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10842259106	Latitude	Distance north or south of the equator	0
10842261895	Longitude	Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees	1
10842264448	Altitude	elevation above sea level or above the earth's surface	2
10842270644	Elevation	height above sea level	3
10842276787	pH	measures the acidity of a solution. It is the negative log of the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a substance	4
10842287712	Organic	molecules containing 2 or more carbons	5
10842293250	Evaporation	The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas	6
10842295623	Condensation	The change of state from a gas to a liquid	7
10842300415	Transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant	8
10842321588	1st law of thermodynamics	Energy cannot be created or destroyed	9
10842325116	Entropy	a measure of the disorder of a system	10
10842330203	2nd law of thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	11
10842334362	weather	Short term temperature and precipitation in a area ( Unpredictable)	12
10842350508	climate	The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time ( predictable)	13
10842364056	ozone layer	Layer of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone; absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation, made of O3, harmful to breath	14
10842377051	Salinity	the amount of salt in a solution	15
10842383812	Convection	Energy movement within a fluid	16
10842401035	Conduction	Energy transfer from one material to another	17
10842419107	Isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, radioactive usually	18
10842426264	Radiation	Energy that can move through mediums and vacuums	19
10842435207	Albedo	How reflective the earth's surface is most reflective; ice , least reflective; soil, snow, water, rocks	20
10842458464	inner core	A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth	21
10842462714	outer core	A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth	22
10842471206	Magnetosphere	Electro magnetic field caused by core, protects life from harmful particles and energy.	23
10842487478	Mantle	The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.	24
10842493457	continental drift	Wegener's theory that the continents slowly move across Earth's surface.	25
10842500066	plate tectonics	explains how continents move.	26
10842505755	Asthenosphere	liquid layer of rock below crust and above mantle (thin)	27
10842532826	convergent boundary	A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.	28
10842540447	divergent boundary	A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.	29
10842543370	transform boundary	A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions	30
10842546123	Subduction	One plate going under another plate	31
10842549798	Pangea	A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land that existed about 225 million years ago.	32
10842553398	Igneous	rock formed from cooled magma or lava ex; granite, pumice	33
10842563722	Metamorphic	When other rocks are compressed and melted; Marble	34
10842571448	Sedimentary	forms from tiny particles sticking together; sandstone, limestone	35
10842590226	Law of Superposition	The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.	36
10842595171	Equinox	Each of the two times of the year when days and nights are of equal length	37
10842598917	Solstice	Either the longest day or the shortest	38
10842609790	Epicenter	Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus	39
10842616441	Isostasy	The balancing of the downward force of the crust and the upward force of the mantle.	40
10842620831	P waves	A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground, fastest wave.	41
10842629615	S waves	A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side, "shear waves"	42
10842636042	L waves	last wave to arrive, slowest, up and down motion, causes the most damage to us, move laterally	43
10842644922	focus	The point beneath Earth's surface where plates shift during an earthquake	44
10842658835	Caldera	The large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses.	45
10842680500	Troposphere	0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases)	46
10842683196	Stratosphere	2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.	47
10842686285	Mesosphere	The layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases	48
10842694712	Thermosphere	the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the height at which the atmosphere ceases to have the properties of a continuous medium. The thermosphere is characterized throughout by an increase in temperature with height.	49
10842702993	Tropic of Capricorn	23.5 degrees south latitude	50
10842705869	Tropic of Cancer	23.5 degrees north latitude	51
10842711227	Ring of Fire	the chain of volcanoes that lines the Pacific Rim	52
10842714444	El Nino	an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.	53
11060658678	Ferrel Cell	A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells	54
11060658679	Hadley Cell	Convection Currents that cycle between the equator, 30 degrees North and South.	55
11060658680	Polar Cell	Cells of air circulation occurring between 60 degrees north and south and each pole.	56
11060658681	Coriolis effect	Causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to Earth's hemisphere.	57
11060658682	hurricane	A tropical storm that has winds of about 119 kilometers per hour or higher.	58
