/ send signals to other neurons and muscles in the body What is the nervous system composed of?	120
14495638006	myelinated	Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are glia cells that wrap around the axon insulating it. conduct AP more rapidly bc less current lost to extracellular environment	121
14495638007	schwann cells	Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.	122
14495638008	Central Nervous system protected	Brain and spinal cord	123
14495638009	brain	The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system	124
14495638010	cerebrum	Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body Largest part of the brain Largest part of the brain; coordinates thought, reasoning, movement, and memory, includes the cerebral cortex and the white matter beneath it.	125
14495638011	brain stem	Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain. the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord.	126
14495638012	cerebelleum	motor control refines skeletal muscle contractions, role in cognition, language, problem solving, activity occurs subconsciously, composed like cerebrum, grey matter white matter (arbor vitae) grey islands.	127
14495638013	diencephalon	thalamus and hypothalamus A portion of the embryonic forebrain that becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland.	128
14495638014	cerebrum structure	consisting of 2 hemispheres and olfactory lobes thought and intelligence and memory	129
14495638015	breathing phases	inspiration and expiration	130
14495638016	breathing process	Respiration is the chemical process in which cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to obtain energy, Air is breathed in and diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide is breathed out Breathing is controlled by muscles. [H+] and [CO2] are too high, medulla oblongata is stimulated > sends impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles > diaphragm contracts > ribs move up and out > diaphragm moves down > air rushes in > vice versa for exhalation • controlled by medula oblongata inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs	131
14495638017	pleural cavity	The space between the two moist membranes that separate the lungs from the thorax (chest cavity). Filled with lubricating fluid. airtight space between fold of the pleural membranes; contains watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction between the membranes when they rub together during respiration	132
14495638018	PATHOGEN	MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES ILLNESS OR DISEASE	133
14495638019	ANTIBODY	PRODUCED BY WBC WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN	134
14495638020	BACTERIA	Bacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS	135
14495638021	VIRUSES	Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL	136
14495638022	DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES	influenza - flu, colds, Measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS	137
14495638023	DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA	food poisoning, Cholera, typhoid, whooping cough, gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted disease	138
14495638024	WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENCE MECHANISMS?	SKIN, STOMACH ACID, EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH	139
14495638025	WHITE BLOOD CELLS	White blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens. They can produce antibodies to destroy pathogens	140
14495638026	VACCINES	ARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF DEAD / WEAKENED PATHOGENS	141
14495638027	MMR	MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA	142
14495638028	EPIDEMIC	WIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE WITHIN A COUNTRY	143
14495638029	PANDEMIC	A DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD RAPIDLY ACROSS MANY COUNTRIES	144
14495638030	SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTION	PAIN, FEVER, RASH, NAUSEA, HEADACHE, COUGHING	145
14495638031	ANOMALY	SOMETHING THAT DEVIATES FROM NORMAL OR EXPECTED	146
14495638032	DEPENDENT VARIABLE	WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS	147
14495638033	INDEPENDENT VARIABLE	WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS	148
14495638034	CONTROL VARIABLE	VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED	149
14495638035	WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN	-ingest pathogens and destroy them -produce antibodies to destroy pathogens -produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by pathogens white blood cells do not eat the pathogens - they ingest them	150
14495638036	DECAY	The breakdown of dead plant and animal material by fungi, bacteria and other organisms. Requires WOW W-warmth O-oxygen W- water	151
14495638037	RELAY NEURONES	Neurones that carry information from a sensory nerve cell to a motor nerve cell	152
14495638061	NEUROTRANSMITTER		153
14495638038	CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of	- the brain and spinal cord	154
14495638039	PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) consists of	- nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS. Includes spinal cord and peripheral nerves.	155
14495638040	RECEPTORS	- can detect a change in the environment (stimulus) and produce electrical impulses in response. Sense organs contain groups of receptors that respond to specific stimuli.	156
14495638041	EFFECTORS	-produces a response e.g.muscle contracts to move hand away from stimulus or gland squeezes and releases hormone into blood.	157
14495638042	SYNAPSE	Where two neurones meet, there is a tiny gap called a synapse. Signals cross this gap using chemicals released by a neurone. The chemical diffuses across the gap makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal.	158
