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AP Macroeconomics Flashcards

14011594693	GDP formula	C + I + G + NX	0
14011596961	GDP formula income approach	W + I + R + P	1
14011598646	calculating nominal GDP	the quantity of various goods produced in a nation times their current prices, added together	2
14011603252	GDP deflator	a price index used to adjust nominal GDP to arrive at real GDP. called the "deflator" because nominal GDP will usually overstate the value of a nation's output. CPI is another commonly used price index.	3
14011609524	Real GDP formula	(nominal GDP/GDP deflator) x 100	4
14011612036	GDP grown rate	((current year GDP - last year GDP)/last year GDP) x 100	5
14011616402	inflation rate via CPI	((this years CPI - last years CPI)/last years CPI) x 100	6
14011618633	real interest rate	nominal interest rate - inflation rate	7
14011620159	unemployment rate	(number of unemployed/number in labor force) x 100	8
14011623305	money multiplier	1/RRR (required reserve ratio) application ex: an initial injection of 1,000 of new money into a banking system with reserve ratio of .1 will generate up to 1,000 x 10 = 10,000 in total money	9
14011633269	quantity theory of money	MV = PQ = Y. A monetarist's view that explain how changes in the money supply (M) will affect the price level (P) and/or real output assuming the velocity of money (V) is fixed in the short run	10
14011640528	MPC + MPS =	MPC + MPS = 1	11
14011641923	spending multiplier	1/MPS or 1/1-MPC. this tells you how much total spending an initial injection of spending in the economy will generate. ex: if the MPC = .8 and the government spends 100 million, then the total increase in spending in the economy = 100 x 5 = 500 million	12
14011651075	tax multiplier	-MPC/MPS or -MPC/(1-MPC). this tells you how much total spending will result from an initial change in the level of taxation. it is negative because when taxes decrease, spending increases, and vice versa. the tax multiplier will always be smaller than the spending multiplier.	13
14011660331	absolute advantage	a country or individual has an absolute advantage in the production of a good	14
14011662101	aggregate demand	a schedule or curve that shows the total quantity demand for all goods and services of a nation at various price levels	15
14011664328	aggregate supply	the total amount of goods and services that all the firms in all the industries in a country will produce at various price levels in a given period of time	16
14011668619	appreciation	an increase in the value of one currency relative to another, resulting from an increase in demand for or a decrease in the supply of the currency on the foreign exchange market	17
14011673421	balance of payments	measures all the monetary exchanges between one nation and all other nations. includes the current account and the capital account	18
14011677365	bonds	a certificate of debt issued by a company or a government to an investor	19
14011678833	budget deficit	when a government spends more than it collects in tax revenues in a given year	20
14011681153	business cycle	a model showing the short-run periods of contraction and expansion in output experienced by an economy over a period of time	21
14011684099	captial	human made resources used to produce goods and services	22
14011688826	capital account/financial account	measures the flow of funds for investment in real assets or financial assets between a nation and the rest of the world	23
14011692559	circular flow diagram	a model of the macro-economy that shows the connectedness of businesses, households, government, banks, and the foreign sectors. money flows in a circular direction, and goods, services, and resources flow in the opposite direction	24
14011700514	classical economic theory	the view that an economy will self correct from periods of economic shock if left alone (laissez-faire)	25
14011702855	comparative advantage	when an individual, a firm, or a nation is able to produce a particular product at a lower opportunity cost than another individual, firm, or nation.	26
14011705575	consumer price index	an index that measures the price of a fixed market basket of consumer goods bought by a typical consumer. CPI is used to calculate the inflation rate in a nation.	27
14011712299	consumption	a component of a nations aggregate demand; measures the total spending by domestic households on goods and services	28
14011715663	contractionary fiscal policy	a demand-side policy whereby government increases taxes or decreases its spending in order to reduce aggregate demand. could be used in periods of high inflation to bring down inflation rate	29
14011719618	contractionary monetary policy	a demand-side policy whereby the central bank reduces the supply of money, increasing interest rates, and reducing aggregate demand. could be used to bring down high inflation rates	30
14011725618	cost-push inflation	inflation resulting from a decrease in AS (from higher wage rates and raw material prices) and accompanied by a decrease in real output and employment. also referred to as stagflation or adverse aggregate supply shock	31
