Unit 2 - AP Bio Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14960265858 | cell theory | - All living things are made of cells - Basic units of life - Cells come from cells | 0 | |
| 14960278570 | surface area to volume ratio in cells how does shape help? | if volume is disproportionate organelles cannot transport and do all the processes efficiently b/c certain places are close to the surface and easier transport | 1 | |
| 14960309595 | cell membrane makeup | lipids tails and heads are polar lipids don't like water but can pass thru cell membrane cholesteral proteins | 2 | |
| 14960334396 | prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes | P - no nucleus to hold DNA, cell wall E - DNA in nucleus, mitochondria Both - ribosomes, cell membrane | 3 | |
| 14960352792 | Plant vs. Animal Cells | Plant: use oxygen - turgor pressure (really compact cell membrane) water pressure and when plant wilts cell membrane shrivels | 4 | |
| 14960379294 | Lysosomes | break down organelles that don't work anymore. break down macromolecules into monomers w/ digestive enzymes. digest the materials that come into the cell by phagocytosis. made by golgi bodies | 5 | |
| 14960396625 | rough ER | Ribosomes are on the surface and involved in protein synthesis - chemically tags/labels proteins, cellular transport thru vesicles -- in lumen the proteins mature and become glycoproteins | 6 | |
| 14960408528 | how do organelles adapt to fit in cells? | folding to fit better. ER has more surface area for chemical reactions | 7 | |
| 14960413159 | Golgi apparatus | packages things - puts in vesicles to be labeled and recognized to know where need to go. adds carbs to proteins to make them glycoproteins (connected to rough endoplasmic reticulum). vesicles come off trans region and go to lysosomes or cell membrane | 8 | |
| 14960428324 | Smooth ER | lipids made - break down glycogen, stores calcium ions - chemical modification of toxic molecules to better have them transported outside of the cell | 9 | |
| 14960432882 | ribosomes | protein synthesis | 10 | |
| 14960442003 | Christae | folds in mitochondria that have more surface are for more chemical reactions | 11 | |
| 14960456280 | mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own... | dna and take food and create energy | 12 | |
| 14960475368 | How cell membrane can alter fluidity... | - cholesteral - ^ = more stiff - tails shortening to make more fluid - tails going from saturated to unsaturated | 13 | |
| 14960494513 | aquaporins | channel proteins that go thru whole cell membrane to let water in | 14 | |
| 14960512207 | peripheral proteins | don't go thru whole membrane | 15 | |
| 14960519743 | Passive transport | no ATP being spent | 16 | |
| 14960528124 | osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | 17 | |
| 14960528126 | diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. the smaller the molecule the faster it will diffuse higher temp = more diffusion the greater the concentration gradient the faster diffusion occurs | 18 | |
| 14960531836 | facilitated diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels | 19 | |
| 14960536170 | hypotonic solution | too much water going into cell and the cell bursts - more solute inside cell than outside |  | 20 |
| 14960564324 | hypertonic solution | more solute outside cell than inside - cell shrivels b/c water is moving out of it |  | 21 |
| 14960584760 | isotonic solution | same amount of solute inside and outside the cell so no movement |  | 22 |
| 14960601642 | carrier protein | insulin has to be present so that the protein will transport glucose into the cell | 23 | |
| 14960609445 | pump proteins - active transport | movement from low to high concentration - 3 sodium pumped out of cell every time 2 potassium are pumped in |  | 24 |
| 14961406734 | archaebacteria | live in inhospitable places | 25 | |
| 14961451954 | peroxisomes relationship to catalase | make catalase and catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide | 26 | |
| 14961499379 | Endosymbiotic theory | theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms - chloroplast and mitochondria have their own DNA | 27 | |
| 14961536637 | mitochondria | harvest chemical energy ATP from glucose: breakdown of glucose begins in cytosol right outside the membrane into the christae | 28 | |
| 14961549982 | nucleus | houses DNA, site of ribosome production in the nucleolus, DNA replication, transcription in nucleus and translation in cytoplasm | 29 | |
| 14961567757 | vacoules | storage of toxic substances and waste products larger ones in plant cells osmosis of water in cytoplasm into vacoule creates turgor pressure on the cell wall to keep structure break down macromolecules into monomers to be used for other things | 30 | |
| 14961618071 | fluid mosaic model | piece of art with multiple pieces making it up and things sticking out -- Little pieces sticking out -- phospholipids are not connected to each other | 31 | |
| 14962546663 | 3 ways fluidity of membrane is affected | 1.Lipid comp - change lipids to saturated or unsaturated to allow looser composition and adjust to temp. 2. Temperature - more fluid b/c makes it less rigid and adapts to temp Phospholipids-varying types 3. Cholesterol-up to 25% of membrane composition Cholesterol → liver produces cholesterol b/c needed in cell membrane Provides structure → more cholesterol = more structure Decrease cholesterol to keep membrane loose and not freeze | 32 | |
| 14962556241 | transmembrane proteins | protein goes all the way through the membrane --- Allows product to not be rejected by the hydrophobic cells with the channel proteins | 33 | |