11060658683	tornado	a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground, winds up to 300 mph	59
11060658684	storm surge	a rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm.	60
11060658685	thermohaline currents	currents formed as a result of both the temperature of the water AND the amount of salt in it	61
11060658686	Upwelling	The movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface	62

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13975713470	Ad Hominem Argument	Attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand	0
13975714792	Allegory	Fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts	1
13975717385	Allusion	A reference to another thing, idea, or person (usually to something historical or literary)	2
13975740120	Analogy	the correspondence or resemblance between two things that are essentially different	3
13975747758	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	4
13975754789	Antithesis	the direct opposite, a sharp contrast	5
13975760037	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	6
13975762290	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	7
13975766281	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	8
13975769278	colloquial language	Slang or common language that is informal	9
13975770664	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	10
13975777058	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	11
13975778640	denotation	dictionary definition	12
13975780718	diction	word choice	13
13975780719	didactic	intended to instruct	14
13975782236	elegy	expresses sorrow	15
13975789375	epigram	witty comment	16
13975790272	ethos	credibility	17
13975792341	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	18
13975824683	exposition	writing that is organized to explain	19
13975961292	imperative sentence	command	20
13975963516	interrogative sentence	asks a question	21
13975964680	invective	bitter, critical statement about something else	22
13975966499	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	23
13975974094	juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast	24
13975976944	logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	25
13975978572	loose sentence	A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows	26
13975980110	oxymoron	two contradictory words in expression	27
13975981869	Paradox	seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth	28
13975983908	parallelism	technique relying on the repeated use of the same syntactical structures	29
13975988388	parody	humorous imitation	30
13975990284	pathos	a quality that evokes pity or sadness	31
13975993170	pedantic	tending to show off one's learning	32
13975993895	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	33
13975998090	pun	A play on words	34
13975998851	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	35
13975999606	rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	36
13976005770	rhetorical strategies	The way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose	37
13976016809	rhetorical devices	techniques writers use to enhance their arguments and communicate more effectively	38
13976019712	rhetorical question	a question asked for the arg.'s sake	39
13976028890	satire	ridicule	40
13976038832	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Ms G is teacher. Teachers good at math. Ms G is mathtician	41
13976044851	syntax	particular word arrangement in sentence	42
13976048544	vernacular	casual speech of region	43

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AP Language and Composition: Vocabulary SHORT DEFINITIONS Flashcards

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10734993107	Abasement	To reduce or lower	0
10734993108	Abashed	Ashamed	1
10735018804	Aberration	Departing from the ordinary	2
10735028386	Abominable	loathsome	3
10735034541	Abrogate	To formally abolish	4
10735045720	Abscond	To depart secretly and suddenly	5
10735052661	Abstruse	Hard to understand	6
10735068944	Acquiesce	Consent	7
10735081358	Acrimonious	Bitter in nature	8
10735111740	Adroit	Ingenious	9
10828506416	Advocate	A person who publicly supports a cause or policy	10
10828519067	Affinity	A natural liking to someone or something	11
10828523592	Aggrandizement	to increase the reputation of something	12
10828531797	Altruistic	unselfish	13
10828536368	Ameliorate	to make something bad better, improve	14
10936022358	Amicable	friendly or peaceable	15
10936024611	Amnesty	a general pardon for political or government offenses	16
10936025631	Arbitrary	contingent solely upon one's discretion	17
10936030934	Ardent	passionate or fervent	18
10936031590	Articulate	uttered clearly in distinct syllables	19
11041360716	Astute	shrewd	20
11041361915	Audacious	fearless	21
11041361916	Augment	to make larger	22
11041362744	Banal	trite	23
11041364121	Barren	unproductive	24
11102907542	Bellicose	inclined or eager to fight	25
11102911128	Belligerent	warlike or aggressively hostile	26
11102918791	Berate	to scold	27
11102921735	Blasphemy	imperious utterance or action concerning sacred things	28
11102937141	Bombast	pretentious words	29
11247073796	Boorish	crude	30
11247073797	Brevity	briefness	31
11247075459	Cacophony	dissonance	32
11247077971	Cajole	to persuade by flattery	33
11247080943	Calloused	unsympathetic	34
11349710545	Capricious	erratic	35
11349716117	Castigation	punishment	36
11349718109	Clemency	an act or deed showing mercy or leniency	37
11349724128	Cogent	relevant	38
11349725528	Cognizant	having legal jurisdiction	39