14011732613	crowding out effect	the rise in interest rates and the resulting decrease in investment spending in he economy caused by increased government borrowing in the loanable funds market. seen as a disadvantageous side effect of expansionary fiscal policy	32
14011740583	current account	measures the balance of trade in goods and services and the flow of income between one nation and all other nations. it also records monetary gifts or grants that flow into or out of a country. equal to countrys net exports (exports - imports)	33
14011745700	cyclical unemployment	unemployment caused by recession	34
14011746471	deflation	a decrease in the average price level	35
14011748078	demand pull inflation	inflation resulting from an increase in AD without a corresponding increase in AS	36
14011750201	demand deposit	a deposit in a commercial bank against which checks may be written, also known as check able deposit	37
14011755154	devaluation	when a government intervenes in the market for its own currency to weaken it relative to another currency. usually achieved through direct intervention in the foreign exchange market or through the use of monetary policy that affects interest rates and thereby affects international demand for the currency	38
14011763544	discount rate	one of the three tools of monetary policy, it is the interest rate that the federal government charges on the loans it makes to banks	39
14011768075	factors of production	land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability	40
14011773514	excess reserves	the amount by which a banks actual reserves exceed its required reserves, lendable	41
14011775342	exchange rate	the price of one currency in terms of another currency determined in foreign exchange market	42
14011777650	federal funds rate	the interest rate banks charge one another for loans	43
14011780509	fiscal policy	changes in the government spending and taxes implemented by the government with the aim of either increasing or decreasing AD	44
14011784430	floating exchange rate	when a currencys exchange rate is determined by the free interaction of supply and demand in international foreign exchange market	45
14011788865	foreign exchange market	the market in which international buyers and sellers exchange currencies for goods. it is where a currencys exchange rate relative to other currencies is determined	46
14011794386	fractional reserve banking	a banking system in which banks hold only a a fraction of deposits as required reserves and can lend some of the money deposited by customers to other borrowers	47
14011797843	frictional unemployment	unemployment of workers who have employable skills, such as those who are voluntarily moving between jobs or recent graduates who are looking for their first job	48
14011801550	full employment	When an economy is producing at a level of output at which almost all the nation's resources are employed. The unemployment rate when an economy is at full employment equals the natural rate, and includes only frictional and structural unemployment. Full-employment output is also referred to as "potential output".	49
14011803575	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	the total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given period of time.	50
14011805767	GDP deflator	the price index for all final goods and services used to adjust the nominal GDP into real GDP	51
14011808654	inflation	a rise in the average level of prices in the economy over time (percentage change in CPI)	52
14011812712	inflationary gap	The difference between a nation's equilibrium level of output and its full employment level of output when the nation is overheating (producing beyond its full employment level).	53
14011814482	interest rate	The opportunity cost of money. Either the cost of borrowing money or the cost of spending money (e.g., the interest rate is what would be given up by not saving money). Conversely, this is the price a lender is paid for allowing someone else to use money for time.	54
14011815702	law of increasing opportunity cost	As more of a particular product is produced, the opportunity cost, in terms of what must be given up of other goods to produce each unit of the product, increases. Explains the convex shape of a nation's production possibilities curve.	55
14011816716	loanable funds market	The market in which the demand for private investment and the supply of household savings intersect to determine the equilibrium real interest rate.	56
14011818132	long run	the period of time over which the wage rate and price level of inputs in a nation are flexible. in the long run, any changes in AD are cancelled out due to the flexibility of wages and prices and an economy will return to its full employment level of output	57
14011824883	long run aggregate supply	the level of output to which an economy will always return in the long run	58
14011827093	M1	a component of the money supply including currency and check able deposits	59
14011829951	M2	A more broadly defined component of money supply, equal to M1 plus savings deposits, money-market deposits, mutual funds, and small-time deposits.	60
