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AP Language - Unit 1 Flashcards

15240676169	Allusion	An indirect or passing reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance. The writer expects that reader to have enough background knowledge to understand the allusion.	0
15240676170	Analogy	A comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect.	1
15240676171	Anecdote	A usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or illustrative incident.	2
15240676172	Argument of degree	A simple argument that suggests people want more of a good thing and less of a bad thing.	3
15240676173	Artistic Appeal	An appeal based on reasoning rather than empirical evidence and requiring great skill.	4
15240676174	Audience	The intended, actual, and or invoked consumers of a text, speech or other form of media.	5
15240676175	Claim	An assertion open to challenge.	6
15240676176	Common sense reasoning	Reasoning based on practical wisdom rather than advanced logic.	7
15240676177	Cost benefit analysis	A system to resolve an argument by maximizing benefits and minimizing costs.	8
15240676178	Deliberative	Describes arguments which take place about future courses of action.	9
15240676179	Empty Rhetoric	Argument based on emotion and false promises rather than reason and substance.	10
15240676180	Enthymeme	A statement which makes a claim without stating or acknowledging an assumption upon which the claim is based.	11
15240676181	Epideictic	Describes arguments which take place about present times.	12
15240676182	Ethos	Part of the rhetorical triangle, appeals to credibility of the speaker or writer	13
15240676183	Exigence	The part of a rhetorical situation that inspires, stimulates, provokes, or prompts writers to create a text.	14
15240676184	Experiments	Testing a hypothesis in a controlled setting and recording empirical evidence.	15
15240676185	Expert Opinions	The perspective of a credible speaker who has ample prior knowledge. This perspective can support a claim provided the audience accepts the speaker as credible.	16
15240676186	Fact	A piece of information presented as having objective reality.	17
15240676187	Forensic	Describes arguments which take place about what happened in the past.	18
15240676188	Illustration	An example or instance that helps make something clear.	19
15240676189	Inartistic Appeal	An appeal based on self-evident empirical evidence and which therefore requires little skill.	20
15240676190	Logos	Part of the rhetorical triangle, appeals to logic and evidence.	21
15240676191	Metaphor	A figurative and indirect comparison between two unlike things.	22
15240676192	Pathos	Part of the rhetorical triangle, appeals to the emotions of the audience.	23
15240676193	Personal Experiences	A type of evidence base on direct participation in an event.	24
15240676194	Personal Observations	A type of evidence based on an eye-witness account.	25
15240676195	Poll	A questioning or canvassing of persons selected at random or by quota to obtain information or opinions to be analyzed.	26
15240676196	Precedent	Something done or said that may serve as an example or rule to authorize or justify a subsequent analogous act.	27
15240676197	Purpose	What the writer hopes to accomplish with a text.	28
15240676198	Rhetoric	A Greek term for the art of persuasion.	29
15240676199	Shared Value	A value the acquires near universal acceptance in a given culture.	30
15240676200	Simile	A figurative and direct comparison between two unlike things using like or as.	31
15240676201	Stasis Theory	A set of questions used to focus an argument on fact, definition, quality, or policy.	32
15240676202	Statistic	A quantitative description or generalization based on precise measurement and sampling.	33
15240676203	Statistics	Mathematical values used to describe or draw inferences about actual phenomena.	34
15240676204	Survey	To question someone in order to collect data for subsequent analysis.	35
15240676205	Syllogism	A formal, structured logical argument in which major and minor premises lead to an inevitable conclusion.	36
15240676206	Testimony	Firsthand authentication of a fact.	37
15246512094	Absolutism	The belief that morals and ethics are universal and transcend culture or context. It is the belief that actions can be judged as ultimately right or wrong.	38
15246512095	Archetype	An old imaginative pattern (including plots, characters, or images) that has appeared in literature throughout the ages.	39
15246512096	Brackets	Punctuation marks used to enclose text that has been added by an editor for clarity.	40
15246512097	Creation Myth	A story which explains how the world and its inhabitants came into existence.	41
15246512098	Ellipses	Punctuation marks, usually consisting of three periods, used to indicate the editorial omission of text.	42