14495638043	REFLEX	-a way for the body to automatically and rapidly respond to a stimulus to minimise any further damage to the body. stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response	159
14495638044	SENSORY NEURONE	A sensory neurone sends impulses (from a sensory receptor) to a relay neurone in the spinal cord/CNS.	160
14495638045	RELAY NEURONE	-carry messages from one part of the CNS to another	161
14495638046	MOTOR NEURONE	A motor neurone sends impulses from the spinal cord/CNS to effector (muscle of gland).	162
14495638062	cancer	a growth defect in cells , a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division. Ex. his ___ was caused by smoking.	163
14495638063	development	the change in shape or organisms over time. Ex. a child's ________ is very fast.	164
14495638064	ecology	the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment	165
14495638065	gene	sections of chromosomes made of DNA that code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.	166
14495638066	genome	the complete genetic material contained in an individual.	167
14495638067	heredity	the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.	168
14495638068	HIV	a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.	169
14495638069	interdependence	organisms in a biological community live and interact with other organisms.	170
14495638070	mutation	a change in the DNA of a gene.	171
14495638071	natural selection	process in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.	172
14495638072	organism	any living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.	173
14495638073	pH	a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; Latin for "probably hydrogens".	174
14495638074	absorption	process by which substances are taken into the cell or an organism.	175
14495638075	assimilation	incorporation of materials into the body of an organism.	176
14495638076	circulation	process by which materials are distributed (moved) throughout the organism.	177
14495638077	differentiation	process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.	178
14495638078	digestion	the breakdown of complex food materials into forms the organism can use. Ex. Going to sleep after eating can be bad for ____.	179
14495638079	egestion	elimination of indigestible waste.	180
14495638080	excretion	removal of metabolic waste.	181
14495638081	ingestion	taking in food from the environment.	182
14495638082	regulation	process by which organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.	183
14495638083	reproduction	process by which organisms produce new organisms of their own kind	184
14495638084	respiration	release of chemical energy from certain nutrients.	185
14495638085	synthesis	chemical combination of simple substances to form complex substances.	186
14495638047	DNA	nucleic acid polymer that stores genetic information.	187
14495638048	equilibrium	the state of both sides are balanced	188
14495638049	evolution	the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	189
14495638050	theory	a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation	190
14495638051	species	group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Ex. there are thousands of different ______ of butterflies.	191
14495638052	matter	the material that everything in the universe is made of, including solids, liquids, and gases	192
14495638053	element	a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Ex. carbon is an essential ________ of life.	193
14495638054	compound	a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio. Ex. water is the most common _______ on Earth.	194
14495638055	bacteria	a very small living things. Ex. Although some cause illness or disease, many ______ are harmless.	195
14495638056	virus	a very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses. Ex. HIV is the _____ that causes AIDS.	196
14495638057	algae	a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water.	197
14495638058	fungi	simple type of plant that has no leaves or flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces. Ex. mushrooms are a _____.	198
14495638059	oxygen	a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live. Ex. the chemical symbol for _____ is O.	199

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12621940590	active voice	when the sentence's subject performs the action	0
12621940591	ad hominem argument	directed to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead to intellect or reason	1
12621944472	adjective	word that modifies, qualifies, or limits the meaning of a noun or pronoun	2
12621947005	allegory	a story in which a second meaning is to be read beneath the surface	3
12621947006	alliteration	the repition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of a consecutive words or syllables	4
12621949108	allusion	an inderect reference, often to another text or an historic event	5
12621949109	ambiguity	a vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack or clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations	6
12621951160	analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	7
12621951161	anaphora	the repitition of words at the beginning successive clauses	8
12622215893	anecdote	a short account of an interesting event	9
12621977193	understatement	lack of emphasis in a statement or point	10
12622214465	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to text	11
12622214466	antecendent	the noun to whuch a later pronouns added to text	12
12621977194	voice	a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	13
12621977195	zeugma	a construction in which one word modifies or governs two or more waords in a sentance	14
12622205974	antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	15
12622205975	antimetabole	the repition of words in an inverted order to sharpen contrast	16
12621979165	tone	the speaker's atttitude toward the subject or audience	17