14011832173	M3	The broadest component of the money supply. Equal to M2 plus large time deposits.	61
14011834015	fixed exchange rate system	When a government or central bank takes action to manage or fix the value of its currency relative to another currency on the forex market	62
14011835316	marginal anylasis	decision making which involves a comparison of marginal benefits and costs	63
14011838552	Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)	the fraction of nay change in income spent on goods and services (change in consumption/change in disposable income) x 100	64
14011842952	Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)	the fraction of any change in income that is saved (change in saving/change in disposable income) x 100	65
14011846080	market economic system	A system of resource allocation in which buyers and sellers meet in markets to determine the price and quantity of goods, services, and productive resources.	66
14011850145	monetarism	The macroeconomic view that the main cause of changes in aggregate output and the price level are fluctuations in the money supply.	67
14011851829	monetary policy	The central bank's manipulation of the supply of money aimed at raising or lowering interest rates to stimulate or contract the level of aggregate demand to promote the macroeconomic objectives of price-level stability and full employment	68
14011855406	money	any object that can be used to facilitate the exchange of goods and services in a market	69
14011857134	money demand	the sum of the transaction demand and the asset demand for money. inversely related to the nominal interest rate	70
14011862032	money supply	The vertical curve representing the total supply of excess reserves in a nation's banking system. Determined by the monetary policy actions of the central bank.	71
14011866601	money market	The market where the supply of money is set by the central bank; includes the downward sloping money-demand curve and a vertical money-supply curve. The "price" of money is the nominal interest rate.	72
14011868352	natural rate of unemployment	The level of unemployment that prevails in an economy that is producing at its full employment level of output. Includes structural and frictional unemployment.	73
14011871376	official reserves	to balance the two accounts in the balance of payments (current and financial accounts), a countrys official foreign exchange reserves measures the net effect of all the money flows from the other accounts	74
14011876209	open market operations	The central bank's buying and selling of government bonds on the open market from commercial banks and the public. This is aimed at increasing or decreasing the level of reserves in the banking system and thereby affects the interest rate and the level of aggregate demand.	75
14011878442	Phillips Curve (long run)	A curve vertical at the natural rate of unemployment showing that in the long run there is no trade-off between the price level and the level of unemployment in an economy.	76
14011879215	phillips curve (short run)	A downward-sloping curve showing the short-run inverse relationship between the level of inflation and the level of unemployment.	77
14011881853	production possibilities curve	A graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.	78
14011884568	rational expectations theory	The hypothesis that business firms and households expect monetary and fiscal policies to have certain effects on the economy and take, in pursuit of their own self interests, actions which make these policies ineffective at changing real output.	79
14011887047	recessionary gap	the difference between an economys equilibrium level of output and its full employment level of output when an economy is in recession	80
14011890589	required reserves	The proportion of a bank's total deposits it is required to keep in reserve with the central bank. Determined by the required reserve ratio.	81
14011893222	stagflation	A macroeconomic situation in which both inflation and unemployment increase. Caused by a negative supply shock.	82
14011896530	sticky wage and price model	The short run Aggregate-Supply Curve is sometimes referred to as the "sticky wage and price model", because worker's wage demands take time to adjust to changes in the overall price level, and therefore, in the short run an economy may produce well below or beyond its full employment level of output.	83
14011897898	structural unemployment	Unemployment caused by changes in the structure of demand for goods and in technology; workers who are unemployed because they do not match what is in demand by producers in the economy or whose skills have been left behind by economic advancement	84
14011898566	supply shock	Anything that leads to a sudden, unexpected change in aggregate supply. Can be negative (decreases AS) or positive (increases AS). May include a change in energy prices, wages, or business taxes, or may result from a natural disaster or a new discovery of important resources.	85
14011900980	trade deficit	When a country's total spending on imported goods and services exceeds its total revenues from the sale of exports to the rest of the world. Synonymous with a surplus in the current account of the balance of the payments and with a negative net export component of the GDP.	86
