| CourseNotes

8638922629	Argument	Convincing readers of the soundness of a particular opinion on a controversial issue using clear thinking and logic. (logic based)	0
8638947929	Persuasion	Utilizes emotional language and dramatic appeals to readers concerns, beliefs and values in order to convince the reader and urge him/her to commit to a course of action. (emotional based)	1
8638979478	Induction	Inference of generalization based on specific evidence; specific to general.	2
8638995221	Deduction	General to specific then back to general. Begin with a premise/assumption, provide evidence or new information, then draw a conclusion.	3
8639021560	Fallacies	A mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument.	4
8639041227	Begging the Question (fallacy)	Treating an opinion that is open to question as of it were already proved or disproved.	5
8639055230	Red Herring (fallacy)	Introducing an irrelevant issue intended to distract readers from relevant issue.	6
8639088859	Ad Hominem (fallacy)	Attacking the qualities of the people holding the opposing view rather than the substance of the view itself.	7
8639104317	Bandwagon	Inviting readers to accept a claim because everyone else does.	8
8639121228	Hasty Generalization	Making a claim on the basis of inadequate evidence.	9
8639141491	Sweeping Generalization	Making an insupportable statement; these are often absolute statements involving words such as all always, never, and no one that allow no exceptions; can also be stereotypes.	10
8639163748	Either/or Fallacy	Assuming that a complicated question has only two answers, one good and one bad, both good or both bad.	11
8941288742	Rhetoric	The term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	12
8941292054	Ethos	The trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker	13
8941294376	Logos	Appeal to logic; the author will persuade using logical reasoning and effective evidence	14
8941304877	Pathos	Appeal to emotion; the author creates an emotional response	15
8941310126	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere of a work--- the effect the author has on the reader	16
8941313437	Tone	The author's attitude towards his/her subject or audience	17
8941317399	Persona	The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story	18
8941322658	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event	19
8941326337	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	20
8941329614	Flashback	A narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during currents events, in order to provide background for the current narration.	21
9022905083	Parallelism	The repetition of syntactic construction successive sentences for rhetorical effect	22
9022922092	Anaphora	The same expression (word or words) repeated at the beginnning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	23
9022929502	Epistrophe	The repetition of a word or words at the end of two or more successive clauses or sentences	24
9022951609	Polysyndeton	When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.	25
9022936867	Asyndeton	the intentional elimination of conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy	26
9022959897	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly know, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	27
9023004613	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.	28
9023025457	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.--- explains the unfamiliar by connecting it to familiar	29
9023044605	Aphorism	A terse statement which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.	30
9023070554	Narration	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	31
9120020140	Diction	The choice of a particular word as opposed to others	32
9120030610	Colloquialism	The use of slang or in-formalities in speech or writing	33
9120047452	Jargon	The specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession	34
9120070684	Connotation	The emotions, values, or images associated with a word	35
9120103866	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; there are no emotions, values, or images associated with denotative meaning	36
9470244113	Cumulative Sentences (or loose)	The main clause come first but may be followed by details	37
9470244114	Periodic Sentences	Delay the main idea until the end (or introduce the main clause early but postpone its completion until the end)	38
9470244115	Balanced Sentences	Two parallel clauses or phrases are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale	39
9470244116	Interrupted Sentences	Subordinate elements that come in the middle , often set off by dashes	40
9485434238	Simple Sentence	Consists of one independent clause (subject + verb)	41
9485439549	Compound Sentence	Consists of at least two independent clauses	42
9485440574	Complex Sentence	Consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	43
9485442570	Compound-Complex Sentence	Consists of at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause	44
9485442571	Declarative Sentence	Makes a statement of fact or possibility Represents most sentences Ends with period	45
9485445995	Interrogative Sentence	Asks a question Ends with a question mark Always rhetorical in academic writings	46
9485447839	Exclamatory Sentence	Expresses a thought with strong emotion Ends with an exclamation mark Use sparingly, particularly in academic writing	47
9485449517	Imperative Sentence	Makes a request or gives a command Can end with either a period or exclamation mark Generally inappropriate in academic writing, due to its use of 2nd person voice (you = understood subject), but can be used to establish tone	48
9603192884	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	49
9603196030	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	50
9603200661	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning	51
9603207646	Understatement	The ironic minimalizing of fact; understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic.	52
9603209210	Paradox	A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true."You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without getting a job."	53
9635102420	Euphemism	A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	54
9635102421	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	55
9635102422	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe arouse emotion or represent abstractions	56
9635102423	Pedantic	Words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	57
9635102424	Apostrophe	An address to someone or something that cannot answer	58
9635125335	Idiom	An expression that cannot be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has a separate meaning of its own Ex: 'kick the bucket'	59
9771114637	Juxtaposition	An act or instance of placing words, phrases, or images close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast	60
9771114638	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	61
9771114639	Meiosis	Understatement, the opposite of exaggeration	62
9771114640	Litotes	A type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect	63
9863964835	Oxymoron	A figure of speech wherin the quthor groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox	64
9863977370	Anastrophe	the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses emphasizes the displaced word or phrase.	65
9863985413	Catalogue	Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect.	66
9863989747	Rhetorical Question	Question not asked for information but for effect.	67
9863994220	Symbolism	the use of symbols (action, person, place, word, or object) to represent ideas or qualities	68