| 14962567737 | recognition sites | identifying the cell or decide when things come in and out | 34 | |
| 14962581494 | glycolipid | carb to lipid | 35 | |
| 14962585332 | glycoprotein | carb to protein | 36 | |
| 14962592888 | proteoglycan | longer chains of carbs - protein | 37 | |
| 14962608611 | 3 types of proteins in cell membrane | Proteins are an important part of the membrane 1. Peripheral- interact with polar areas protein that is only on the outside of the membrane (no interaction with hydrophobic tails) 2. Integral-Partially Embedded 3. Transmembrane-breach entire membrane | 38 | |
| 14962648542 | what is the goal of diffusion | equilibrium | 39 | |
| 14962652585 | how does temp effect diffusion | temp increases diffusion | 40 | |
| 14962780695 | carrier protein | does not work unless a certain hormone is present moves from high to low and specific to certain thing - bind to solutes on one side and put it out the other - active transport | 41 | |
| 14963120764 | channel proteins | passive transport | 42 | |
| 14963322955 | water potential = | water concentration, higher potential w/ higher concentration of pure water | 43 | |
| 14963475633 | solute potential | decreases w/ increased solute concentration, decrease in water potential | 44 | |
| 14963521363 | for energy to be released from ATP... primary active transport | the bond needs to break between the phosphates and the rearrangement of bonds to release energy - hydrolysis reaction | 45 | |
| 14963544986 | secondary active transport | uses energy created from the flow of diffusion - sodium potassium pump | 46 | |
| 14963557781 | endocytosis | cell membrane receptors pick up on important substance and create a vesicle to bring the material into the cell (phospholipids create circle) and the materials disperse and then phospholipids go back to membrane |  | 47 |
| 14963563442 | exocytosis | vesicle forms on inside of cells and allows vesicle to go thru the membrane and material is released and phospholipids |  | 48 |
| 14963615358 | phagocytosis | anything transferred in and out of cells that is solid - bring in material, the secondary lysosome fuses with it, diigests it and the rest is expelled | 49 | |
| 14963737798 | Pinocytosis | anything transferred in or out of cells that is liquid - bring in fluid, the secondary lysosome fuses with it, diigests it and the rest is expelled | 50 | |
| 14967785041 | chloroplasts | - green b/c chlorophyll - harvest energy of the sun thru photosynthesis to make chemical energy - thylakoids - in stacks called granums and the fluid areounf them is called stroma and have ribosomes and dna | 51 | |
| 14967839585 | glyxosomes | stored lipids are converted into carbs for transport to growing cells | 52 | |
| 14967924409 | plasmodesmata | channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells - plant cells | 53 | |
| 14967941181 | extracellular matrix | provides samish function the cell wall does for plant cells but is made of collagen and preteoglycans protein integrin connects this to the cell membrane and is reversible | 54 | |
| 14967980103 | cell junctions | 1) tight junctions - prevent substances from moving thru spaces b/w cells 2) desmosomes - hold cells together with proteins but allows for movement between cells 3) gap junctions - channels that allow substances to go between cells | 55 | |
| 14968318735 | active transport | moves against concentration gradient from low to high and required ATP | 56 |
AP Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13894160716 | stratified sampling | a variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighted based on demographic characteristics of the national population | 0 | |
| 13894174600 | cluster sampling | A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster. | 1 | |
| 13894179747 | systematic sampling | select some starting point and then select every kth element in the population | 2 | |
| 13894184059 | simple random sample | every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection | 3 | |
| 13894188663 | convinience sampling | what comes easiest to the observer/recorder | 4 | |
| 13894193268 | experiment | a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis | 5 | |
| 13894196755 | Observation | the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information. | 6 | |
| 13894200645 | non-response bias | bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond | 7 | |
| 13894210526 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 8 | |
| 13894216559 | Outlier | A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set | 9 | |
| 13894220681 | inter-quartile range | Q3-Q1 | 10 | |
| 13894223797 | sampling distribution | the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population | 11 | |
| 13894228155 | Empirical Rule | 68%, 95%, 99.7% | 12 | |
| 13894232002 | Randomization | a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups | 13 | |
| 13894232003 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 14 | |
| 13894237101 | treatment group | the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the level of the independent variable that involves a medication, therapy, or intervention | 15 | |
| 13894241494 | type one error | Accepting the experimental hypothesis when the results are down to chance/fluke | 16 | |
| 13894241495 | type two error | NOT rejecting null hypothesis when in fact we should have rejected it - a false negative | 17 | |
| 13894247546 | lurking variable/confounding variable | a variable that can affect the interpretation of relationships between variables | 18 | |
| 13894266559 | Replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | 19 | |