15246512099	Myth	The belief system of a culture (including the explanation of nature phenomena, the justification of social stratification, the establishment of ritual, and the inculcation of social values) put into narrative form.	43
15246512100	Noble Savage	Describes an idealized native person who has not been corrupted by civilization and who, therefore, possesses some innate human goodness that modern people have lost.	44
15246512101	Oral Tradition	A method of storing and passing on information without the use of written technology.	45
15246512102	Pamphlet	An unbound, and therefore easily printed, booklet popular in the 18th century and used for political protest and public debate.	46
15246512103	Primary source	A text produced by one with first-hand knowledge or experience.	47
15246512104	Providence	Divine guidance or care; God conceived as the power sustaining and guiding destiny.	48
15246512105	Relativism	The belief that morals and ethics differ based on culture and context. It is the belief that actions cannot ultimately be judged as right or wrong; rather, cultural contexts need to be considered.	49
15246512106	Sacred	Dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; of or relating to religion	50
15246512107	Secular	Not overtly or specifically religious	51
15246512108	William Bradford	Governor of Plymouth Colony and author of Of Plymouth Plantation.	52
15246512109	Mary Rowlandson	Puritan woman held for ransom by Native Americans and who documented the experience in a well-known captivity narrative.	53
15246512110	Jesse Cornplanter	Seneca craftsman and story teller responsible for sharing Seneca folklore with Carl Carmer.	54
15246512111	Carl Carmer	Author and folklorist who published a collection of Seneca mythology titled Legends of the Longhouse.	55
15246512112	Benjamin Franklin	Publisher, inventor and statesmen who wrote a pamphlet defending the civility of Native Americans.	56
15246512113	Puritans	16th and 17th century Protestant group in England and New England opposing the Church of England.	57
15246512114	Seneca/Iroquois	Native American group from New York and Pennsylvania.	58
15246512115	George W. Harkins	Choctaw leader who penned an open letter to American citizens during the Trail of Tears.	59
15246512116	N. Scott Momaday	Native American Pulitzer prize winning novelist.	60
15246512117	Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz	College professors and authors of Everything's an Argument.	61
15246512118	Howard Fineman	Journalist and author of The Thirteen American Arguments.	62

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AP English Language Words Flashcards

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14121064713	accusatory	charging of wrong doing	0
14121068852	apathetic	indifferent due to lack of energy or concern	1
14121070950	Awe	solemn wonder	2
14121073591	Bitter	exhibiting strong animosity as a result of pain or grief	3
14121076548	Cynical	Questions the basic sincerity and goodness of people	4
14121080471	Condescension	condescending-a feeling of superiority	5
14121083112	callous	unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others	6
14121086526	Contemplative	studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue	7
14121090540	Critical	finding fault	8
14121093308	Choleric	hot-tempered, easily angered	9
14121096336	contemptuous	showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect	10
14121098885	Caustic	intense use of sarcasm; stinging, biting	11
14121102383	conventional	lacking spontaneity, originality, and individuality	12
14121106442	disdainful	scornful	13
14121106443	didactic	author attempts to educate or instruct the reader	14
14121112105	Derisive	ridiculing, mocking	15
14121114224	earnest	intense, a sincere state of mind	16
14121117857	erudite	learned, polished, scholarly	17
14121122841	fanciful	using the imagination	18
14121126804	forthright	directly frank without hesitation	19
14121129349	gloomy	darkness, sadness, rejection	20
14121130864	haughty	proud and vain to the point of arrogance	21
14121133559	indignant	marked by anger aroused by injustice	22
14121136338	intimate	very familiar	23
14121139198	judgmental	authoritative and often having critical opinions	24
14121140718	jovial	happy	25
14121143697	lyrical	expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like	26
14121144812	matter-of-fact	accepting of conditions; not fanciful or emotional	27
14121148962	mocking	treating with contempt or ridicule	28
14121150894	morose	gloomy, sullen, surly, despondent	29
14121152526	Malicious	purposely hurtful	30
14121156485	nostalgic	a sentimental or wistful yearning for the happiness felt in a former place, time, or situation	31
14121158196	objective	an unbiased view-able to leave personal judgments aside	32
14121161510	optimistic	hopeful, cheerful	33
14121162849	obsequious	polite and obedient in order to gain something	34
14121165603	patronizing	air of condescension	35
14121168388	poignant	emotionally moving	36