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AP Language Midterm Flashcards

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5759580162	Unknown Author	author of Beowulf	0
5759584101	Beowulf (Character)	Geat from Southern Sweden who sailed from Denmark to help King Hrothgar fight Grendel	1
5759591111	Grendel	born of Cain, half-human/half-demon animal that terrorizes King Hrothgar and his men; defeated by Beowulf by having his arm torn off	2
5759603844	Grendel's Mother	the mother of Grendel who fights Beowulf and is defeated by him; lives in the lake where Grendel crawled into to die	3
5759636538	King Hrothgar	the King of the Danes who is terrorized by Grendel	4
5759658722	Herot	the drinking hall that Grendel attacks in the night	5
5759674525	Danish Watchman	guard that allows Beowulf and his men to enter the country	6
5759682332	Edgetho	Beowulf's father	7
5759690227	Higlac	Beowulf's relative	8
5759714684	Wiglaf	one of Beowulf's men who is the only one to turn back and fight when the rest of his men run away whilst Beowulf is fighting the dragon	9
5759759778	Beowulf (Plot)	Beowulf sails to help King Hrothgar defeat Grendel, a monster who terrorizes the people, and goes on a rampage of killing Grendel, his mother, and dies trying to defeat a dragon guarding a tower	10
5759755847	Geoffrey Chaucer	Author of The Canterbury Tales	11
5759791623	The Canterbury Tales (Plot)	a group of pilgrims is going to visit the shrine of St. Thomas Beckett. Along the way, they meet an innkeeper who agrees to travel with them as a judge for a game he creates. He says that everyone on the pilgrimage is allowed to tell two stories and he will pick the best one at the end of the journey, and whoever wins will have a feast hosted by the other people on the journey.	12
5759879019	The Pardoner's Tale (Plot)	three men set out on a quest to defeat death, and come across crap loads of money, to which they agree to split. They send one man out to buy food and drink and the other two plot to murder him when he returns. In the end, all three men die by their own attempts at murdering the others.	13
5759901891	The Wife of Bath's Tale (Plot)	A rapist is sentenced to find out what women really want in one year or he shall be killed. He travels all over, but every women he asks gives him a different answer. On the day of his execution, he meets an old witch in the woods who gives him the answer, which saves his life. However, to receive this answer from the woman, he has to marry her if he lives. After marrying her, she asks if he would rather her be young and unfaithful or old and faithful. He asks her what she wants, and she becomes a young and faithful wife.	14
5759959367	William Shakespeare	Author of Hamlet	15
5759960807	Hamlet (Character)	the protagonist of the play; is visited by the ghost of his father and told the truth about his murder. The ghost of his father tells him to kill his uncle. Throughout the play, he struggles with whether or not he should kill his mother. His family believes he is crazy and he ends up dying by a poisoned sword in the end.	16
5759983996	Ghost of Hamlet's Father (King Hamlet)	is killed by his brother, Claudius, while he is asleep in the garden by poison in his ear. He visits Hamlet and tells him to kill his Uncle and leave his mother alone.	17
5760073046	Fortinbras	is trying to steal back land that Hamlet's father won in battle. At the end of the play he ends up ruling in Denmark	18
5760083149	Ophelia	Hamlet's love interest, daughter of Polonius and sister of Laertes; ends up going crazy and drowning, although it is unknown if she drowned herself or if she was murdered	19