| 13894266560 | Blocking | arranging of experimental units in groups that are similar to one another | 20 | |
| 13894277126 | power test | The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis | 21 | |
| 13894282523 | Parameter | (n.) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary | 22 | |
| 13894286533 | statistic | a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample | 23 | |
| 13894286534 | mutually exclusive | Events that cannot occur at the same time. | 24 | |
| 13894291133 | independent | free from outside control; not depending on another's authority. | 25 | |
| 13894295944 | Population | group of individuals of the same category | 26 | |
| 13894303484 | Sample | a subset of the population | 27 |
Chapter 9: Political Parties Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 15471635155 | What is one function of the party label? | It helps voters learn about prospective public officials. | 0 | |
| 15471648132 | Why would third parties benefit from proportional representation? | They could win seats without having to win a majority of votes. | 1 | |
| 15471654413 | National convention delegates endorse a __________, a statement of their party's principles, goals, and plans. | party platform | 2 | |
| 15471659931 | Which electoral reform would make it easier to elect third-party candidates to Congress? | proportional representation | 3 | |
| 15471666112 | Much of the public perceives the Democratic Party to be __________. | liberal | 4 | |
| 15471670666 | The __________ was the majority party in the United States from 1933 to the late 1960s. | Democratic Party | 5 | |
| 15471676118 | The major American political parties are made up of __________. | loose coalitions of individuals and groups | 6 | |
| 15471682060 | The American two-party system promotes __________. | more ambiguous policy positions in national campaigns | 7 | |
| 15471690022 | Republicans dominated politics until 1932 due to the __________ in 1894. | party realignment | 8 | |
| 15471695154 | In a time of __________, voters are more willing to cross party lines. | dealignment | 9 | |
| 15471702141 | The New Deal coalition received broad support from __________. | blue-collar workers | 10 | |
| 15471707826 | In a campaign, which group would you want to rely on for influencing party decisions and participating in major party events, despite not being part of the party's payroll? | party activists | 11 | |
| 15471713446 | Which of the following most accurately describes party organization in the United States? | The national, regional, and local parties often operate independently. | 12 | |
| 15471718337 | Which of the following is a primary function of political parties? | mobilizing support for issues and candidates | 13 | |
| 15471722720 | Multiparty systems are more likely to lead to __________. | coalition governments | 14 | |
| 15474546805 | What are political parties? | Organizations that draw like-minded individuals together who recruit candidates in elections for public office in order to influence the government. | 15 | |
| 15474569551 | What role do political parties play to make popular sovereignty possible? | 1. Keep elected officials responsive and accountable. 2. Do what the public wants. 3. Mobilize voters. | 16 | |
| 15474584735 | Why does the U.S. have a 2 party system? | 1. A party system in a democracy depends on the electoral system a country has. There are 2 types of electoral systems. (a)SMD-SIngle Member District(Plurality like the U.S. and Great Britain). (b) Proportional Representation(Like many European Democracies). | 17 | |
| 15474642596 | What is a SMD-Single Member District? | 1. Also called winner-take-all, FPTP, SMD with plurality win. 2. This system encourages 2 parties. Why? Winner takes all. | 18 | |
| 15474684475 | What is a Proportional Representation? | 1. A party receives seats in the legislature in proportion to the percentage of votes it receives in an election. 2. Multi-member districts. | 19 | |
| 15474751311 | Shifts in the U.S. 2-party system. Define Realignment | When one party replaces another as the dominant party in a 2 party system | 20 | |
| 15475185920 | Shifts in the U.S. 2 party system Define Dealignment | Previous dominant party loses preeminence but no new party takes its place as the dominant one. A relative parity between the 2 parties. | 21 | |
| 15475214668 | What was the New Deal Party Era? Between what years did it last? | 1932-1968 | 22 | |
| 15475225202 | Who dominated between 1900 to 1930? | The Republican Party | 23 | |
| 15475235902 | Why did the Republican Party loose dominance after 1930? | Because of FDR's New Deal. | 24 | |
| 15475238970 | What is the New Deal Coalition? | Labor unions, working class, minorities, Catholics, Jews, African-Americans, small businessmen, and farmers. | 25 | |
| 15475273643 | When did the Democratic Party dominate(New Deal Party Era)? | 1932-1968 | 26 | |
| 15475281897 | When did Realignment take place? | 1930s | 27 | |
| 15475287224 | Why did Realignment take place in the 1930s? | 1. Because of rapid change. 2. Old party system is unable to accommodate problems- The Great Depression. 3. A new party dominates. | 28 | |
| 15475307592 | What time period was the Dealignment Era from? | 1968-1994 | 29 | |
| 15475324010 | The Dealignment Era(1968-1994) Relative parity between major parties starting in 1968. What happened? | 1. 1968 election won by Richard Nixon. 2. Democrats continued to control Congress 3. Collapse of the New Deal Coalition in 1980 | 30 | |
| 15475354047 | Why did Dealignment happen? | 1. Civil rights movement caused many white Southerners to leave Democratic party. 2. Democratic party welcomed gays, feminists. This caused religious conservatives to leave the Dem party. 3. Dem party opposition to Vietnam war expecially during Nixon years. | 31 | |