12621979166	transition	a stylistic device used to create a link between ideas; words that continuity, coherence, and relationships	18
12622202385	aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	19
12622202386	apostrophe	in literature, a word or phrase that addresses a person or personified thing that is not actually present	20
12621979167	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech	21
12621982413	thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	22
12622200388	appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	23
12622200389	archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	24
12621982414	theses	a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved	25
12621982415	thesis statement	a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	26
12622197079	argumentation	writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation	27
12622197080	assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	28
12622197081	assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	29
12621985295	theme	message about how to live life	30
12621985296	theoretical argument	an argumant confined to theory or speculation of practical apllications	31
12621987490	syntax	sentance structure	32
12622194369	asyndenton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	33
12621987491	synthesis		34
12622191764	attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	35
12622191765	audience	one's listener or readership	36
12621987492	synthesize	combining or bringing together two or more elemnts to produce something more complex	37
12621989856	syllogism	a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise	38
12622189195	authority	a reliable, respected source	39
12622189196	bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	40
12622189197	bibliographical information	a list of works cited or resouces	41
12621989857	symbol	an object that is associayed with ideas that are not generally part of the original item	42
12621992119	subordinate clause	created by a subortinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	43
12621992120	subordination	the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	44
12622185282	cause and effect	analyzinf the causes that lead to a certain effect	45
12622185283	chiasmus	a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form	46
12621994229	stylistic devices	a general term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language,and all other	47
12621994230	subject	the topic addressed in a piece of writing	48
12622182513	cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	49
12622182514	claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	50
12622182515	classical model of argument	Introduction (Exordium), Narration (Narratio) Proposition (Partitio), Confirmation (Confirmatio) Refutation (Refutatio), Conclusion (Peroratio); a structure of argument typically used for argumentative essays; allows room for the writer to engage with the audience	51
12621996322	style	the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	52
12621998199	speaker	a term used for the author or the persspective of the person who tells the story	53
12621998200	straw man fallacy	involves the creation of an easily refutable position	54
12622171754	classification and division	a pattern of writing or speaking which is characterized by division, which is the process of breaking a whole into parts, and classification, which is the often subsequent process of sorting individual items into categories	55
12622000129	simile	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing using the word "like" or "as"	56
12622162086	clause	a structural element of a sentence, consisting of a grammatical subject and a predicate; independent clauses can stand alone as sentences; dependent clauses are incomplete sentences and need an independent clause to function; subordinate clauses and dependent clauses are the same thing	57
12622162087	colloquialism	an informal or conversational use of language	58
12622000130	simple sentence	a statement containing a subject and a predicate	59
12622000131	source	a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	60
12622160088	common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	61
12622160089	comparision and contrast	juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and differences	62
12622002814	sentence structure	the arrangement of the parts of a sentence	63
12622002815	sentence variety	using a variety of patterns to create desired effect	64
12622156044	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least	65
12622004395	sentence patterns	the arrangements of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions	66
12622155974	concede	to acknowledge the truth or possibility; conceding a point to your opponent is not necessarily a sign of weakness in argumentation	67
12622155975	conceit	A witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language.	68
12622004442	semicolons	punctuation that connects two independent clauses that are closley related	69
12622006974	sarcasm	a sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks	70
12622149865	concession	a reluctantacknowledgment or yeilding	71
12622147706	conjuctions	A word that connects other words (and, but, or, yet)	72
12622006975	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	73
12622147707	connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	74
12622006976	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	75
12622010228	rhetorical strategies	Methods and techniques that speakers use to achieve their speaking goals	76
12622145134	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	77
12622145135	coordination	grammatical evidence between parts of a sentence	78
12622012126	rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose	79
12622012127	rhetorical question	a question asked mpre to produce an effect than to summon an answer	80