5760091239	Claudius	Hamlet's uncle who killed his father. He takes over Elsinore and marries Hamlet's mother. He plots to kill Hamlet because of his madness; he ends up being poisoned by his own poisoned cup and stabbed by poisoned sword	20
5760100423	Queen Gertrude	Hamlet's mother who marries his uncle VERY soon after her husband's death, has a strange relationship with her son as well. She is killed by drinking of the cup which Claudius poisoned.	21
5760115899	Horatio	Hamlet's best friend. Almost killed himself, but Hamlet instructed him not to so he could tell his story.	22
5760123163	Polonius	father of Laertes and Ophelia, advisor to the King. Claudius and he plot to kill Hamlet. Is stabbed through an arras by Hamlet because he was snooping on Hamlet and Queen Gertrude's conversation.	23
5760146168	Laertes	Son of Polonius, leaves at the beginning of the play to return to school, but comes back to Elsinore to avenge his father's death. Is killed when dueling against Hamlet and their swords are switched and he is stabbed by the one that is poisoned.	24
5760160674	Rosencrantz and Guildenstern	old friends of Hamlet that Claudius and Gertrude have try and get Hamlet to stop acting crazy. They travel with him to England where Claudius sends Hamlet to be murdered. Hamlet switches the letter they are taking to the King of England with one he wrote. The two are murdered and Hamlet returns to Elsinore.	25
5760186389	Yorick	the old court jester who Hamlet speaks to before Ophelia's burial	26
5760199851	Bill Shakespeare	Author of Macbeth	27
5760259501	Macbeth (Character)	main character of the play who is given a prophecy that affects all of his decisions throughout the entire play. He goes slightly crazy and is beheaded by Macduff. All of the prophecies he was given came true	28
5760267503	Banquo	good friend of Macbeth who is also given a prophecy: that his sons will rule as kings. He is killed my murderers who were sent by Macbeth	29
5760307330	Witches	three women with beards who give Macbeth and Banquo prophecies	30
5760313993	King Duncan	friend of Macbeth's who grants him the Thane of Cawdor. He is stabbed to death by Macbeth.	31
5760331652	Lady Macbeth	Macbeth's wife who pushes him to murder all those in the way of him becoming and staying king. She goes crazy with the murders and kills herself just before the end of the play.	32
5760343977	Malcolm and Donalbain	sons of Duncan; after hearing of his death, they flee the country and are then assumed to be guilty of his death.	33
5760356722	Fleance	Banquo's son who escapes the murderers that Macbeth sent. Takes the throne of Scotland after Macbeth is killed.	34
5760364109	Hecate	goddess of witchcraft	35
5760366453	Macduff	friend of Macbeth who realizes his insanity and beheads him	36
5760373783	Lady Macduff	is left by her husband when he goes to prepare for war and is murdered by Macbeth's men	37
5760429115	John Donne	Author of "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning," "Meditation 17," and "Death Be Not Proud"	38
5760437544	Alexander Pope	Author of "An Essay on Man"	39
5760442044	Jonathon Swift	Author of "A Modest Proposal"	40
5760443118	Robert Burns	Author of "Auld Lang Syne"	41
5760446896	William Blake	Author of "The Chimney Sweeper" from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, "The Tyger" and "The Lamb"	42
5760457614	George Gordon/Lord Byron	Author of "She Walks in Beauty"	43
5760460244	Percy Bysshe Shelley	Author of "Ozymandias"	44
5760463903	John Keats	Author of "Ode on a Grecian Urn"	45
5760465772	Robert Herrick	Author of "To the Virgins, to make much of Time"	46
5760470668	Lewis Carroll	Author of "Jabberwocky"	47
5760472115	A.E. Hoursman	Author of "To an Athlete Dying Young"	48
5760481567	Conceit	poet compares two unlike things in a long, extended comparison	49