| 15475382740 | Why did Dealignment happen(Continued)? | 1. Decline of Democratic party continued after 1980. 2. Divided govt. 3. No Dominant Party | 32 | |
| 15475410618 | Why were Parties at War(1994-present)? | 1. Mid-1990s to present:Parties at war. 2. Electorate evenly divided. 3. Partisanship 4. Election outcomes very close. | 33 |
Flashcards
AP Language Vocab 2 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14713834359 | Chiasmus | two causes are related through a reversal of terms | 0 | |
| 14713834360 | Clause | grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb | 1 | |
| 14713834361 | Colloquialism | Slang in speech and writing | 2 | |
| 14713834362 | Conceit | A fanciful expression | 3 | |
| 14713834363 | Connotation | The non literal meaning of a word | 4 | |
| 14713834364 | Denotation | The literal meaning of a word | 5 | |
| 14713834365 | Diction | The writer's word choices | 6 | |
| 14713834366 | Didactic | Works that have the aim of teaching | 7 | |
| 14713834367 | Euphemism | Less offensive substitutes for unpleasant words | 8 | |
| 14713834368 | Extended metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length | 9 | |
| 14713834369 | Figurative language | Writing that is not intended to carry literal meaning | 10 | |
| 14713834370 | Figure of speech | A device used to produce figurative language | 11 | |
| 14713834371 | Generic conventions | Describes traditions for each definition | 12 | |
| 14713834372 | Genre | The major category in which a literary work fits | 13 |
AP English Language Quizlet Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14738679787 | Diction | A writer's or speaker's choice of words. (Ex: "Kate could see her rummaging through the cabin, dumping drawers and knocking things from the shelves of cabinets." > "Kate could see her searching through the cabin, emptying drawers and taking things off the shelves of cabinets." How does the meaning change? Diction) | 0 | |
| 14738695809 | Syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.(sentence structure). (Ex: "The boy jumped happily. The boy happily jumped. Happily, the boy jumped.") | 1 | |
| 14738708488 | Allusion | A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. (Ex: "Don't act like a Romeo in front of her. This like a Garden of Eden.") | 2 | |
| 14739407251 | Imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste). (Sound: The concert was so loud that her ears rang for days afterward.) | 3 | |
| 14739409386 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts. (Ex: "Beauty and ugliness" "Belief and denial" "Fact and fiction") | 4 | |
| 14739419122 | Irony | The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. | 5 | |
| 14739432549 | Verbal Irony | Occurs when a speaker's intention is the opposite of what he/she is saying. (Ex: A character stepping out into a hurricane and saying "What nice weather we're having.") | 6 | |
| 14739443357 | Dramatic Irony | When the audience knows something that a character does not. (Ex: Let s say you're watching Titanic and a character leaning on the balcony before the ship hits the iceberg says, "It's so beautiful I could just die.") | 7 | |
| 14739450742 | Situational Irony | The difference between what is expected to happen in a story or play, and what actually occurs. (Ex: "A fire station burns down." "A pilot has a fear of heights.") | 8 | |
| 14739469595 | Rhetorical Question | A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer. (Ex: "Is rain wet?" "Can birds fly?") | 9 | |
| 14739471574 | Hyperbole | Exaggeration. (Ex: "He's running faster than the wind." "My dad will kill me when he comes home.") | 10 | |
| 14739486759 | Parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. (Ex: "She likes cooking, jogging, and to read." > "She likes cooking, jogging, and reading." and "She likes to cook, jog, and read.") | 11 | |
| 14739493407 | Repetition | The recurrence of an action or event. (Ex: "Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.") | 12 | |
| 14739502196 | Personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes. (Ex: "Lightning danced across the sky." "The wind howled in the night.") | 13 | |
| 14739505505 | Pun | A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings. ("What did one plant say to another? What's stomata?") | 14 | |
| 14739511612 | Sarcasm | The use of irony to mock or convey contempt. (Ex: "Do you want help?" "No thanks. I'm really enjoying the challenge.") | 15 | |
| 14739518010 | Oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. (Ex: "Act naturally." "Alone together." "Bittersweet") | 16 | |
| 14739521073 | Paradox | A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. (Ex: "Your enemy's friend is your enemy." "Truth is honey, which is bitter.") | 17 | |
| 14739522465 | Idiom | A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. ("I'm all ears" - You have my full attention. "It cost an arm and a leg" - It was expensive. "It's raining cats and dogs" - It's raining a lot.) | 18 |
Ap Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14594302389 | Appeals | persuasive pleas of shared values or credibility (ethos); to reason or logic (logos); or to prompt the reader's emotions (pathos) | 0 | |
| 14594303344 | Argument | A statement put forth and supported by evidence | 1 | |
| 14594307053 | Assertion | Emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument. | 2 | |
| 14594307054 | Assumption | A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. | 3 | |
| 14594308002 | Diction | The word choices made by a writer | 4 | |