12622137651	counterargument	a challenge to a position	81
12622137652	counterexample	an example that proves that a conjecture or statement is false	82
12622014640	repitition	erpeating a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis	83
12622014641	rhetoric	the stufy of effective, persuasive, language use	84
12622135140	credible	worthy of belief	85
12622135141	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by a subordinate clause	86
12622014642	rhetorical appeals	ethos, pathos, logos	87
12622016900	reiteration	repetition of an idea using different words, often for emphasis or other effect.	88
12622132705	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	89
12622019121	rationale	an explanation of controlling principles of opinion	90
12622129252	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	91
12622129253	dedictive resoning	a method of reasoning by whihc specific definition, conclusions, and theorems are drawn from general principles	92
12622019122	refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	93
12622022312	qualitative evidence	supporting evidence that relies on the quality of examples, kind of examples, or qualifiers (good, better, best, bad, worse, worst)	94
12622127135	definition	a method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning	95
12622127136	denoation	the literal meaning of a word	96
12622022313	quantitative evidence	upporting evidence that is based on data, observable data, with controls and variables	97
12622024925	purpose	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	98
12622123790	description	a rhetorical mode based in the five senses	99
12622123791	device	a tactic or tool chosen and used by writers to create meaning	100
12622024926	qualify	o reduce from a general to a particular or restricted form; to clearly define and explain with appropriate examples and information	101
12622027116	propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opnion rather than present information	102
12622118891	diction	word choice	103
12622118892	didactic	having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information or teach a lesson, usually in an arrogant manner	104
12622027117	prose	any discourse that is NOT poetry	105
12622030504	pronoun	a word used to replace a noun	106
12622116391	dispute	argue	107
12622116392	elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost	108
12622030564	process analysis	a rhetorical mode that explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done	109
12622034948	premise	two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	110
12622111202	epigram	a concise but ingenious, witty, or thoughtful statement	111
12622111203	eulogy	verbal or written praise honoring someone who is dead	112
12622034949	prepositions	words we use before nouns or pronouns to show their relationship with other words in the sentence. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs)	113
12622037232	point of view	the relation in which a narrator or speaker stands to the subject of the discourse; first person point of view indicates an internal perspective while third person point of view indicates an external or objective perspective	114
12622108356	euphemism	a mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term (ex. To pass away is a euphemism for die)	115
12622108357	ethos	appeal to the character of a person	116
12622108358	exemplification	showing by example	117
12622039385	polemic	an argumant against an idea	118
12622039386	polysyndenton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	119
12622044411	persuasion	a kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions	120
12622105858	explication of text	explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading	121
12622047806	persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author	122
12622102486	exposition	he background and events that lead to the presentation of the main idea or purpose	123
12622100753	extended metaphor	a series of comparisons between two unlike objects; the continued discussion and development of the metaphor throughout the piece to solidify the comparison and the audience's understanding	124
12622047807	personification	assigning lifelike characterics to an inanimate object	125
12622100754	facts	information that is true or demonstrable	126
12622049599	periodic sentence	a sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause	127
12622051571	pathos	appeal to emotion	128
12622098699	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech	129
12622051572	pedantic	narrowly academic instead of broad and humane; excessively petty and meticulous	130
12622098675	figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	131
12622053495	parody	a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another	132
12622096404	fragment	a word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	133
12622096405	genre	a term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, essay, poem, etc.	134
12622053496	passive voice	when the sentence's subject receives the action (ex. The plane was landed by the pilot.); using too much passive voice weakens the writing and indicates less skill as a writer, so speakers and writers usually want more active voice and action verbs to strengthen the writing	135
12622056267	parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	136
12622094440	generalizations	general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases	137
12622094441	homily	a lecture or sermon on a religious or moral theme meant to guide human behavior	138
12622056268	parentheses	used to not interrupt the main sentence (extra information) (in parentheses if it is a sentence make sure inside has its own period)	139
12622058640	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	140
12622090948	horatory	urging, or strongly encouraging	141
12622090949	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	142