5760485587	Literary Paradox	images or descriptions that appear to be contradictory, but reveal deeper truth	50
5760492050	Metaphysical Poet	17th century poet who used a less formal tone, simpler word choice and wrote about love, death, and man's relationship with God	51
5760514168	Satire	often humorous, written to actually make a serious point	52
5760521651	Romantic Writers	wrote about the beauty of untamed nature, genius of individual artist's emotion and depiction of human feelings	53
5760694696	A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (Plot)	the poem is arguing how the speaker and their partner's love is superior because their love doesn't depend on physical things like other people's might.	54
5760760779	Meditation 17 (Plot)	the poem tells of how all men are united and that no one is left alone. We are all united and anything that happens to one effects the others.	55
5760804104	Death Be Not Proud (Plot)	Death shouldn't be proud because it is not all powerful because people may be taken from earth but they live forever in heaven. All men die, no one is spared, but we all join again in heaven, and even death shall die.	56
5760817177	An Essay on Man (Plot)	Humanity is always caught in between two things such as decisions and what we are, but we are all destined for the same thing and we will all make mistakes despite our superiority in the circle of life.	57
5760844107	A Modest Proposal(Plot)	Satire used to show how ridiculous some of the ideas for solving child poverty were at the time. Proposes that people have children and then sell them to the rich to feast on that way there would be an abundance of food, wealth for the poor, and fewer starving children on the streets of Ireland.	58
5760854446	Auld Lang Syne (Plot)	An old drinking song about the good old days and how we shouldn't forget them	59
5760870073	The Chimney Sweeper(Plot)	Songs of Innocence: the boys walked through the streets crying "weep" hoping to get a job cleaning chimneys, which became like black coffins to them. All they dream of is being clean. They hope to die because they know they will be happy in heaven. Songs of Experience: the boys' parents make them walk through the streets to make money for them. The parents claim they make them work because of their religion.	60
5760928000	The Tyger(Plot)	the poems asks what kind of person could build such a creature and describes the brutal process through which it was made.	61
5760937897	The Lamb(Plot)	the poems asks the lamb if it knows what gentle hand made it and describes it's beauty and innocence	62
5760944413	She Walks in Beauty(Plot)	the poem compares the woman to the beautiful surroundings she walks through as if she is those surroundings	63
5760946910	Byronic Heroes	dramatic, handsome men who live short, fast, lives of excitement and passion. They tend to be dark and brooding bad boys	64
5760960144	Ozymandius(Plot)	a poem about a fake statue built for a fake person and asks the question of what will and won't last forever, no matter how powerful	65
5760967537	Ode on a Grecian Urn(Plot)	the poem depicts three different scenes: the first of a man chasing after a woman and being told to never give up, the second of a man playing a flute under a tree that cannot shed its leaves, and the third of a man leading a cow to be sacrificed	66
5760985612	To the Virgins, to make much of Time(Plot)	Gather what you can in your time, but do not rush it. Do not rush your time. Time is more powerful than anything, the sun is a lamp that helps us see and it can't defeat time	67
5761000107	Jabberwocky(Plot)	a poem that uses made up words to send a message about a made up creature	68
5761007941	To an Athlete Dying Young(Plot)	a poem about a talented athlete that died too young, even though he was in his prime	69