| 14594308003 | Figurative Language | language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.) | 5 | |
| 14594308906 | Rhetoric | The art of presenting ideas in an effective and persuasive manner | 6 | |
| 14594309699 | Rhetorical Devices | literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression and persuasion | 7 | |
| 14594310290 | Rhetorical Modes | Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose | 8 | |
| 14594310291 | Rhetorical Pattern | format or structure followed by a writer such as comparison/contrast or process analysis | 9 | |
| 14594310907 | Structure | the arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or work | 10 | |
| 14594310908 | Style | the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work | 11 | |
| 14594311598 | Syntax | the manner in which words are arranged into sentences | 12 | |
| 14594311599 | Theme | a central idea of a work central message of a work | 13 | |
| 14594312190 | Thesis | the primary position taken by a writer or speaker | 14 | |
| 14671001037 | balanced sentence | a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast | 15 | |
| 14671001038 | complex sentence | A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause | 16 | |
| 14671386276 | compound sentence | a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions | 17 | |
| 14671386277 | compound-complex sentence | a sentence with two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses | 18 | |
| 14671386278 | cumulative sentence | a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases | 19 | |
| 14671386279 | declarative sentence | a sentence that makes a statement or declaration | 20 | |
| 14671386280 | exclamatory sentence | a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark | 21 | |
| 14671386281 | imperative sentence | A sentence that gives a command | 22 | |
| 14671386282 | interrogative sentence | A sentence that asks a question | 23 | |
| 14671386283 | inverted syntax | The reversal of the normal or expected word order in a sentence | 24 | |
| 14671386284 | simple sentence | A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause | 25 | |
| 14671386285 | Absolute | A word/statement free from limitations or qualifications | 26 | |
| 14671386286 | Allegory | A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions | 27 | |
| 14671386287 | Alliteration | The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables | 28 | |
| 14671386288 | Allusion | An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event. | 29 | |
| 14671517575 | Analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 30 | |
| 14671517576 | anecdote | A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. | 31 | |
| 14671517577 | Antecedent | The noun to which a later pronoun refers | 32 | |
| 14671517578 | Antithesis | a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced | 33 | |
| 14671517579 | Aphorism | a concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance | 34 | |
| 14671517580 | Appositive | A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun. | 35 | |
| 14671517581 | Audience | One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. | 36 | |
| 14671517582 | Bias | Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue. | 37 | |
| 14671517583 | Cite | Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source. | 38 | |
| 14671517584 | Authority | A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge. | 39 | |
| 14671517585 | Claim | An assertion, usually supported by evidence | 40 | |
| 14671517586 | Close reading | A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text. | 41 | |
| 14671517587 | Colloquialism | informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing | 42 | |
| 14671517588 | concession | A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding. | 43 | |
| 14671517589 | concrete details | details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events | 44 | |
| 14671517590 | Connotation | That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning | 45 | |
| 14671517591 | Counterargument | A challenge to a position; an opposing argument | 46 | |
| 14671517592 | Deduction | reasoning from general to specific | 47 | |
| 14671517593 | Denotation | The literal meaning of a word it's dictionary definition | 48 | |
| 14671517594 | Diction | word choice | 49 | |
| 14671517595 | didactic | having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing | 50 | |
| 14671517596 | Dissonance | harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds | 51 | |
| 14671517597 | double entendre | A figure of speech in which a word or phrase can be understood in two ways | 52 | |
| 14671517598 | Ernstitious | characterized by a deep fanatical love for reading, writing, and 49ers football | 53 | |
| 14671517599 | Epigraph | a saying or statement on the title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of a work | 54 | |
| 14671517600 | Facts | That which dependent on rhetorical context supports or obscures truth | 55 | |
| 14671517601 | figurative language | The use of tropes or figures of speech going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect | 56 | |
| 14671623135 | figure of speech | An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning. | 57 | |
| 14671623136 | Foreshadowing | an advance sign or warning of what is to come in the future often subtle and inherently symbolic | 58 | |
| 14671652821 | Hyperbole | exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis | 59 | |
| 14671652822 | Imagery | Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing). | 60 | |
| 14671652823 | Idiom | An expression that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression or a regional speech or dialect | 61 | |