12622058641	pacing	the releative speed or slowness with which a story is told	143
12622058642	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	144
12622088414	imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses	145
12622088415	imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	146
12622062056	onomatopoeia	the use of words that imitate sounds	147
12622063863	occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	148
12622085180	induction	reasoning from specific to general	149
12622085181	inductive reasoning	type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations	150
12622063864	omniscient narrator	an all-knowing, usually third person narrator	151
12622065777	mood	how the reader feels about the text while reading	152
12622082352	infer	deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	153
12622082353	invective	a direct verbal assault; a denunciation; casting blame on someone or something	154
12622065778	narration	retelling an event or series of events	155
12622065779	nominalization	turning a verb or adjective into a noun	156
12622080198	inversion	a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	157
12622080199	inverted sentence	a sentence in which the verb preceedes the subject	158
12622068167	modes of discourse	the four types of writing - narration, description, argumentation, and exposition	159
12622068168	modifier	a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	160
12622078402	irony	a contradiction between what is said and what is meant	161
12622070869	metaphor	a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	162
12622074794	juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	163
12622074795	logical fallacy	efects in logic that weaken the argument, such as the blaming of a person or entity that is not connected to the issue or attacking someone instead of being focused on the issue	164
12622070870	metonymy	use if an aspect of something to represent the whole	165
12622072814	logos	an appeal to logic	166
12622072815	loose sentence	a sentence that follows the customary word order of English sentences (subject, verb, object)	167

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14775914370	adage	a saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language. for example: "there is more than one way to skin a cat"	0
14775914371	allegory	a story in which a second meaning is to be read beneath the surface	1
14776007095	alliteration	the repetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words or sentence	2
14776007096	allusion	a reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea	3
14776007097	ambiguity	a vagueness if meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations	4
14776007098	anarchronism	a person, scene, event, or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era. for example: colombus sailing to the united states	5
14776007099	analogy	a comparison that points out the similarities between two dissimilar things; a passage that points out several similarities between two unlike things is called an extended analogy	6
14776007100	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses (a form of parallelism) for example, "i have a dream.. i have a dream"	7
14776007101	anecdote	a brief narrative often used to illustrate an idea or make a point	8
14776007102	antimetabole	the identical or near repetition of words in one phrase or clause in reverse order in the next phrase or clause (a form of parallelism). for example, "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country"	9

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14935089339	Why did we develop belief systems?	Because humans have always needed to understand natural phenomenon. We want to explain the world around us.	0
14935089340	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	1
14935089341	Monotheism	Belief in one God	2
14935089342	Animism	-They practice nature worship -They believe that everything has a spirit -They communicated with and showed respect to ancestors. -It is practiced worldwide but mostly in Africa and the Americas.	3
14935089343	Shinto	A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits -"Way of the Gods" -Founded around the year 500 BCE -The Emperor of Japan was considered to be divine and a direct descendant of the Sun Goddess.	4
14935089344	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. -Polytheistic -A result of cultural diffusion between the Aryans and other native people in India. -Practiced in India -The Vedas, Upanishads, etc.. were all significant writings.	5
14935089345	Brahma	The term for the Supreme God and Universal Soul in Hinduism.	6
14935089346	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding Basically Samsara	7
14935089347	Karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation (life)	8
14935089348	Dharma	Fulfilling one's duty in life	9
14935089349	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life	10
14935089350	Judaism	-A religion with a belief in one god (Monotheistic) -It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. -Practiced worldwide but most Jews are in Israel. -They have 10 commandments	11
14935089351	Buddhism	A religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.	12
14935089352	The Four Noble Truths	The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path). 1. Life is full of pain and suffering 2. human desire causes this suffering 3. By putting an end to desire, humans can end suffering 4. Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold Path	13
14935089353	The Eightfold Path	1. Know that suffering is caused by desire 2. Be selfless and love all life 3. Do not lie, or speak without a cause 4. Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous acts 5. Do not do things which promote evil 6. Take effort to promote righteousness 7. Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind, and emotions. 8. Learn to meditate.	14