11549962719	Commensurate	Proportionate	40
11549962720	Conciliatory	Reconciled	41
11549962721	Congeniable	Agreeable	42
11549962722	Contrite	Showing sincere remorse	43
11549962723	Conundrum	A riddle	44
11662466388	Corroborate	to confirm or give support	45
11662471097	Credulity	a tendency to quickly believe that something is real or true	46
11662479421	Cryptic	having a meaning that is obscure	47
11662485013	Curtail	to reduce in extent or quantity	48
11662487811	Debacle	a fiasco	49
12081253971	Debonair	Having a sophisticated charm	50
12081253972	Degenerate	To fall below a normal level in physical, mental, or moral qualities.	51
12081253973	Deleterious	Harmful	52
12081253974	Deluge	A great flood of water	53
12081253975	Deplorable	Lamentable	54
12081253976	Derision	Mockery	55
12081253977	Derivative	Imitative of the work of another person	56
12081253978	Despot	A ruler who holds absolute power	57
12081253979	Destitute	Without the basic needs of life	58
12081253980	Didactic	Intended to teach	59
12081253981	Dilapidated	In a state of disrepair as a result of age or neglect	60
12081253982	Dilettante	A person who cultivates an area of interest without real commitment or knowledge	61
12081253983	Diminutive	Unusually small	62
12081253984	Disingenuous	Not candid or sincere	63
12081253985	Dissonance	Music- a harsh clash of sounds Literary- use of unusual and harsh sounding words in poetry	64
12328697798	Dogmatic	inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true	65
12328701066	Dubious	doubting	66
12328706708	Ebullient	cheerful and full of energy	67
12328708750	Eccentric	unconventional and slightly strange	68
12328711136	Ecletic	deriving ideas, style, or taste from a diverse range of sources	69
12372215053	Effervescent	vivacious and enthusiastic	70
12372219876	Effrontery	insolent or impertinent behavior; elusive	71
12372230035	Enervate	lacking in energy or life	72
12372232467	Enigmatic	difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious	73
12372238910	Ensconce	establish or settle (someone) in a comfortable, safe, or secret place	74
12701630396	Entailment	something that is inferred	75
12701630397	Enunciation	the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience	76
12701630398	Ephemeral	Something that is fleeting or short-lived	77
12701630399	Epitome	a standard or typical example	78
12701630400	Eradicate	destroy completely	79
12884823197	Esoteric	confined to and understandable by only an enlightened inner circle	80
12884823198	Ethereal	lightness and insubstantiality; as impalpable or intangible as air	81
12884823199	Euphemism	an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh	82
12884823200	Eviscrate	take away a vital or essential part of	83
12884823201	Exorbitant	greatly exceeding bounds of reason or moderation	84
12989449579	Expedite	V. To process fast and efficiently	85
12989449580	Extol	V. To praise, glorify	86
12989449581	Facetious	Adj. cleverly in an amusing tone	87
12989449582	Fallacious	Adj. Containing or based on fallacy	88
12989449583	Fallow	Adj. undeveloped and potentially useful	89
13181905540	Fastidious	adjective, giving careful attention to detail	90
13181905541	Feign	Verb, make believe with the intent to decieve	91
13181905542	Flagrant	Adjective, conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible	92
13181905543	Fortuitous	Adjective, occurring by happy chance	93
13181905544	Futile	Adjective, producing no result or effect	94
13181905545	Gossamer	Adjective, extremely light, delicate, or tenuous	95
13181905546	Gravity	Noun, dignity or sobriety of bearing; a serious situation or problem	96
13181905547	Gregarious	Adjective, fond of the company of others sociable	97
13181905548	Guile	Noun, insidious cunning in attaining a goal; crafty or artful	98
13181905549	Habiliment	Noun, dress or attire	99
13278373789	Hackneyed	(adj) repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse	100
13278373790	Haughtiness	(n) overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors	101
13278373791	Hedonism	(n) an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good	102
13278373792	Hiatus	(n) an interruption in the intensity or amount of something	103
13278373793	Illustrious	(adj) widely known and esteemed	104
13728267464	impervious	(adj) not admitting of passage or capable of being affected	105
13728267465	incessant	(adj)uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing	106
13728267466	incongruous	(adj) lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness	107
13728267467	incredulous	(adj) not disposed or willing to believe; unbelieving	108
13728267468	Indefatigable	(adj) showing sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality	109
13728267469	indictment	(n) a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime	110
13728267470	indignant	(adj) angered at something unjust or wrong	111
13728267471	Indolently	(adj) lazily or slowly	112
13728267472	Induce	(v) to move or lead someone to action	113
13728267473	Inflection	(noun) the ups and downs of a language	114

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11471455512	dulcet	sweet, pleasant to the ear, soothing to the eye of the feelings	0
11471455513	duplicity	deception, two-faced behavior, trickery	1
11471455514	duress	pressure, force, coercion (often in law, usually the phrase "under ____________"	2
11471455515	dynamic	energetic, changing, vigorously active	3
11471455516	ebullition	exuberance, overflowing of passion or feeling	4