14011901739	trade surplus	When a country's sale of exports exceeds its spending on imports. Synonymous with a surplus in the current account of the balance of payments.	87
14011902451	wealth	An important determinant of consumption. Wealth is the total value of a household's assets minus all its liabilities.	88
14011911467	PPF graph		89
14011913892	productivity	output generated per unit of input	90
14011916401	three basic economic questions	what should be produced, how it should be produced, and for whom it should be produced.	91
14011918003	command economics v. market economics	controlled by gov. v. open	92
14011930595	supply and demand graph		93
14011932238	shifts of demand	taste/preferences, other goods prices, consumer expectations, consumer incomes, number of consumers	94
14011939066	shifts of supply	subsidies/taxes, technology, related goods prices, resource costs, producer expectations, number of firms in the market	95
14011950192	GDP consists of	consumer consumption, investment (business spending), government spending, and net exports	96
14011953005	GDI consists of	wages, interest payments, rental payments, profits	97
14011960109	GDP deflator formula	(price of selected goods in current year/price of selected goods in base year) x 100	98
14011966905	per capita GDP	real GDP/population	99
14011968455	GDP growth rate	(Real GDP2 - Real GDP1) / Real GDP1 x 100	100
14011976624	calculating inflation rate from CPI	(CPI2-CPI1)/CPI1 x 100	101
14011986257	explanations for AD slope down	wealth effect, interest rate effect, net export effect	102
14011987239	wealth effect	higher price levels reduce the purchasing power of money. the public feels poorer at higher price levels and thus demands a lower quantity of the nations output when price levels are high	103
14011991356	interest rate effect	in response to a rise in the price level, banks will raise their interest rates on loans. at higher interest rates the quantity demanded of products and capital decreases as borrowers find higher interest rates less attractive	104
14011999006	net export effect	as the price level in a country rises, goods and services produced in that country become less attractive to foreign consumers and imports become more attractive to domestic consumers, therefore at higher average price levels less of the nations output ins demanded	105
14012005923	shifts in AD curve		106
14012015746	APC	consumption/income	107
14012015747	APS	saving/income	108
14012016419	APC + APS =	1 or 100%	109
14012023957	crowding out graph		110
14012031949	shifts in AS		111
14012034628	Aggregate demand and supply graph		112
14012039101	money acts as	store of value, unit of account, medium of exchange	113
14012041920	money market graph		114
14012045315	shifts in demand money		115
14012045316	loanable funds market graph		116
14012046851	shifts in demand loanable funds		117
14012046852	shifts in supply loanable funds		118
14012050367	3 Tools of the Fed	changing required reserve ratio, changing the discount rate, engaging in open market operations	119
14012055614	phillips curve graph	above equilibrium (left movement) is caused by increase in AD, movement right is caused by decrease in AD, shift in PC is caused by SRAS (left in AS goes right in PC)	120
14012076106	balance of payments	all accounts = 0 when balanced. if a country's current account is a surplus (above 0) then its capital account and official reserves added together will be in deficit (below 0) and vice versa	121
14012087444	Foreign Exchange Market		122
14012091765	shifts for supply of currency	tastes, income, inflation rates, interest rates, speculation	123

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Chapter 6 AP US History Flashcards

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7839459522	Democracy	a form of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation.	0
7839459523	During the long months before the at ________ in late 1781 and the treaty that ended the war in March 1783, the army that had won the war came close to a ...	Yorktown; military takeover of the government	1
7839459524	Once the war was won, the Continental Congress asked the solders to wait for ___ years	1.5	2
7839459525	The soldiers had many reasons to complain by the sping of _____	1783	3
7839459526	The northern army was in _________ in __________, New York	barracks; Newburgh	4
7839459527	by December 1782, they had not been...	paid in months	5
7839459528	General Alexander _________ and Colonels John _______ & Matthias _____ took a petition from Newburgh to ___________ telling Congress that the soldiers resources and property had been expanded and that they were wary and disgusted by their lack of assistance from the government. Any further testing of the army's patience could have...	McDougall; Brooks; Ogden; Philadelphia; fatal attacks	6
7839459529	The petition arrived at a _______ moment in Philadelphia.	crucial	7
7839459530	The nation was ran by the ________ of ___________ and the government could not put a tax on imports in 1782 because...	Articles of Confederation; a few states didn't agree with it	8