14935089354	Confucianism	A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.	15
14935089355	Five Relationships in Confucianism:	- Ruler to ruled - Father to Son - Older brother to Younger brother - Husband to Wife - Friend to Friend	16
14935089356	Taoism or Daoism	an ideology whose central theme is the Way, a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention; simple life of individuals -Ying and Yang is used to illustrate the natural harmony in the world.	17
14935089357	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. -Also has the Ten Commandments -Believe in the Holy Trinity Christians take part in sacraments.	18
14935089358	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	19
14935089359	The Five Pillars of Islam	1. Confession of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Charity 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage	20
14935089360	Zoroastrianism	- A dualistic faith, this means they believe in two gods representing good and evil -It was very important during the Sassanid Persian Dynasty.	21
14935089361	Legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	22

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14604142782	alliteration	the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
14604146269	allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	1
14604155078	analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
14604174194	anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
14604178742	anecdote	a short account of an interesting event	4
14604184351	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
14604186740	antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
14604189984	antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted to sharpen a contrast	7
14604194789	antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
14604195901	aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth	9
14604197175	appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
14604205392	archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated anguage	11
14604208116	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
14604212506	aristotelian triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
14604214416	assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration. an assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
14604220504	assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
14604226956	asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
14604230157	attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
14604232496	audience	one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	18
14604235493	authority	a reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	19
14604236686	bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
14604240294	cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
14604240919	claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
14604242062	close reading	a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
14604249050	colloquial(ism)	an informal or conversational use of language.	24
14604252086	common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
14604253363	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	26
14604261619	concession	a reluctant acknowledgement of yielding	27
14604262448	connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
14604269885	context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
14604270864	coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
14604280928	counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
14604282327	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by a series of subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	32
14604288045	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	33
14604289258	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	34
14604294429	denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	35
14604296073	diction	word choice	36
14604298676	documentation	bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	37
14604302353	elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	38
14604304545	epigram	a brief, witty statement	39
14604308761	ethos	a greek term referring to the character of a person; one of aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	40
14604315242	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	41
14604316829	figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	42
14604320073	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	43
14604322608	imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	44
14604325239	imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands.	45
14604326603	induction	reasoning from specific to general	46
14604327796	inversion	a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	47
14604329191	irony	a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	48
14604331015	juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	49
14604333906	logos	a greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	50
14604389023	metaphor	a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	51
14604394254	metonymy	use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	52
14604398415	occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason fro writing	53
14604400167	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory	54
14604406593	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	55
14604407180	parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	56
14604407895	parody	a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
14604410693	pathos	a greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	58
14604415612	persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	59
14604420253	personification	assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	60