11471455517	eccentric	odd	5
11471455518	éclat	1. brilliance of success; 2. a showy or elaborate display, acclaim	6
11471455519	eclogue	a poem about the countryside, often in dialogue form	7
11471455520	edify	to enlighten intellectually or spiritually, to inform, to teach	8
11471455521	efface	to erase	9
11471455522	effete	worn out, exhausted, infertile, synonym for defunct	10
11471455523	efficacious	capable of producing an effect, effective as a way to do something (usually medicine)	11
11471455524	effigy	a dummy, image, copy, (often meant to be crude and ridiculed. always a person)	12
11471455525	effrontery	shameless, boldness, audacious behavior	13
11471455526	egregious	outstandingly and obviously bad	14
11471455527	elicit	to draw forth, bring out	15
11471455528	eloquent	well spoken	16
11471455529	elusive	tough to catch or pin down	17
11471455530	emaciated	haggard, wasted, skinny, visibly starved	18
11471455531	emanate	to issue forth, flow or proceed from source of origin	19
11471455532	embellish	to add details, decorate	20
11471455533	embezzle	steal through fraudulent bookkeeping	21
11471455534	emollient	1. softener, an agent that mollifies; 2. having the power to soothe and relax	22
11471455535	emolument	payment for service, earning, salary, pay	23
11471455536	empirical	based on observation or experience, not in theory or proof (usually evidence)	24
11471455537	emulate	imitate with effort to be equal or better	25
11471455538	encomium	formal praise	26
11471455539	endorse	give support	27
11471455540	enduring	lasting	28
11471455541	engender	to cause, start, produce	29
11471455542	enhance	to increase, make better	30
11471455543	enigma	something puzzling or hard to explain (like a riddle)	31
11471455544	enjoin	to command, divest orders to do something	32
11471455545	ephemeral	short-lived	33
11471455546	epicure	connoisseur, one who cultivates a fine taste	34
11471455547	epitaph	writing on a tombstone	35
11471455548	epithet	tag, label	36
11471455549	epitome	the best example of a certain trait or description	37
11471455550	equable	1. even tempered, mellow; 2. free from much change, uniform	38
11471455551	equanimity	calmness, especially under stress of other strains	39
11471455552	equitable	(adj) just, fair	40
11471455553	equity	(v) fairness, impartiality	41
11471455554	equivocal	uncertain, deliberately misleading, ambiguous	42
11471455555	erratic	irregular, unpredictable	43
11471455556	eschew	to avoid, reject, shun	44
11471455557	esoteric	understood by few	45
11471455558	espouse	to give support, to give approval, to get married	46
11471455559	estrange	to alienate	47
11471455560	ethereal	light, airy, delicate, heavenly	48
11471455561	ethnology	science of radical origins	49
11471455562	etymology	science of word origins	50
11471455563	eulogy	speech of praise for the dead at a funeral	51
11471455564	euphemism	a nice way to say something profane or inappropriate	52
11471455565	euphony	pleasing sound of words (sound only)	53
11471455566	evanescent	vanishing, fleeting, something that does not last very long	54
11471455567	exacerbate	to aggravate, make worse	55
11471455568	exculpate	to free of guilt, to remove culpability	56
11471455569	execration	to curse/a curse	57
11471455570	exemplary	outstanding	58
11471455571	exemplify	to serve as an example	59

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13807234354	Blaise Diagne	Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly.	0
13807234355	African National Congress	An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.	1
13807234356	Haile Selassie	Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)	2
13807234357	Indian National Congress	A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.	3
13807234358	Bengal	Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.	4
13807234359	All-India Muslim League	Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.	5
13807234360	Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi	Political leader and spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain after WWI; he stressed non violent but aggressive protesting and civil disobedience.	6
13807234361	Jawaharlal Nehru	Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).	7
13807234362	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights	8
13807234363	Emiliano Zapata	Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.	9
13807234364	Francisco "Pancho" Villa	A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)	10
13807234365	Lazaro Cardenas	President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry	11
13807234366	Hipolito Irigoyen	Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916-1922 and 1928-1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer, but later became conservative.	12
13807234367	Getulio Vargas	Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.	13
13807234368	Import Substitution Industrialization	an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports.	14
13807234369	Juan Peron	President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.	15
13807234370	Eva Duarte Peron	Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.	16

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AP World History Chapter 23 Multiple Choice Flashcards