7839459531	Some who wanted a stronger central government used the army's petition to demand...	that the government had the right to tax	9
7839459532	The ___________ led by Alexander Hamilton, explained to the army's representatives that they needed to support the move to get Congress the power to tax if they...	Federalists; ever wanted to get payed.	10
7839459533	The other main faction in Congress feared...	maintaining a standing army and opposed a larger government fueled by national taxes	11
7839459534	This led to _________ in Congress	deadlock	12
7839459535	Some of the Army began to look up to _______ _____ as a leader, who strongly disliked Washington and had won the battle in __________	Horatio Gates; Saratoga	13
7839459536	In March 1783, Major John ____________ Jr published the first of the "_____________ ___________", calling for a meeting of the officers.	Armstrong; Newburgh Addresses	14
7839459537	The Newburgh Addresses horrified ___________. In response he asked them to push back the meeting with a full report of it (implying to them that he wouldn't be there)	Washington	15
7839459538	When the speech started, Washington walked in and...	attacked the Newburgh Address and the audience cheered for him and all threat of military action against Congress was over	16
7839459539	In response to Washington's speech, Congress voted to give a ____-___ ________ to all the officers who had been promised a payment an passed a tax on imports to...	limp-sum payment; pay off the national debt	17
7839459540	The _____________ Conspiracy was defeated	Newburgh	18
7839459541	On December 4 1783, Washington gave an...	emotional farewell to his men	19
7839459542	____________ protest economic hardships and stop courts from issuing foreclosures	Regulators	20
7839459543	In 1784 the influx of _______ ____ led to an economic depression	imported goods	21
7839459544	Shay's Rebellion	An armed movement of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-87 who objected to the state's effort to tax them to pay off the Revolutionary War Debt.	22
7839459545	In 1786, farmers in Western Massachusett's began to petition the state for...	relief from the economic hardships brought on by increase in taxes and by the postwar economic depression	23
7839459546	On August 29, 1786, _____ farmers armed with clubs and muskets...	shut down the court in Northampton as it tried to hear cases	24
7839459547	Commercial coastal elite, governor and legislature pass _____ ___	Riot Act	25
7839459548	The Riot Act prohibited...	12 or more armed persons from gathering and authorized county sheriffs to kill those who disobeyed the law	26
7839459549	Shea's Rebellion also led to them suspending the...	writ of habeas corpus and authorized the governor to arrest and hold without bail "any person or persons whatsoever"	27
7839459550	The farmers from Shay's Rebellion were prepared to fight a 2nd time because...	they believed the Massachusetts legislature was acting like the royal governor	28
7839459551	In 1867 the Regulators had decided to _________ the __________ of Massachusetts	overthrow; government	29
7839459552	Then the Regulators surrounded the ___________ arsenal in _____________, dates were messed up by the different groups and it was a ___________	federal; Springfield; failure	30
7839459553	Pushed leaders to meet in _________ to create a stronger national government	Philadelphia	31
7839459554	New _________ and __________created west of the original 13 states	states and territories	32
7839459555	The land on the eastern side of Lake Chaplain, led to controversy between ___ ______ and ___ _________	New York and New Hampshire	33
7839459556	The controversy of Lake Chaplain led to ____________	Vermont	34
7839459557	One of the most significant accomplishments was the creation of the ___________ ________	Northwest Territory	35
7839459558	Northwest Territory was made up of...	PA, NY, CT and MA	36
7839459559	Between 1784-1787 Congress set up what would become...	Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin	37
7839459560	In 1785 Congress ordered for the lands of the ___________ to be _________	Midwest; surveyed	38
7839459561	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Legislation passed by Congress under the AOC that provided for public schools, the sale of government land and prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territories	39
7839459562	White territories were growing faster in the ________	South	40
7839459563	________ __________ explored the trans-Appalchians and found the state of _________ when it was still off limits to Whites	Daniel Boone; Kentucky	41
7839459564	Boone blazed the "__________ ________" through the Cumberland Gap in the Appalchians and established _____________	Wilderness trail; Boonesburough	42
7839459565	Kentucky finally joined the Union in 1792 and Tenessee in 1796 when ___________ finally gave up it's long standing claims	Virginia	43
7839459566	The land west of Georgia would eventually become the northern 2/3s of ___________	Alabama	44
7839459567	Mississippi was organized as a state since 1798, but ___________ didn't give up territorial claims until 1802	Georgia	45