14604423304	polemic	an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	61
14604425753	polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	62
14604430632	premise: major, minor	two parts of a syllogism. the concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. major premise: all mammals are warm-blooded minor premise: all horses are mammals conclusion: all horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism)	63
14604451211	propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	64
14604453589	purpose	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	65
14604455757	refute	to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	66
14604461338	rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	67
14604465667	rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	68
14604467173	rhetorical question	a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	69
14604469354	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see aristotelian triangle)	70
14604471616	satire	an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	71
14604473392	scheme	a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	72
14604477390	sentence patterns	the arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	73
14604478901	sentence variety	using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	74
14604480819	simile	a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	75
14604487587	simple sentence	a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	76
14604491336	source	a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	77
14604492200	speaker	a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	78
14604846069	straw man	a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	79
14604846418	style	the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	80
14604852236	subject	in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	81
14604853923	subordinate clause	created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	82
14604856373	subordination	the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	83
14604858230	syllogism	a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)	84
14604862758	syntax	sentence structure	85
14604865076	synthesize	combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	86
14604867721	thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	87
14604869957	thesis statement	a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	88
14604871347	tone	the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	89
14604875891	topic sentence	a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	90
14604878458	trope	artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way; also called a figure of speech	91
14604879900	understatement	lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	92
14604881441	voice	in grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). in rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	93
14604884146	zeugma	a construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	94

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15201740411	appall	to fill with dismay or horror	0
15201744878	cognizant	conscious, aware	1
15201749412	commiserate	to express sorrow, to sympathize	2
15201803533	expedient	self-interested, convenient	3
15201815913	hindrance	barrier, obstacle	4
15201822152	kindle	to inspire, to stir up, arouse	5
15201827577	lavish	overly luxurious, extravagant	6
15201832237	ludicrous	ridiculous, laughable	7
15201835465	negligent	careless	8
15201839722	scrutinize	to examine closely, inspect	9
15201929963	clamor	loud noise, a loud outcry, hubbub	10
15201929964	contract	to become smaller	11
15201938134	duplicity	deceit	12
15201944193	equivocal	vague, open to more than one interpretation and often intended to mislead	13
15201948387	irresolute	unable to decide, undecided	14
15201952701	rescind	to cancel, repeal, take back	15
15201956991	stagnant	motionless, not moving, not flowing	16
15201963573	uniform	unvarying, same	17
15201967419	untenable	unable to be defended, insupportable	18
15201971115	vilify	to speak evil of, to make abusive statements about	19
15202031462	affable	good-natured, friendly	20
15202036976	apocryphal	fictitious, of doubtful authenticity, not genuine	21
15202043371	desultory	random, moving from one thing to another in an unplanned way	22
15202074326	garbled	distorted, mixed up	23
15202078352	irascible	bad tempered, irritable	24
15202101527	loquacious	talking too much	25
15202105488	obtuse	dimwitted, slow to understand, dull	26
15202105489	opaque	difficult to understand, obscure	27
15202110341	paucity	a lack, scarcity	28
15202115325	recapitulate	to sum up, summarize	29
15202246477	accolade	an expression of approval, praise	30
15202250735	assuage	to make less severe, relieve	31
15202255684	cacophony	unpleasant noise	32
15202260045	censure	disapproval	33
15202264964	diatribe	verbal attack	34
15202268586	edifice	structure	35
15202562270	gravity	seriousnes	36
15202562271	infraction	violation	37
15202565990	profane	lacking reverence	38
15202578356	somber	very serious	39
15203170138	blasphemy	an insult to something holy	40
15203174295	enmity	hostility, hatred	41
15203182222	erroneous	in error	42
15203186444	garner	to gather	43
15203186445	heretic	rebel	44
15203192113	incite	to urge on	45
15203196498	languish	to do poorly	46
15203200685	peruse	to inspect	47
15203203911	recluse	hermit	48
15203203912	renounce	to disown	49

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14738127446	Caribbean	0
14738127447	Central Africa	1
14738127449	Central Asia	2
14738127450	East Africa	3
14738127451	East Asia	4
14738127452	West and EastEurope	5
14738127453	Latin America and Mexico	6
14738127454	Middle East	7
14738127455	North Africa	8
14738127456	North America	9
14738127457	Latin America with MesoAmerica and the caribbean	10
14738127458	Southeast Asia	11
14738127459	South Africa	12
14738127460	West Africa	13