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10050317434	When the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498, they (A) found they had little to offer in trade, but could get rich by using force. (B) quickly integrated themselves into the Asian trade system. (C) exchanged their European goods for Asian luxury items. (D) were unwelcome. (E) established cordial relations with Muslim merchants.	a	0
10050317435	The periphery of the Indian Ocean trading network around 1500, specifically Africa, Southeast Asia, and Japan, furnished what items to the network? (A) slaves (B) cotton textiles (C) carpets and tapestries (D) porcelain and silks (E) mainly raw materials	e	1
10050317436	The highest prices in the Asian network were paid for (A) cotton textiles. (B) spices. (C) bulk items such as foodstuffs. (D) silk and porcelain. (E) gold and silver.	b	2
10050317437	The largest portion of Asian trade by volume in the Early Modern Era was the trade in (A) silk from China to the Middle East. (B) cottons from India to the Middle East. (C) bulk items, usually foodstuffs, exchanged within each of the main zones. (D) spices from the East Indies. (E) slaves from Africa.	c	3
10050317438	Rather than try to control trade in the Indian Ocean as had Portugal, the Dutch (A) attempted to monopolize the spice trade from the East Indies. (B) cooperated with the Muslim and Hindu merchants. (C) signed trading agreements with local rulers. (D) abided by the traditional practices of the region. (E) concentrated on trade in India.	a	4
10050317439	Europeans learned that the greatest trading profits in Asia could be made by (A) allying with the Hindus and warring on the Muslim states. (B) transporting other peoples' goods and providing services as middlemen. (C) seizing lands and creating land-based empires. (D) peaceful cooperation with and integration into existing Asian trade networks. (E) piracy and raiding other nations' merchant ships.	d	5
10050317440	Europeans learned that the most successful missionary work in Asia occurred by (A) having missionaries use local languages and become acclimated to native cultures. (B) forcibly converting the Muslims and Hindus to Christianity. (C) converting the poorest and lowest social classes first. (D) converting the elites first; the other classes would follow. (E) converting areas that had not been converted to Islam.	e	6
10050317441	Following the defeat and expulsion of the Mongols from China, (A) a legalist regime was established. (B) the Ming Dynasty arose. (C) peasants were granted equality with the scholar-gentry and noble classes. (D) China converted to Buddhism. (E) the civil service exam system of the Mongols was ended.	b	7
10050317442	The first Ming emperors of China attempted to end all of these abuses EXCEPT: (A) the position of chief minister, who had too much power. (B) dishonesty, disloyalty, and laziness. (C) court factions and conspiracies. (D) the influence of the Emperor's wives and their relatives. (E) the influence of the scholar-gentry	e	8
10050317443	In the 17th century, the Japanese dealt with the long-term European challenge by (A) allying with the Portuguese against the other Europeans. (B) permitting the Jesuits to convert the Japanese to Christianity. (C) permitting the Europeans to establish a trading monopoly in Japan. (D) self-imposed isolation and forbidding most contact with Europeans. (E) adapting European customs and technology.	d	9
10050317444	Where was the chief Dutch trading fortress and port in southeast Asia? Select one: a. Manila b. Darsan c. Ormuz d. Batavia e. Goa	d	10
10050317445	Despite their armaments, what factor convinced the Europeans that they could make little headway against the kingdoms of Asia? Select one: a. Large populations of Asian kingdoms b. Inferiority of European ships c. Armed resistance to European trade d. Distance from European ports e. European lack of bullion	a	11
10050317446	What Jesuit missionary was responsible for creating the strategy of converting Hindu elites as a means of achieving mass conversions? Select one: a. Padre Kino b. Matteo Ricci c. Robert di Nobili d. Francis Xavier e. Adam Schall	c	12
10050317447	Which of the following was one of the crucial points in the Asian sea trading network where trade converged? Select one: a. The mouth of the Ganges River b. The straits of Malacca c. The mouth of the Huanghe River d. Sofala e. Canton	b	13
10050317448	What trade did the Portuguese intend to monopolize within the Asian trading network? Select one: a. Ivory b. Spices c. Slaves d. Lumber e. Cotton textiles	b	14
10050317449	Whose voyages of exploration opened the way for the Europeans to the Indies? Select one: a. Francis Xavier b. Vasco da Gama c. Christopher Columbus d. Ferdinand Magellan e. Ponce de Leon	b	15
10050317450	Which of the following was the first of the three military centralizers of Japan starting in the 16th century? Select one: a. Tokugawa b. Hiata Ashikaga c. Hideyoshi d. Murasaki e. Oda Nobunaga	e	16
10050317451	Why were the Portuguese unwilling to exchange bullion for products within the Asian commercial system? Select one: a. There was little merchandise that the Portuguese considered of value in the Asian trade network. b. The doctrine of mercantilism equated possession of bullion with power and argued against negative trade balances. c. They were sending bullion to England to pay for weapons. d. All of Portuguese bullion was exchanged for slaves in the African commercial system. e. They had none.	b	17
