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Biochemistry Unit 3 Flashcards

13464376976	Carbohydrate functions	Energy source and storage Structure of cell walls and exoskeleton Informational molecules in cell-cell signaling	0
13464383086	Enantiomers	Stereoisomers that are mirror images	1
13464385631	Diastereomers	Stereoisomers that are not mirror images	2
13464387800	Anomers	Stereoisomers and diastereomers that differ in configuration around anomeric C	3
13464403318	Epimers	Diastereomers w/ only 1 different stereocenter	4
13464405782	Glycosidic Bond	2 sugar molecules joined between anomeric carbon & hydroxl carbon	5
13464409439	Reducing vs. Non-Reducing	Reducing: - free anomeric carbon - hemiacetal Non-Reducing: - glycosidic bond between 2 anomeric carbons	6
13464523985	Common Sugars	Ribose Glucose Galactose Mannose Fructose	7
13464525879	Ribose	Standard 5-C sugar	8
13464527907	Glucose	Standard 6-C sugar	9
13464530080	Galactose	C-4 epimer of glucose	10
13464534813	Mannose	C-2 epimer of glucose	11
13464677616	Fructose	Keto form of glucose	12
13464680712	Hemiacetal vs Hemiketal	Hemiacetal - aldehyde attacked by alcohols Hemiketal - ketones attacked by alcohols	13
13464712943	Cyclization of Monosaccharides	Hemiacetal formed by nucleophilic alcohol attacking electrophilic carbonyl carbon (reduced to OH) -> forms ring structure	14
13464756337	Common Disaccharides	Lactose: Glucose + Galactose Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose	15
13464803090	Polysaccharides	Glycogen Starch Cellulose Chitin	16
13464805588	Glycogen	Branched Main storage polysaccharide in animals	17
13464807442	Starch	Unbranched Main storage polysaccharide in plants	18
13464810552	Cellulose	Tough and water insoluble Most abundant in nature	19
13464813119	Chitin	Hard, insoluble, not digested. By vertebrates Found in cell walls in mushrooms and exoskeletons of insects, spiders, crabs, and other arthropods	20
13464869368	Glycoconjugates	Glycoproteins Glycolipids Glycosaminoglycans Proteoglycans	21
13464873512	Glycoproteins	Protein + small oligosaccharides Commonly connect w/ Ser, Thr, and Asn	22
13464875455	Glycolipids	Lipids + oligosaccharides Can serve as endotoxin (promote sepsis)	23
13465007949	Glycosaminoglycans	Linear, repeating disaccharide units Forms mesh work w/ fibrous proteins to form ECM	24
13465010694	Proteoglycans	Sulfated glucosaminoglycans on protein in cell membrane Syndecans and glypicans	25
13465015550	Syndecans	Protein w/ single transmembrane domain	26
13465016681	Glypicans	protein is anchored to a lipid membrane	27
13465019134	Proteoglycans Aggregates	Hold 1000x water and provide lubircation Cover joint surfaces (reduce friction and balance loads	28
13465027448	ECM Components	Proteoglycans aggregates Collagen fibers Elastin	29
13465035126	Glycation	Non-enzymatic covalent linking of a sugar to another macromolecule	30

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Biochemistry Chapter 3 terms Flashcards