14121171555	quizzical	odd, eccentric, amusing	37
14121173318	ribald	offensive in speech or gesture	38
14121177362	reverent	treating a subject with honor and respect	39
14121180186	ridiculing	slightly contemptuous banter; making fun of	40
14121182657	reflective	illustrating innermost thoughts and emotions	41
14121186033	sarcastic	sneering, caustic	42
14121188986	sardonic	scornfully and bitterly sarcastic	43
14121195334	Satiric	ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point, teach	44
14121197846	sincere	without deceit or pretense; genuine	45
14121199338	Solemn	deeply earnest, tending toward sad reflection	46
14121203506	Sanguineous	optimistic, cheerful	47
14121204539	whimsical	odd, strange, fantastic; fun	48
14121206427	zealous	full of intense devotion and passion	49

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AP Psych Learning Flashcards

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7867126603	Ivan Pavlov	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	0
7867126604	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	1
7867126605	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	2
7867126606	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	3
7867126607	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	4
7867126608	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	5
7867126609	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	6
7867126610	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	7
7867126611	Higher Order Conditioning	When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS	8
7867126612	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	9
7867126613	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	10
7867126614	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	11
7867126615	B.F. Skinner	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	12
7867126616	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	13
7867126617	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	14
7867126618	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	15
7867126619	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	16
7867126620	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior	17
7867126621	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	18
7867126622	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	19
7867126623	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	20
7867126624	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	21
7867126625	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	22
7867126626	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	23
7867126627	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank	24
7867126628	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	25
7867126629	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	26
7867126631	Acquisition of Classical Conditioning	Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US	27
7867126632	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	28
7867126633	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	29
7867126634	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	30
7867126635	Habituation	Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling	31
7867126636	Watson	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	32
7867126637	Thorndike	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	33
7867126638	Bandura	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	34
7867126639	Garcia	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	35
7867126641	Tolman	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	36
7867126643	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	37
7867126644	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	38
7867126645	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	39
7867126648	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner	40
7867126649	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	41
7867126651	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	42
7867126652	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	43
7867126653	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	44
7867126654	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	45
7867126655	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	46
7867126656	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	47
7867126657	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	48
7867126658	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	49
7867126659	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	50
7867126661	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	51
7867131810	television and observational learning	children will imitate what they see on tv	52
7867132466	Mary Cover Jones	maintained that fear could be unlearned; paired a pleasant stimulus (a favorite food) w/ the feared object (rabbit) to use classical conditioning to rid "little peter" of his fear of rabbits	53