10050317452	In what way did the Dutch and English participation within the Asian sea trading network change by the middle decades of the 17th century? Select one: a. For both the Dutch and the English, peaceful commerce came to be more profitable than forcible control and monopolies were aimed at European rather than Asian rivals. b. Military expansion enabled greater commercial control due to the series of religious wars that had broken out in Europe. c. As allies, the Dutch and English were able to establish a naval supremacy in Asia sufficient to monopolize all trade within the Asian sea trading network. d. Both northern European nations abandoned the commerce in spices in favor of cotton and silk textiles. e. Unlike the Portuguese and Spanish, the northern European nations undertook wholesale conversion to Protestantism of the inhabitants of the Spice Islands.	a	18
10050317453	The ultimate task of all the explorations launched by the Europeans from the 14th century onward was Select one: a. establishing European political dominion over all of Asia. b. perfecting European knowledge of navigation and astronomy. c. spreading knowledge of European civilization to Asia. d. winning their long-standing competition with Islam. e. finding a sea link between Europe and the wealthy civilizations of Asia.	e	19
10050317454	Which of the following was NOT a European contribution to the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. The addition of new routes, including the link to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope b. The introduction of sea warfare into the Asian trade network c. A global flow of silver starting in the Americas and ending in China d. The establishment of an exchange of new crops and diseases similar to the "Columbian Exchange" with the Americas e. The establishment of new trading centers such as Goa, Calicut, and Batavia	d	20
10050317455	Which of the following was NOT a policy imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th century? Select one: a. The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance. b. Western books were banned. c. Neo-Confucian philosophy gave way to the influence of thinkers who championed the school of "National Learning." d. Christianity was banned and Christians were persecuted. e. Foreign traders were confined to the island of Deshima in Nagasaki Bay.	a	21
10050317456	In what way did the Jesuit missionaries maintain their positions at the court of the Ming emperors? Select one: a. By demonstrating knowledge of scientific and technological skills b. By converting Yungle to Christianity c. By accepting the support of the scholar-gentry d. By maintaining a small but powerful European army in the Chinese capital e. By becoming eunuchs	a	22
10050317457	Which of the following products was associated with the Indian zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Tapestry b. Cotton textiles c. Carpets d. Spices e. Paper	b	23
10050317458	Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced by the first Ming emperor? Select one: a. The position of the scholar-gentry within the bureaucracy was restored. b. The civil service examination system was reinstated. c. The position of chief minister was abolished. d. State subsidies for imperial academies and regional colleges were reinstituted. e. Family influence in the selection of men to the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated.	e	24
10050317459	In what sense was the Spanish conversion of the Filipinos similar to their experience in the Americas? Select one: a. All Christian tenets were taught in the language of the indigenous peoples. b. Filipino conversion to Christianity was predicated on political equality with the Spanish conquerors. c. Like the Amerindians, the Filipinos' brand of Christianity represented a creative blend of earlier beliefs and practices with Christianity. d. Filipinos were easily converted to Protestant faiths. e. Few Filipinos were converted to Christianity.	c	25
10050317460	Which of the following products was NOT one of the products associated with the Indian zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Cotton textiles b. Gems c. Cinnamon d. Salt e. Porcelain	e	26
10050317461	In what year was the Tokugawa shogunate founded, marking the reestablishment of central government in Japan? Select one: a. 1854 b. 1603 c. 1593 d. 1633 e. 1653	b	27
10050317462	Why did the Chinese abandon the commercial voyages of the Zheng He expeditions? Select one: a. There was little of value for the Chinese to import in trade, and the voyages were expensive to carry out. b. Chinese commerce was not competitive enough due to competition from the Europeans. c. The size of the fleets was so limited that they could not compete with the greater capacity of the European voyages. d. Many of the ships were lost as a result of poor ship design and inadequate sailing technology. e. The trade with foreign regions produced a negative balance of trade for China that drained bullion from imperial coffers.	a	28
10050317463	Why did the earliest of the Japanese military centralizers accept Christian missionaries? Select one: a. Christianity was seen as a counterforce to the Buddhist orders that opposed the imposition of central rule. b. Prior to his first military victory, Hideyoshi saw a cross in the sky. c. The Portuguese supplied a large army to rulers who offered to accept Christianity. d. His wife was a Christian who was able to exert her influence throughout his household. e. He was intimidated by the military might of the Portuguese.	a	29