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10658801201	proteonomics	A field of Biochemistry that determines what proteins are functionally relevant in a specific biological context.	0
10658804765	genome	list of all genes and non-coding sequences of an organism	1
10658810080	proteonome	list of all protein expressed by genome.	2
10658826411	protein purification	Isolated protein is required to elucidate function.	3
10658831512	differential centrifugation	Break cell membrane and centrifuge at high rate of speed *depending on force (speed) of centrifuge certain proteins will fractionate into the pellet	4
10658835616	needed to determine what fraction has protein of interest	assay of protein activity	5
10658841587	Salting Out (Purification)	Proteins precipitate ("salt out") of solution at different [salt]	6
10658845908	dialysis	technique used to remove salt out of solution after salting out has occurred	7
10658922799	chromatography	purification by passing proteins in a mobile (aqueous) phase through a stationary (solid) phase	8
10658926309	gel-filtration	separates proteins based on size -porous beads made of agarose or dextran interact with small molecules to slow their movement down the column *large molecules fractionate off column first	9
10658929345	ion exchange	separates proteins by their net charge -negative columns: separate out (+) charged molecules * elute desired proteins off with NaCl. Na+ will bind to negative column and displace (+) charged molecule	10
10658932259	affinity chromatography	pass mobile phase over column containing beads attractive to protein of interest	11
10658935822	recombinant proteins	affinity tag added to protein via recombinant DNA techniques	12
10658940475	What attaches to protein and binds nickel(II) columns?	histidine tag	13
10658945812	High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)	Significant pressure is applied to more mobile phase over more columns with very small beads • provides both higher resolution and faster separation -cost 2-15K + 400/column	14
10658958790	electrophoresis	separates a molecule with a net charge by passing an electric field through it. Molecule goes through a medium of unison viscosity, therefore, smaller molecules travel fastest slows movement of larger nucleotides	15
10658961856	agarose	used to separate DNA and RNA molecules in linear form -DNA has a (-) charge due to phosphate backbone -0.75-1% agarose gel separates larger fragments 3-10Kb (kilobases) -1-2% Agarose gel separates shorter fragments 200bp to 3Kb *DNA must be linear or large coiled DNA will move quickly through the Gel	16
10658965602	Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE):	Used to separate protein or very small nucleotide fragments; the porous gel slows the movement of larger proteins	17
10659077096	Sodium dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)	Ionic detergent used to denature protein by disrupting non-covalent interactions -binds proteins in uniform fashion: 1 SDS per 2 A.A. -Give protein large (-) charge in which charge is directly proportional to size of molecule	18
10659084630	SDS-PAGE	used for protein separation and analysis of protein purification scheme -protein identified by Coomassie blue staining or Autoradiography (if radioactive label has been incorporated into the protein)	19
10659088624	isoelectric focusing	separates on basis of acidic and base A.A.	20
10659094070	isoelectric point	the pH at which the protein's net charge is 0 *electrophoresis is dependant on net charge for mobility, so when net charge is 0 protein stops -proteins are run on a gel with a pH gradient	21
10659097175	2D electrophoresis	used for very high resolution in separating protein Combines SDS-PAGE with Isoelectric focusing. -the top gel separates proteins by pH via isoelectric focusing -the second gel separates proteins by size via SDS-PAGE Allows you to further separate out different proteins of the same size	22
10659101121	immunoglobin (Ig)	(aka antibody) a protein with a very specific and high affinity for a foreign substance called an Antigen -Antigens can be other proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, peptides	23
10659107625	epitope	specific functional group or A.A. group on antigen recognized by antibody	24
10659111258	polyclonal	Heterogeneous mixture, meaning a mixture of antibodies that recognize the same antigen but at different epitopes	25
10659113477	How are polyclonal antibodies produced?	1. Injecting mouse or rabbit or rat with antigen (protein) of interest 2x about 3 weeks apart 2. animal creates antibodies against foreign antigen 3. bleed animal and centrifuge to separate blood cells from serum called Antiserum 4. Antiserum used as polyclonal antibody	26
10659119385	monoclonal	Homogeneous mixture of identical antibodies recognizing one epitope -requires use of a cell line that will produce antibodies without dying outside of the host animal. Cells lines from the cancer multiple myeloma are used	27
10659122775	How are monoclonal antibodies produced?	1. injecting host animal with antigen of interest in similar fashion as polyclonal antibodies 2. spleen cells are isolated and its plasma is fused in vitro with myeloma cells 3. hybrid cells (Hybridoma cells) are screened for hybrid of choice 4. cell line that produces only the antibody of interest produces monoclonal antibodies	28
10659131588	ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)	enzyme attached to antibody (typically monoclonal) will produce a color when substrate is added. Antibody will bind to antigen first, therefore color intensity is proportional to amount of antigen	29
10659138249	indirect ELISA	antigen is used to detect antibody	30
10659143462	HIV detection	person infected with HIV will create antibodies to viral protein	31
10659146953	sandwich ELISA	antibody used to detect antigen; first antibody to antigen added doesn't have enzyme attached; second antibody to antigen added has enzyme attached	32
10659151753	drug screening	blood or urine added to microtiter plate with antibody attached to well. If antigen (drug) is present ELISA will detect it	33
10659157294	Western Blot	incorporates gel electrophoresis to detect proteins 1. Run protein mixture on Gel Electro 2. transfer (blot) proteins to sheet 3. rinse sheet with antibody 4. place second antibody specific to first antibody - second antibody specific to first antibody - second antibody is labeled 5. view second antibody -if table is radioactive perform autoradiograph -if label is florescent perform immunofluorescence -detection of hepatitis C is performed via Western Blot	34
10659692351	fluorescence microscopy	allows study of proteins in vivo therefore one can understand the function/destination of a protein within the cell 1. fluorescently tag protein green florescent protein: (GFP) commonly used tag from jellyfish 2. watch protein movement in environmental change i.e. addition of hormone, change in temp etc.	35
10659707573	mass spectrometry	sends molecule ions through gas phase and detects time it takes for molecule to pass F=ma F=force m=mass a=acceleration If F is constant then acceleration measurements can determine mass -small mass will pass through first	36
10659711191	MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry	matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization 1. Protein is placed on a matrix of crystallized molecules 2. a laser is pulsed at the matrix and ionized forms of the protein or peptide are released -helps ionize the protein -matrix protects protein from harm due to the laser 3. Time of Flight (TOF) is measured -smallest molecules first 4. results are computationally compared with a database of protein sequences to identify protein -Can be done with mixture of proteins in order to identify proteins involved in a complex or under certain conditions	37
10659738065	X-ray crystallography	determines 3D structure of protein at atomic level; often at 1 or 2 Å resolution • wave length of x-ray (1.54 Å) similar to length of covalent bond • proteins must be crystallized so that they are in a fixed orientation with an orderly repeating fashion -most difficult step is crystal formation of protein - 100's to 1000's of attempts at different [salt] are often required to find optimal crystallizing condition * x-rays passed through crystal will scatter or diffract -diffraction occurs via encounter with atoms * amplitude of diffracted wave is directly proportional to number of e-	38
10659741665	NMR spectroscopy	nuclear magnetic resonance provides structure information of protein while in solution -not as high resolution and requires higher [] protein solution * some atomic isotopes create magnetic spin if constant magnetic field is applied and varying electromagnetic radiation is pulsed, the magnetic nuclei will switch spin or resonate charge in spin is detected * different chemical groups (i.e. CH3 vs. CH2) will resonate at different electromagnetic radiation frequencies * special relationship of different groups also resonate at different frequencies	39
10659746715	NOESY NMR Spectroscopy	nuclear Overhauser effect identifies protons in close proximity. Interaction between nuclei is inversely proportional to the distance between them; detection up to 5 Å or less	40