7867133284	Wolfgang Kohler	Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.	54
7867133285	Robert Koelling	performed a famous experiment with Garcia illustrating how rats more readily learned to make certain associations than others	55
7867134477	Respondent Behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	56
7867135832	Reinforcer	privilege you want that can be used to encourage you to do something	57
7867137215	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	58
7867137216	Modeling	the process of observing and imitating specific behavior	59
7867138257	Neutral Stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning	60
7867139509	Cognitive Learning	the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language	61
7867139510	operant chamber	(aka Skinner Box) in operant conditioning, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attached decides record the animals rate or bar pressing or key pecking	62
7867140062	reinforcement	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	63
7867140063	feedback		64
7867140064	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior, and can later exchange token for various privileges or treats	65
7867141020	behavior modification	reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors	66
7867141621	biological predispositions	an animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology	67
7867141622	cognitive processes	thoughts, perceptions and expectations in classical conditioning, it is very important and treatments that ignore it are limited in their success	68
7867142680	applications of classical conditioning	-drug users are advised to stay away from people or places that they associate with being high -when a particular taste, accompanied with beneficial medicine, the taste alone can trigger immune responses	69
7867142681	aversive control	a type of counter-conditioning that associates ab unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as excessive alcohol drinking)	70
7867143482	transfer	the effect of past learning to new tasks	71
7867143483	disinhibition	a temporary loss of inhibition or feeling self conscious, caused by outside stimuli such as drugs	72
7867144306	conditioning	learning, behavior modification, in people an animals	73
7867144307	delayed conditioning	NS presented before UCS and remains until UCR begins (most effective)	74
7867144967	avoidance conditioning	the training of an organism to remove or withdraw from an unpleasant situation before it starts	75
7867144968	backward conditioning	UCS presented before NS (least effective)	76
7867146014	trace conditioning	NS is present and then taken away, or ends before the UCS	77
7867146943	simultaneous conditioning	the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response	78
7867146944	conditioning and phobias	phobias are learned fears and can be classically conditioned	79
7867148015	conditioning and advertising	companies and brands want people to associate their products with good things	80
7867148027	conditioning and prejudice	prejudice is learned	81
7867149239	conditioning and medical treatments	it is important to avoid taste aversions in patients who throw up frequently such as chemotherapy	82
7867151382	premack principal	using a naturally occurring high frequency response will reinforce and increase low frequency responses	83
7867152384	response rates of all schedules of reinforcement	FR-high response, but drop off after reinforcement occurs UR-very resistant to extinction, high rates of response FI-reinforcements and to increase as the time for the next reinforcer is near, but drops off after reinforcement VI-relatively low response rates but they are steady	84
7867152385	escape conditioning	the training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus	85
7867153025	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's stimuli contacts with strategy-based solutions	86
7867153026	cognitive-social learning	emphasized role of thinking and social learning and behavior	87
7867154824	the brain's role in learning	mirror neurons allow us to be empathetic and to infer on others mental state, known as the theory of the mind	88
7867159349	over justification effect	occurs when an external incentive decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior or participate in an activity	89

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AP FINAL Flashcards

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14530206733	Nasal cavity	located within and posterior to the nose	0
14530208182	Right superior lobe	Identify the lobe.	1
14530209549	Horizontal fissure	only in the right lung which divides upper and middle lobes (from 5th rib up to sternal border at 4th rib)	2
14530216790	Oral cavity	mouth	3
14530226334	Larynx	voice box	4
14530228924	Pharynx	throat	5
14530231298	Trachea	windpipe (IN FRONT of esophagus)	6