7839459568	Greatest threat to the United States federal Government	The Native Americans	46
7839459569	The __________ ____ that limited white immigration was gone	Proclamation Line	47
7839459570	Under Joseph Brant the __________ petitioned the British authorities in Quebec and were given a...	Mohawks; large tract of land in Canada	48
7839459571	The __________ were far from the only Indians who began to resist the Whites violently. The tribes held the upper hand in _____________ _____________ and ___________	Iriquois; Northwest Territory and Kentucky	49
7839459572	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	A 1784 treaty between one faction of the Iriquois and the US gov. that sought to end the violent battles over land in NY, PA and the Ohio River Valley to the west	50
7839459573	Many Indians opposed the Treaty, including ___________ of the Senec and ________ ___________	Sagoyewatha; Joseph Brant	51
7839459574	After the Treaty of Fort Stanwix was signed, _________ sailed for London where he met with King George III. He sought economic help and they plotted together a resistance to the American Government	Brant	52
7839459575	In 1785-86 Brant began to build an ___________ _____________ that could successfully resist the US	Indiaan Confederation	53
7839459576	The Indians demeaded that white setlement ended at the ______ _____________	Ohio River	54
7839459577	The _______ were another reason for a stronger central government	The Indians	55
7839459578	Many slave believed ideals like __________ and _________ should apply to them as well	freedom and liberty	56
7839459579	Thomas Paine asked how Americans could complain about British Tyranny when they...	owned so many slaves	57
7839459580	By the time George Washington had become president, slavery had been abolished in...	Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont and dying throughout the North	58
7839459581	______ ______ had the most slaves in the North, concentrated in ___________ but also working on the _________ Valley	New York; Manhattan; Hudson	59
7839459582	The Northwest Ordinance prohibited __________ in the Ohio Region	slavery	60
7839459583	Inspired by the ________ __________and the __________ __________ _________	French Revolution ; Haitian slave rebellion	61
7839459584	By 1789, _/_ Blacks were free men	1/10	62
7839459585	PA described slavery as disgraceful in 1780, but in 1808 they...	finally set up a system to free slaves	63
7839459586	New York's ____________ law in 1799 and New Jersey's in 1804, with similar laws in ___________ and _________ __________	abolition; Connecticut and Rhode Island	64
7839459587	Slavery was entrenched in the ______ and the ________ wouldn't fully abolish it until 1850	South;North	65
7839459588	In Philadelphia, New York, Providence and Boston many Blacks worked on the _________	docks	66
7839459589	Thomas Brown ran for the ____________ legislature	Maryland	67
7839459590	Some were "rented out" and tasted freedom while...	gaining skills	68
7839459591	Some slaves were given back to ___________ _________; some sailed with ________ and resettled in...	slave masters; British; Canada, England or West Africa	69
7839459592	Slave owners sought to reestablish the...	old way of life that depended on slavery	70
7839459593	In __________ and __________ _________ their slave population doubled and tripled	Georgia and South Carolina	71
7839459594	Slave owners encouraged slave to...	have many kids	72
7839459595	Slave Owners didn't want slaves to hear the...	contagious language of freedom	73
7839459596	"...another tribe , more numerous and powerful than all the rest, were growing discontented." Who is this referring to?	Women	74
7839459597	Republican ____________	Motherhood	75
7839459598	white Women who supported the ____________ and gained more clout in traditionally male household duties and found more __________ __________	revolution; personal freedom	76
7839459599	Indian American women payed a high price for...	siding with the British	77
7839459600	Slave women sided with the ______	British	78
7839459601	Many women who were ___________ lost their homes and had hostile neighbors	Loyalists	79
7839459602	Many women sought...	divorce, postponed marriage and sought higher education	80
7839459603	Republican Motherhood	The belief that women should have more rights and a better education so that they might support husbands and raise sons who would actively participate in the political affairs of a society	81
7839459604	With the Articles of Confederation in control, the ________ _________ controlled how Americans could govern themselves and pay for their government.	state governments	82
7839459605	The US Congress had no money and couldn't raise any...	because to raise or add any tax, all states had to agree	83
7839459606	The financial crisis led to Congress not being able to create a _________ ____ and their land in the ________ was at threat from ____ ________	strong army; Frontier; Indian attacks	84