| 14671685731 | Implication | a suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/sender implies; the reader/audience infers. | 62 | |
| 14671685732 | Induction | reasoning from specific to general | 63 | |
| 14671685733 | invective | an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack | 64 | |
| 14671685734 | Irony | A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result. | 65 | |
| 14671685735 | Jargon | the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession | 66 | |
| 14671745381 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things side by side for emphasis | 67 | |
| 14671944920 | Maxim | A concise statement, often offering advice; an adage | 68 | |
| 14671944921 | Metaphor | A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken as though it were something else thus making an implicit comparison | 69 | |
| 14671944922 | Motif | A standard theme element or dramatic situation that recurs in various works | 70 | |
| 14671959798 | Oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. | 71 | |
| 14671959799 | Paradox | an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth | 72 | |
| 14671992990 | Parallelism | the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms | 73 | |
| 14671992991 | Parody | a humorous imitation of a serious work | 74 | |
| 14671992992 | Parenthetical comment | a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to quality or explain | 75 | |
| 14671992993 | Pedantic | Often used to describe a writing style characterized by an excessive display of learning of learning or scholarship narrowly stodgily and often ostentatiously learned | 76 | |
| 14672061641 | Persona | the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing | 77 | |
| 14672061642 | Personification | Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. | 78 | |
| 14672061643 | Propaganda | A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information. | 79 | |
| 14672061644 | Purpose | One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. | 80 | |
| 14672061645 | Refute | To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument. | 81 | |
| 14672061646 | rhetorical question | A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer | 82 | |
| 14672061647 | Satire | The use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions | 83 | |
| 14672061648 | Source | A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information. | 84 | |
| 14672061649 | stream of consciousness | a technique characterized by the continuous unedited flow of conscious experience through the mind recorded on paper. Often used in "interior monologue," when the reader is privy to a character or narrator's thoughts. | 85 | |
| 14672061650 | Subtext | The content of a work which is not announced explicitly by the characters but is implicit or becomes something understood by the reader of the work as the piece unfolds | 86 | |
| 14672061651 | Synthesize | Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex. | 87 | |
| 14672082381 | Truth | The subject of much debate | 88 | |
| 14672082382 | understatement | The deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it | 89 | |
| 14672082383 | Vernacular | the everyday speech of a particular country or region, often involving nonstandard usage | 90 | |
| 14672090321 | Voice | In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing. | 91 | |
| 14672090322 | C. | circa from a specified time | 92 | |
| 14672090323 | E.g. | "and elsewhere" use when giving an example | 93 | |
| 14672103653 | .et al. | et alia ( and others) | 94 |
Ap English Language Term Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14601428189 | adage | A saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language | 0 | |
| 14601432989 | allegory | A story in which a second meaning is to be read beneath the surface | 1 | |
| 14601437991 | Alliteration | The repetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words or lines in a poem | 2 | |
| 14601440709 | allusion | A reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea | 3 | |
| 14601442930 | ambiguity | a vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations | 4 | |
| 14601445962 | analogy | a comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things | 5 | |
| 14601451948 | anecdote | a brief narrative often used to illustrate an idea or make a point | 6 | |
| 14601458653 | antecedent | A word to which a pronoun refers | 7 | |
| 14601461899 | antimetabole | a phrase or sentence is repeated, but in reverse order | 8 | |
| 14601467621 | antithesis | the direct opposite, a sharp contrast | 9 | |
| 14601468730 | apostrophe | a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction | 10 | |
| 14601475204 | appositive | A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning | 11 | |
| 14601502714 | archetype | a very typical example of a certain person or thing | 12 | |
| 14601510772 | argument | main statement of a poem, an essay, a short story, or a novel, which usually appears as an introduction, or a point on which the writer will develop his work in order to convince his readers. | 13 | |
| 14601515825 | Asyndeton | the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence | 14 | |
| 14601518001 | audience | the person for whom a writer writes, or composer compose | 15 | |
| 14601519557 | cacophony | A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds | 16 | |
| 14601522780 | Characterization | the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character | 17 | |
| 14601523447 | circumlocution | an indirect way of expressing something | 18 | |
| 14601527172 | climax | the high point, or turning point, of a story or play | 19 | |