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Grade 12 German B- Medien und Kommunikation Flashcards

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7098225945	der Vorteil	advantage	0
7098226463	das Fernsehen	television	1
7098226601	der Fernseher	television set	2
7098228437	fernsehen/ gucken	to watch TV	3
7098229052	beeinflussen	to influence, to affect	4
7098230447	die Gewohnheit	habit	5
7098230682	der Alltag	everyday life	6
7098231623	die Gewalt	violence	7
7098234111	das Jahrhundert	century	8
7098236945	kostenlos	complimentary, for free	9
7098238364	funktionieren	to work	10
7098238943	zusätzlich	additional	11
7098253365	speichern	to store	12
7098255160	der Einfluss	the influence	13
7098255307	steigern	to increase	14
7098256531	stimmen ( für )	to vote	15
7098257009	das Opfer	victim	16
7098258145	darstellen	to show	17
7098258938	verharmlosen	to play down	18
7098259200	harmlos	harmless	19
7098260210	süchtig ( nach )	addicted to	20
7098261200	verringern	reduce	21
7098261513	verherrlichen	to glorify	22
7098262319	nötig, notwendig	necessary	23
7098262787	bestellen	to order	24
7098262911	gründen	to found	25
7098263215	mitteilen	to inform	26
7098263722	die Erfahrung	experience	27
7098264852	ausdrücken	to express	28
7098265160	die Identität	identity	29
7098266245	der/ die Kriminelle	criminal	30
7098266485	die Mühe	effort	31
7098266732	der Zugang	access	32
7098267618	aufpassen	to be careful	33
7098268242	heraufladen/ hochladen	to upload	34
7098269170	überweisen	to transfer	35
7098269933	unterstützen	to support	36
7098270203	entwickeln	to develop	37
7098270454	verschieden	different, varying	38
7098271281	der Nutzer	user	39
7098271839	suchen	to search / look for	40
7098274264	vergleichen	to compare	41
7098275113	herunterladen	to download	42
7098277264	die Wahl	choice	43
7098277692	teilen	to share	44
7098277991	das Ereignis	the event, incident	45
7098278323	die Gefahr	danger	46
7098286075	der Jugendliche	teenager, young person	47
7098288391	außer Kontrolle	out of control	48
7098291051	kontrollieren	to check, to control	49
7098293169	berichten	to report, tell	50
7098293800	die Verbesserung	improvement	51
7098295309	zugänglich	accessable, approachable	52
7098296313	schützen	to protect	53
7098297917	veröffentlichen	to publish	54
7098300064	zuordnen	to allocate, to assign	55