7839459607	The Annapolis Convention was made tryong to deal with... That had led to a battle over navigation rights between ________ and ________ on the Potomac River and to a boundary dispute between ___ ____ and _______	economic rivalry between the states; Virginia and Maryland; New York and Vermont	85
7839459608	Annapolis Convention	Conference of state delegates that issued a call in September 1786 for a convention to the Articles of Confederation	86
7839459609	After the Annapolis Convention, Alexander Hamilton wrote to Congress...	calling for a meeting in Philadelphia about the National Government and reassessing the Articles of Confederation	87
7839459610	_________ and ________ planned for the meeting to lead to a Constitutional convention.	Hamilton and Madison	88
7839459611	The Constitution Convention in __________ ____ merely to propose...	Independence Hall; amendments to the Articles of Confederation	89
7839459612	_______ ________ distrusted any effort to strengthen the central government and didn't send anyone to Philadelphia	Rhode Island	90
7839459613	______ ________ of Virginia was a key architect of the Constitution	James Madison	91
7839459614	________ _________, following Madison's plan, presented Virginia's Plan	Edmund Randolph	92
7839459615	Virginia Plan	The first proposal put forward at the Constitutional Convention, which included 2 houses of Congress, both elected by proportional representation and a national executive and judiciary	93
7839459616	Then they endorsed a resolution from Pennsylvania's Governor ________, known as Separation of Powers.	Morris	94
7839459617	Separation of Powers	A core aspect of the Constitution that by which different parts of the new national government would have their authority always limited by other parts	95
7839459618	Madison, Randolph and Morris were proposing the new system of __________	Federalism	96
7839459619	Federalism	A system of government in which power is clearly divided between state government and the national government	97
7839459620	Larger states who wanted ________ ________	proportional representation	98
7839459621	Proportional Representation	A way of selecting representatives in Congress based on the total population of the state, as opposed to having each state receive equal size delegations for every state	99
7839459622	Smaller states wanted Congress to be made up of representatives from the states themselves, so that each state had...	an equal number of votes	100
7839459623	New Jersey's ________ __________ called for a Congress in which both houses would be made of delegates elected by state legislatures with an equal number in each state.	William Patterson	101
7839459624	New Jersey Plan	A proposal of the News Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention by which both houses of Congress would be elected by states, with equal size delegations for every state	102
7839459625	A compromise made by __________ ________ between the NJ Plan and the VA Plan was known as the Connecticut Plan	Roger Sherman	103
7839459626	Connecticut Plan	Plan proposed for creating a national bicameral legislature in which all states would be equally represented in the Senate and proportionally represented in the House.	104
7839459627	To elect the President, Madison proposed the ___________ _________	Electoral College	105
7839459628	Electoral College	A system in which each state selects presidential electors according to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress by whatever method it prefers and these electors then select the president	106
7839459629	The President had the power to ____, but a _/_ vote by ________ could override it.	veto; 2/3; Congress	107
7839459630	The Founders created a Supreme Court and lower courts, but left the rest to...	future generations	108
7839459631	Madison knew the real divide between the northern and southern states was over _______	slavery	109
7839459632	Madison owned slaves, yet...	despised slavery	110
7839459633	The Founders allowed slavery to contradict the values of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness to keep...	the Southern states content	111
7839459634	The South wanted slave votes to __________ while the Northern States argued they ________ _____	count; shouldn't count	112
7839459635	Three-Fifths Clause	Another compromise from the Constitutional Convention by which slaves- though the term was never used- would be counted as 3/5s of a person for purposes of establishing a state's representation under the proportional representation plan	113
7839459636	Congress couldn't tax or prohibit the slave trade until ____	1808	114
7839459637	Between 1787-1808 over ___,___ slaves were forcibly taken from Africa and ___,___ slaves lived in America (Implying the Europeans captured them, when in reality they were captured by other Africans)	200,000; 400,000	115
7839459638	Each state had an obligation to return any person...	charged with a serious crime (including being a runaway slave)	116
7839459639	The Founders didn't add a Bill of Rights because...	1. Some argued it was unnecessary and most states already had their own 2. The Founders were hot and tired and didn't want to stretch this Convention out more	117
7839459640	Only __ of the 55 delegates signed the Constitution initially	38	118