| 14601528155 | Colloquial | Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing | 20 | |
| 14601529013 | Concession | A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding. | 21 | |
| 14601530083 | conceit | A witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language. | 22 | |
| 14601538823 | connotation | an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. | 23 | |
| 14601539877 | context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. | 24 | |
| 14601540999 | counter argument | ideas that are presented to oppose another argument | 25 | |
| 14601541913 | cumulative sentence | sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on | 26 | |
| 14639506441 | Denotation | the literal meaning of a word | 27 | |
| 14639507557 | denouement | the resolution of the issue of a complicated plot in fiction | 28 | |
| 14639509161 | Detail | Facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in the work | 29 | |
| 14639512012 | Diction | A writer's or speaker's choice of words | 30 | |
| 14639512013 | Elegy | a sad or mournful poem | 31 | |
| 14639512976 | Ellipsis | the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context | 32 | |
| 14639513962 | Epic | long narrative poem | 33 | |
| 14639514703 | Ethos | convincing an audience via the authority or credibility of the persuader | 34 | |
| 14639517723 | Euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 35 | |
| 14639518636 | Exposition | introduce background information about events, settings, characters, or other elements of a work to the audience or readers | 36 | |
| 14639521821 | Foreshadowing | A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader. | 37 | |
| 14639522648 | Genre | a major category or type of literature | 38 | |
| 14639522649 | Horative sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 39 | |
| 14639527715 | Hyperbole | exaggeration | 40 | |
| 14639527716 | Imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 41 | |
| 14639528438 | imperative sentence | sentence used to command or enjoin | 42 | |
| 14639529391 | Inversion | inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) | 43 | |
| 14639553535 | Verbal Irony | A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant | 44 | |
| 14639554525 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 45 | |
| 14639554526 | Litotes | A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite | 46 | |
| 14639560558 | Logos | Appeal to logic | 47 | |
| 14639560559 | Metaphor | A comparison without using like or as | 48 | |
| 14639560560 | Metonymy | A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it ("President declared" --> "White House Declared") | 49 | |
| 14639568875 | Mood | Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader | 50 | |
| 14639568876 | Motif | A recurring theme, subject or idea | 51 | |
| 14639569608 | Myth | a folklore genre consisting of narratives or stories that play a fundamental role in a society | 52 | |
| 14639572360 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 53 | |
| 14639572361 | Non Sequitur | something that does not logically follow (Bird can fly, bird is animal; pig is animal, therefore pig can fly) | 54 | |
| 14639587538 | Occasion | the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 55 | |
| 14639589293 | Onomatopoeia | A word that imitates the sound it represents. | 56 | |
| 14639591239 | organization | the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph, essay, or speech | 57 | |
| 14639593701 | Oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase (Alone together) | 58 | |
| 14639595717 | Pace | the speed at which a story is told | 59 | |
| 14639597664 | Parable | A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson | 60 | |
| 14639598341 | paradox | A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth | 61 | |
| 14639607030 | Parallel structure | the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures | 62 | |
| 14639607031 | parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule | 63 | |
| 14639608009 | pastoral | A work of literature dealing with rural life | 64 | |
| 14639608010 | Pathos | Appeal to emotion | 65 | |
| 14639610064 | Periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 66 | |
| 14639611624 | Persona | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | 67 | |
| 14639611625 | Personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes | 68 | |
| 14639612507 | Point of View | the perspective from which a story is told | 69 | |
| 14639612508 | Polemic | an aggressive argument against a specific opinion | 70 | |
| 14639613674 | Propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause | 71 | |
| 14639624846 | prose | written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. | 72 | |
| 14639625741 | purpose | the goal the speaker wants to achieve | 73 | |
| 14639625742 | refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument | 74 | |
| 14639626573 | repetition | Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis | 75 | |
| 14639627537 | rhetoric | the art of using language effectively and persuasively | 76 | |
| 14639627538 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. (ethos, pathos, logos) | 77 | |
| 14639631734 | rhetorical question | A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer | 78 | |
| 14639637057 | Rhetorical triangle | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | 79 | |
| 14639637058 | satire | A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. | 80 | |
| 14639637695 | simile | A comparison using "like" or "as" | 81 | |
| 14639641878 | soliloquy | A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage | 82 | |
| 14639641879 | symbolism | A device in literature where an object represents an idea. | 83 | |