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Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm Flashcards

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8219847481	pectoralis major	adducts and medially rotate arm	0
8219858541	deltoid	prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously	1
8219858542	latissimus dorsi	prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder	2
8219861013	subscapularis	chief medial rotator of arm	3
8219896693	supraspinatus	initiates abduction of arm	4
8219896694	infraspinatus	rotates arm laterally	5
8219901486	teres minor	rotates arm laterally	6
8219901487	teres major	extends, medially rotates, and adducts arm	7
8219905998	coracobrachialis	flexes and adducts arm	8
8220037114	triceps brachii	powerful forearm extensor	9
8220037115	anconeus	may control ulnar abduction during forearm pronation	10
8220038681	biceps brachii	flexes and supinates forearm	11
8220038682	brachialis	a major forearm flexor	12
8220045500	brachioradialis	synergist in flexing forearm	13
8220095591	pronator teres	pronates forearm	14
8220098605	flexor carpi radialis	powerful flexor and abductor of hand	15
8220104054	palmaris longus	tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements	16
8220104066	flexor carpi ulnaris	powerful flexor and adductor of hand	17
8220115057	flexor digitorum	flexes wrist and middle phalanges of second to fifth fingers	18
8220121837	flexor policis longus	flexes distal phalanx of thumb	19
8220127223	flexor digitorum profundus	flexes distal interphalangeal joints	20
8220135154	pronator quadratus	prime mover of forearm pronation	21
8220047521	extensor carpi radialis longus	extends hand with extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts hand with flexor carpi radialis	22
8220047522	extensor carpi radialis brevis	extends and adducts hand	23
8220056483	extensor digitorum	prime mover of finger extension	24
8220058332	extensor carpi ulnaris	extends hand with extensor carpi radialis and adducts hand with flexor carpi ulnaris	25
8220058333	supinator	assist bicep brachii to forcibly supinate forearm	26
8220061101	abductor pollicis longus	abducts and extends thumb	27
8220063921	extensor pollicis brevis and longus	extends thumb	28
8220066001	extensor indicis	extends index finger (digit II)	29

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Muscles of the Shoulder Flashcards

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13594173817	Deltoid	flexion, abduction, horizontal abduction	0
13594187703	Supraspinatus	shoulder abduction	1
13594192520	Infraspinatus and Teres Minor	external rotation of shoulder	2
13594203539	Subscapularis	Internal Rotation of the Shoulder	3
13594207524	Teres Major	Shoulder abdduction and shoulder extension	4
13594214096	latissimus dorsi	extends, adduction and internal rotation of the arm	5
13594223648	Exercises to strengthen the deltoid	Scaption, reverse fly	6
13594230769	Exercises for Supraspinatus	lateral raises and scaption	7
13594245911	Exercises for Infraspinatus and Teres Minor	External rotation with resistance bands and side lying with dumbbells	8
13594256584	Exercises for Subscapularis	Internal rotation with resistance bands	9
13594261991	Exercises for Teres Major	Seated Narrow Row, dumbbell one arm row	10
13709836260	Supraspinatus		11
13709855124	infraspinatus		12
13709858248	Subscapularis		13
13709860007	teres minor		14
13709862387	acriomioclavicular joint		15
13709866615	deltoid		16
13710006710	Scaption		17
13710162282	scaption works the	deltoid, suprasinatus	18
13710164748	One arm dumbbell row		19
13710169687	One arm dumbbell row works the	subscapularis, Teres major	20
13710174262	Seated external dumbbell rotation works the	Infraspinatus, Teres Minor	21
13710179533	Reverse fly		22
13710184825	Reverse fly works the	Deltoid	23
13710188081	Seated narrow row		24
13710192168	Seated narrow row works the	Teres major	25
13710195383	Cable reverse fly works the	Deltoid	26
13710198279	lateral Raise		27
13710204822	Lateral raise works the	deltoid, supra spinatus	28