14530235696	carina of trachea	Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi	7
14530240314	oblique fissure	both lungs have these.	8
14530241660	Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has	2	9
14530245535	hormones	chemical messengers, secreted through extracellular fluid (blood)	10
14530247344	In order for a hormone to work on a particular cell, it must have a	target receptor for that hormone.q	11
14530248280	GH	stimulates growth muscles and bones	12
14530258755	TSH	stimulates thyroid gland	13
14530259608	ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)	stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex	14
14530266015	Prolactin	stimulates milk production	15
14530267024	FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)	Testis and ovaries	16
14530269580	Oxytocin	uterine contractions	17
14530271935	antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules	18
14530273888	What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?	oxytocin and ADH	19
14530275395	pancreas function	regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon)	20
14530277385	Insulin	Bring blood INTO cells from the blood	21
14530278651	Glucagon	RAISE blood sugar in the blood. (out of cells into the blood)	22
14530281542	Amino Acid hormones	bind to receptor on plasma membrane, activates g protein for secondary messenger system	23
14530283134	Steroid hormones	enter the target cells , bind to receptor in cytoplasm, and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus	24
14530286642	Thyroid hormone is an amino acid hormone, but works like a	Steroid hormones because of the iodine	25
14530288720	Ph of blood is	7.4	26
14530291638	Oxygenated blood is	Bright red, occurs in arteries	27
14530292731	Deoxygenated blood is	Dark red, occurs in veins	28
14530293705	RBC	carry oxygen from lungs to cells, Carbon dioxide from cells to lungs (gas transport)	29
14530296587	WBC	Fight infection	30
14530296588	Platelets	Clot on the collagen fibers, send off chemical messengers to other platelets for help.	31
14530298905	ALL blood cells originate from	Red bone marrow	32
14530301799	Blood flow through the heart	SVC --> Rt atria --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve -->Pulmonary Trunk --> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs -->Pulmonary veins --> Lt atria --> Bicuspid valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body	33
14530321257	SA node	pacemaker of the heart (generates impulses)	34
14530322179	AV node	the impulses PAUSE here	35
14530324024	AV bundle (bundle of His)	connects the atria to the ventricles	36
14530333748	Bundle branches and purkinje fibers	Sends action potential through apex to depolarize myocardium to allow for ventricular contraction	37
14530335782	subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers)	depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles	38
14530339568	Capillaries	Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body	39
14530341929	layers of arteries and veins	tunica intima - innermost layer tunica media- middle layer, smooth muscle and elastic fibers (constrict and dilate) tunica externa - outer layer - collagen fibers	40
14530355033	Largest artery in the body is?	aorta	41
14530355893	spleen function	the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir, disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids	42
14530358589	primary lymphoid organs	red bone marrow and thymus	43
14530360339	Secondary lymphoid organs	nodes, tonsils, payer's patches, spleen, appendix	44
14530362353	Lymph vessels bring lymph to be filtered by	lymph nodes	45
14530363303	Lymphocytes	The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.	46
14530366304	B lymphocytes (B cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies. (fights what is in the blood) Humoral immunity	47
14530369204	B cells make clones, called plasma cells that produce	antibodies.	48
14530373518	T lymphocytes (T cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses. attack INTRACELLULAR	49
14530375634	Cytotoxic T cells	A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells with the LETHAL HIT. (they hunt and look for cells displaying antigens on the outside to kill )	50
14530378224	Helper T cells	One type of T lymphocyte that activates B cells and other T lymphocytes, and macrophages. (set off alarm for immune system) If you don't have Helper T cells your immune system never starts.	51
14530383284	Regulatory T cells	control the T-cell response, STOPS the party after the disease has been beat. IF your regulatory T cells never start, That's what causes autoimmune disease.	52
14530386307	First line of defense	intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, (sweat, salvia, HCL)	53
14530387149	Second line of defense	inflammation, fever, WBC, NK cells, etc.	54