7839459641	James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay wrote 85 newspaper articles supporting the Constitution known as The ________ ______	Federalist Papers	119
7839459642	Federalists	Supporters of the Constitution; those who favored its ratification	120
7839459643	Antifederalists	Opponents of the Constitution; those who argued against its ratification	121
7839459644	In PA the Delegates tried to be the first to ratify the Constitution to...	secure the seat of national government in Philadelphia	122
7839459645	But in backcountry PA,...	Farmers were against a strong government.	123
7839459646	Delaware was the...	first state to ratify the Constitution	124
7839459647	New Jersey like the idea...	that taxes on imports arriving through New York Harbor would now be paid to the federal government instead of the state of New York	125
7839459648	Georgia joined wanting...	immediate protection from Indian raids	126
7839459649	Connecticut had a...	strong Federalist Party with large amounts of influence	127
7839459650	Even though farmers from Massachusetts (in Shay's Rebellion) helped push for the Constitution, against the poor organization under the ___________ __ ___________	Articles of Confederation	128
7839459651	Many in Massachusetts didn't trust the Founders and thought they were trying to make the poor "swallow the pill." Famous Revolutionaries, like Sam Adams and John Hancock, disliked the Constitution and...	believed that the Constitution sought to solve problems that weren't serious and that the states should protect individual liberty	129
7839459652	Massachusetts eventually joined, but only on the condition...	that it be amended to protect individual liberties and the state's rights	130
7839459653	The ratifying convention in New Hampshire...	adjourned before without taking action and refused to attend the Constitutional Convention.	131
7839459654	In Rhode Island they...	Refused to even call a Convention and voters rejected it 2,708 to 237.	132
7839459655	Maryland's Convention approved the Constitution and there convention voted for 28 amendments to...	limit the power of the national government	133
7839459656	South Carolina approved the Constitution and there convention voted for an amendment to...	guarantee that the states retain power	134
7839459657	Though in South Carolina many Delegates feared the interest of the North and the...	limit of slaves by the National Government	135
7839459658	Virginia ratified the Constitution, with support from _________ and ____________	Madison and Washington	136
7839459659	In Virginia, George Mason worried about the lack of _____ __ ______. Patrick Henry adamantly opposed the Constitution and was only loyal to Virginia and a Confederation in America. The Convention also demanded a Bill of Rights as soon as possible. Believed that the government would be dominated by...	Bill of Rights; "monarchy men" who would run the government like the UK.	137
7839459660	New York had Support from Alex Hamilton and they ratified the Constitution in 1788 by a slim margin of __-__	30-27	138
7839459661	However NY had a long and bitter Convention debate. Many Anti Federalists in New York and they considered __Amendments, called for a second convention to _________ the ___________ and a _________ vote if it was ratified	55; revise the Constitution; conditional	139
7839459662	_________ ________ and __________ _______ finally joined the Union when they saw that the government was already functioning	North Carolina and Rhode Island	140

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AP Vocab #2 Flashcards

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15373360575	aquiver (adj)	to tremble or shake Shaking with fear, the speaker's body was aquiver as she tried to address the crowd.	0
15373360576	wares (n)	pottery, typically that of a specified type The town manufactures combs and horn goods, brass and iron wares, leather, malt, bricks and ropes.	1
15373360577	tumultuous (adj)	making a loud, confused noise; uproarious Security found it difficult to control the tumultuous mob during the parade.	2
15373360578	coursing (adj)	moving along a path She rocked back and fourth, tears coursing down her cheeks unchecked	3
15373360579	importunities (n)	persistence, especially to the point of annoyance. you urged me on with untiring importunity	4
15373360580	forestall (v)	to prevent by acting first Liquor stores are required to check identification for anyone who looks under thirty in order to forestall underage driving.	5
15373360581	trivial (adj)	of little value or importance Even though these details may seem trivial, everything is important if you want the event to run smoothly.	6
15373360582	dubious (adj)	hesitating or doubting Since Janet has no office experience, I am quite dubious about her clerical skills.	7
15373360583	destitute (adj)	deprived of the necessities of life; lacking in The heiress could think of nothing worse than being destitute.	8
15373360584	vestibule (n)	a small entryway within a building The vacationing family wheeled their luggage through the vestibule and into the lobby to the concierge's counter.	9