10050317464	In terms of literature, what was the chief accomplishment of the Ming era? Select one: a. The novel b. The short story c. Poetry d. Haiku e. Narrative history	a	30
10050317465	What was the initial Portuguese response to the encounter at Calicut? Select one: a. The Portuguese entered a trade alliance with Spain. b. They exported increasing amounts of Western products to Asia. c. They applied military force to obtain desired Asian products. d. They bypassed India and traded directly with China. e. They abandoned hopes of entering the Asian markets.	c	31
10050317466	All of the following were sources of disappointment to the Europeans who arrived in Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries EXCEPT Select one: a. Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished. b. Asians were uninterested in converting to Christianity. c. the Europeans were too few in numbers to exert force on Asian kingdoms. d. Asian culture was thriving and diverse. e. Asians were uninterested in European trade goods.	a	32
10050317467	What peoples had preceded the Portuguese in entering the markets of south and southeast Asia? Select one: a. English b. Muslims c. Spanish d. Dutch e. Africans	b	33
10050317468	What raw materials were the most highly valued exports in the Asian sea trading network for the Europeans? Select one: a. Iron b. Spices c. Fish d. Lumber e. Ivory	b	34
10050317469	What group successfully asserted its control over China following the collapse of the Ming dynasty? Select one: a. The Hsiung-nu b. The Portuguese c. The Jurchens or Manchus d. The Mongols e. The Uighurs	c	35
10050317470	Which of the following was a reform instituted by the first Ming emperor to reduce court factionalism and the power of the scholar-gentry? Select one: a. Corrupt or incompetent members of the bureaucracy were punished by being beaten on the bare buttocks. b. A chief minister was appointed from the royal family to oversee all work of the imperial bureaucracy. c. Eunuchs were expelled from the royal household. d. Exams were more complex and were based on the Legalist school. e. Imperial wives could only come from specified noble families of good repute.	a	36
10050317471	Which of the following reasons is at least in part responsible for the peopling of the Yangtzi region in the southern part of China during the Ming era? Select one: a. The enforced migration of remaining Mongols within the Chinese population to the region of the Yangtzi b. The opening of the region to settlement from Siam and Vietnam c. The abandonment of rice and millet cultivation in the region in favor of wheat introduced by Portuguese merchants d. The introduction of crops from the Americas that could be cultivated on inferior soils and did not require irrigation e. The overpopulation of the northern provinces of China led to the Ming ordering a mass migration	d	37
10050317472	Which of the following statements concerning Ming social organization is most accurate? Select one: a. Occupational alternatives for women of all social levels dramatically expanded during the Ming era. b. The adoption of more Buddhist beliefs began to break down the strict patterns of deference that had been customary in Han and Song China. c. Social roles were more flexible than before due to the influence of Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci. d. Among the groups granted almost total freedom from the bonds of social status were the students seeking entry into the scholar-gentry. e. Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian ideology, Ming society remained rigidly stratified with emphasis on deference of youth to elders and women to men.	e	38
10050317473	What area of the Philippines were the Spanish NOT able to conquer? Select one: a. Leyte b. Java c. Mindanao d. Luzon e. Suhong	c	39
10050317474	Where were foreigners permitted to do business in China during the Ming era? Select one: a. At Hong Kong b. Only at the Ming capital at Beijing c. At Macao and Canton d. At any port e. Nowhere	c	40
10050317475	The Portuguese won a major sea battle over a combined fleet of Egyptian and Indian vessels in 1509 at Select one: a. Diu. b. Samarkand. c. Jidda. d. Malacca. e. Batavia.	a	41
10050317476	What was the Portuguese lesson learned at Calicut? Select one: a. Indians refused to trade with Europeans. b. European goods were much sought after in India. c. Western products brought for trade were of little or no value. d. Western bullion was of no use in the East. e. Indian markets had little of interest to Western consumers.	c	42
10050317477	Which of the following items was more likely to be exchanged within the ports of each of the main trading zone rather than over greater distances between zones? Select one: a. Spices b. Gems c. Silk textiles d. Rice e. Ivory	d	43
10050317478	How successful was the Portuguese monopoly on Asian products? Select one: a. The Portuguese were unable to achieve control over any Asian products due to competition from the Chinese commercial navy. b. The Portuguese monopoly was rigidly enforced over Asian products for almost two centuries. c. For some decades they were able to maintain a complete monopoly over Asian products shipped to Europe. d. Other European trade powers were frozen out of the market due to the success of the Portuguese establishing fortified trade ports. e. Though they managed to monopolize some spices grown in limited locales, the Portuguese lacked the manpower and ships to sustain a monopoly.	e	44