| 14639643253 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa (check out my new "wheels") | 84 | |
| 14639648600 | syllogism | a form of logical reasoning that joins two or more premises to arrive at a conclusion | 85 | |
| 14639650398 | syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. | 86 | |
| 14639650399 | thesis | Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based. | 87 | |
| 14639652299 | tone | Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character | 88 | |
| 14639652300 | transition | words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences, and paragraphs | 89 | |
| 14639655564 | voice | A writers distinctive use of language | 90 | |
| 14639655565 | Zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings (she broke his car and his heart) | 91 | |
| 14672417177 | Anaphora | the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses | 92 |
AP Language Summer Reading Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14665250938 | argument | A statement put forth and supported by evidence | 0 | |
| 14665250939 | defend | to uphold or maintain one's point or claim with supporting evidence | 1 | |
| 14665250940 | challenge | an objection or query as to the truth of something, often with an implicit demand for proof. | 2 | |
| 14665250941 | qualify | reach a necessary standard; limit the meaning of something stated | 3 | |
| 14665250942 | discourse | written or spoken communication or debate | 4 | |
| 14665250943 | Rhetoric | the art of using language effectively and persuasively | 5 | |
| 14665250944 | rhetorical devices | literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression | 6 | |
| 14665250945 | rhetorical modes | exposition, description, narration, argumentation | 7 | |
| 14665250946 | Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another. | 8 | |
| 14665250947 | Style | the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work | 9 | |
| 14665250948 | Antithesis | the direct opposite, a sharp contrast | 10 | |
| 14665250949 | Colloquialism | informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing | 11 | |
| 14665250950 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 12 | |
| 14665250951 | Ethos | credibility/trust | 13 | |
| 14665250952 | Pathos | emotional appeal | 14 | |
| 14665250953 | Logos | Appeal to logic | 15 | |
| 14665250954 | Connotation | an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. | 16 | |
| 14665250955 | Denotation | the literal meaning of a word | 17 | |
| 14665250956 | Diction | the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. | 18 | |
| 14665250957 | Ellipsis | three periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation | 19 | |
| 14665250958 | Equivocation | intentionally vague or ambiguous | 20 | |
| 14665250959 | Euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 21 | |
| 14665250960 | Hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 22 | |
| 14665250961 | malapropism | a word humorously misused | 23 | |
| 14665250962 | Mood | Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader | 24 | |
| 14665250963 | non sequitur | A statement that does not follow logically from evidence | 25 | |
| 14665250964 | pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 26 | |
| 14665250965 | platitude | stale; overused expression | 27 | |
| 14665250966 | Sarcasm | the use of irony to mock or convey contempt | 28 | |
| 14665250967 | Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 29 | |
| 14665250968 | Tone | Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character | 30 | |
| 14665250969 | transition | a word or phrase that links different ideas | 31 | |
| 14665250970 | Understatement | the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended. | 32 | |
| 14665250971 | voice | The real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker. | 33 | |
| 14665250972 | Polysyndeton | the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural | 34 | |
| 14665250973 | Asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 35 | |
| 14665250974 | Chiasmus | a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form | 36 | |
| 14665250975 | Anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines | 37 | |
| 14665250976 | Archetype | a very typical example of a certain person or thing | 38 | |
| 14665250977 | Antimetabole | repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order | 39 | |
| 14665250978 | Allegory | a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. | 40 | |
| 14665250979 | Alliteration | the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. | 41 | |
| 14665250980 | Allusion | A reference to another work of literature, person, or event | 42 | |
| 14665250981 | Analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 43 | |
| 14665250982 | anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | 44 | |
| 14665250983 | Irony | the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. | 45 | |
| 14665250984 | Metaphor | A comparison without using like or as | 46 | |
| 14665250985 | Oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. | 47 | |
| 14665250986 | Paradox | A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. | 48 | |
| 14665250987 | Parallelism | Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other | 49 | |
| 14665250988 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 50 | |
| 14665250989 | Pun | a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings. | 51 | |
| 14665250990 | Satire | the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. | 52 | |
| 14665250991 | Simile | A comparison using "like" or "as" | 53 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