14530388725	Third line of defense	Adaptive immune system. B cells and T cells. SPECIFIC and has to be PRIMED	55
14530396305	when you inhale(diaphragm going down)	Volume expands, pressure goes DOWN, air comes in to make it same as the atmospheric pressure.	56
14530404542	when you exhale(diaphragm going up)	Volume decreases, Pressure goes UP, have to breathe out to make the same as atmospheric pressure on the inside.	57
14530410860	Alveoli has 2 types of cells:	Type 1 and type 2	58
14530412192	Alveolar Type 1 cells does what?	gas exchange	59
14530413534	Alveolar type 2 cells does what?	Produce surfactant to keep lungs from collapsing	60
14530417930	Diffusion	alveoli gas exchange uses this. Oxygen OUT into the vessels, Carbon dioxide IN from the vessels.	61
14530422851	What part of your brain stem controls your respiratory rate?	Medulla obongotta (keeps you alive in Acoma, very sensitive to alcohol and opiates)	62
14530432338	Digestion	process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical actions	63
14530433781	Absorption	Take in nutrients into the bloodstream	64
14530434673	Parastalisys	Smooth muscle contraction, relaxation (circular and longitudinal layer) Swallowing food.	65
14530435905	Hydrolysis	Enzymes use this to break down with water	66
14530440800	stomach	breaks down proteins using HCL and Pepsin.	67
14530442897	Parietal cells secrete	HCl and intrinsic factor	68
14530445134	Intrinsic factor	makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen	69
14530446042	Pancreas	An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.	70
14530448669	Liver	produces bile to emulsify fats	71
14530449604	Gallbladder	stores bile salts	72
14530451974	what 3 modifications help with the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?	Circular folds - Mixes chyme as it flows along Villi- increase surface area, MAXIMUM absorption Microvilli- increase surface area, MAXIMUM absorption	73
14530457401	Large intestine does	Water absorption and has good bacteria to make most B vitamins and Vitamin K	74
14530459527	Small intestine has	intrinsic factor for b12 absorption	75
14530463197	What is the major fuel source for the brain and body, that's fast acting and abundant?	Glucose	76
14530464621	Primary function of oxidative or cellular respiration is?	To make ATP (breaking down food in order to make ATP for energy)	77
14530466681	Kidney function	filters waste, regulates blood, salt contents right, osmolarity (salt, sugar in blood), RBC production, regulate blood pressure	78
14530470143	Renin	hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure	79
14530472262	Urine pathway	collecting ducts - pyramid - minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder	80
14530477469	electrolyte	anything that DISASSOCIATES in water (usually salts)	81
14530478475	Nonelectrolyte	molecules the WONT disassociate in water	82
14530480691	Intracellular	inside the cell	83
14530481302	Extracellular	Outside the cell	84
14530481921	Interstitial	Between cells	85
14530484827	Potassium	intracellular molecule	86
14530484828	Sodium	Most common extracellular molecule OUTSIDE the cell	87
14530486015	Cation	A positively charged ion	88
14530486892	Anion	A negatively charged ion	89
14530488207	Water always follows	sodium	90
14530492414	What goes the opposite direction of sodium?	Potassium	91
14530492415	Edema	abnormal swelling of tissue	92
14530495277	Ph of blood is 7.4, our body keeps this ph at 7.4 by using:	Buffers (carbonic acid). Kidneys, and respiration	93
14530496133	Buffers (pH regulation)	Buffers (pH regulation)	94
14530497319	Kidneys and pH regulation	regulate electrolytes, manages water concentration	95
14530502753	Respiration (pH regulation)	Hyperventilate and oxygen rate	96
14530505812	Function of Gonads (testes & ovaries )	produce gametes (sperm/ova) and make Steroid sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)	97
14530509830	When producing sex hormones it is an	endocrine function	98
14530512015	When producing or releasing sperm/ova its an	Exocrine function	99
14530514085	Mitosis	PMAT / 1 mother cell, 2 identical daughter cells	100
14530516732	Meiosis (gametes only)	PMAT x2 / 1 Diploid mother cell , 4 Haploid daughter cells	101
14530519404	regular cells have how many chromosomes?	46 chromosomes	102
14530520209	sperm and ova have how many chromosomes	23 chromosomes	103
14530521776	Gonads	testes and ovaries	104
14530522895	Gametes	sperm and egg cells	105
14530525097	Zygotes	fertilized eggs	106
14534014034	Cervical nodes	lymph nodes in the neck region	107
14534022735	Axillary nodes	lymph nodes in the armpit	108
14534026330	Inguinal nodes	lymph nodes in the groin region	109
14534028932	right lymphatic duct	drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax	110
14534033932	Thoracic duct	receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities	111
14534037728	cisterna chyli	an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system	112