10050317479	During the reign of what Ming emperor did the Chinese launch commercial expeditions to southeast Asia, Persia, and Africa? Select one: a. Chongzhen b. Zhenghe c. Hongwu d. Yungle e. Kangxi	d	45
10050317480	What was the significance of the mainland kingdoms and island states of southeast Asia that surrounded the three great manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. These regions had no relationship to the three main manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network. b. These regions were virtually the sole consumers of goods made in the manufacturing regions. c. These regions provided the military defense for the manufacturing regions. d. These regions fed raw materials—precious metals and forest products—into the trading network. e. These regions provided the medium of exchange in the form of gold and silver.	d	46
10050317481	Which of the following statements concerning the Ming economy is most accurate? Select one: a. European markets became increasingly important to the Ming emperors. b. The Chinese government did not tax trade, thus did not profit from commercial growth. c. Almost all commercial profits were reinvested in trade. d. Much merchant wealth was invested in land as a means of social advancement. e. Merchants failed to realize profits from the Ming commercial boom.	d	47
10050317482	Who succeeded the Portuguese as the most successful European entrant into the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Germany b. Spain c. Holland d. England e. Italy	c	48
10050317483	Which of the following was NOT a fortified trading port established by the Portuguese in the early 16th century? Select one: a. Calicut b. Malacca c. Goa d. Ormuz e. Batavia	e	49
10050317484	Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. The system functioned only so long as it was administered from the Ottoman Empire with the tacit support of the Ming dynasty. b. There was no central control, and force was usually absent from commercial exchanges. c. The entire network was dominated by Arab merchants who worked in common cause to establish a monopoly of trade. d. The Chinese, as a result of their naval superiority, were able to secure military dominance of the system. e. The Chinese empire kept the peace through the use of heavily armed junks.	b	50
10050317485	What was the nature of the sea routes in the Asian trading network? Select one: a. They were restricted to the South China Sea and the Sea of Japan. b. The only sea-going routes crossed the Indian Ocean from the Swahili ports of east Africa to India. c. Only the Chinese and Arabs practiced navigation in the Asian trading network. d. Well-established routes directly crossing the major oceans were maintained from ancient times. e. Most of the navigation consisted of sailing along the coastlines and avoiding open seas.	e	51
10050317486	How did the Dutch commercial strategy within the Asian trade network differ from that of the Portuguese? Select one: a. The Dutch did not make use of fortified towns and factories. b. The Dutch were more humane in their treatment of island peoples who cultivated the spices. c. The Dutch lacked a substantial navy, and could not use warships to maintain their commercial advantage. d. The Dutch were more systematic in their monopoly control of a limited number of specific spices. e. The Dutch were more interested in establishing permanent settlements such as Batavia.	d	52
10050317487	Which of the following statements concerning Ming reforms in favor of the peasantry is most accurate? Select one: a. The first Ming emperor attempted to increase the forced labor demands on the peasantry in order to restore the Chinese economy following the expulsion of the Mongols. b. The Ming reforms resulted in a reduction in the authority of the local landlords and the establishment of small farming operations throughout China. c. Peasants were made exempt from all taxation due to Hongwu being a peasant himself. d. Despite some attempts to improve economic conditions for the peasantry, the growing power of the rural landlords led to increased tenancy and landless laborers. e. The early Ming emperors were completely uninterested in the plight of the peasantry.	d	53
10050317488	Why did the Portuguese believe they could successfully enter the Asian sea trading by force? Select one: a. The European trade zones were easily dominated by force. b. The Asian empires lacked navies. c. Portuguese ships were more maneuverable and better armed than those of their Asian opponents. d. There was little military force in any of the Muslim or Asian empires. e. The Portuguese realized that their armies were more numerous than those of the Asian opponents.	c	54
10050317489	Which of the following products was associated with the Arab zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Porcelain b. Glass c. Paper d. Gunpowder e. Cotton textiles	b	55
10050317490	The first Ming emperor of China was Select one: a. Kangxi. b. Yunglo. c. Hongwu. d. Chong Zhao. e. Zhenghe.	c	56
10050317491	Among which of the following groups did Roman Catholic missionaries enjoy some success? Select one: a. Outcaste groups in Indian coastal regions b. The Chinese c. Hindu brahmins d. The animists of the southern Philippines e. Buddhists	a	57

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