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AP Language vocabulary Flashcards

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11247613560	analyze	to break down into parts	0
11247613561	Synthesis	Put an idea together based on multiple parts	1
11247613562	Well developed	Well throughout details	2
11247613563	coherent	Clear; make sense	3
11247613564	Speaker	The one who is delivering the type of writing	4
11247613565	occasion	The scenery	5
11247613566	audience	The one who is absorbing the information	6
11247613567	purpose	The reason why they are doing something	7
11247613568	Argument	Different points/sides	8
11247613569	Position	Certain side, claim, thesis, purpose	9
11247613570	Evidence	Information to back you up	10
11247613571	passage/excerpt	a section of text	11
11247613572	Rhetoric	effective writing or speaking	12
11247613573	rhetorical strategies	Covers figurative language like diction, syntax, etc.	13
11247613574	attitude	How speaker feels towards a subject	14
11247613575	Tone	How the writer is impacted	15
11247613576	Diction	word choice	16
11247613577	Syntax	Sentence structure	17
11247613578	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	18
11247613579	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	19
11247613580	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	20
11247613581	Antecedent/reference	Before/(like they/she/he)	21
11247613582	Logos	logic	22
11247613583	Ethos	credibility	23
11247613584	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	24
11247613585	Claim/Thesis	a statement of the author's point of view	25
11247613586	authority	Information from authorities people, ex: doctors and scientists	26
11247613587	credibility	believability	27
11247613588	Style	A basic and distinctive mode of expression.	28
11247613589	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	29
11247613590	Imagery	Words that paint a picture	30
11247613591	Irony	Something happens that you didn't expect	31
11247613592	formal	Sounding professional, ex: formal speech	32
11247613593	colloquial	How you speak to someone	33
11247613594	figurative language	writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally	34
11247613595	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as; Something true but make it extreme	35
11247613596	Simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	36
11247613597	Symbol	anything that stands for or represents something else	37
11247613598	Personification	the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea	38
11247613599	Hyperbole	extreme exaggeration; not true	39

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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary List #2 Flashcards

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10836222667	Syntax	the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence.	0
10836222668	Transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.	1
10836364840	Tone	the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.)	2
10836364841	Style	an author's characteristic manner of expression - his or her diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to style.	3
10836364842	Point of View	The perspective from which a story is presented.	4
10836364843	First Person Narrator	a narrator within the story who tells the story from the "I" perspective.	5
10836364844	Stream of Consciousness	like a first person narrator, but instead placing the reader inside the character's head, making the reader privy to the continuous, chaotic flow of disconnected, half-formed thoughts and impressions in the character's mind.	6
10836364845	Omniscient	A third person narrator who sees into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.	7
10836364846	Limited Omniscient	a third person narrator who reports the thoughts of only one character and generally only what that one character sees.	8
10836364847	Mood	similar to tone, it is the primary emotional attitude of a work (the feeling of the work; the atmosphere). Syntax is also a determiner of this term because sentence strength, length, and complexity affect pacing.	9
10836364848	Coherence	quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle.	10
10836364849	Jargon	the special language of a profession or group.	11
10836364850	Corroborate	To confirm or increase in certainty.	12
10836364851	Enunicate	To articulate or pronounce clearly.	13
10836364852	Malleable	Easily shaped or reformed.	14

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Ap Language and Composition Vocab 3 Flashcards

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7674294825	Analogous	adjective possessing connections, similarities	0
7674294826	Apathetic	adjective feeling or showing little emotion	1
7674294827	Benevolent	adjective friendly, helpful	2
7674294828	Brash	adjective heedless of consequences, lacking restraint, vivid contrast	3
7674294829	Caustic	adjective able to burn or eat away by chemical action; biting, sarcastic	4
7674294830	Complicity	noun involvement in wrongdoing; the state of being an accomplice	5
7674294831	Delude	verb to fool, deceive; to mislead utterly	6
7674294832	Elusive	adjective difficult to find, catch, or achieve	7
7674294833	Exuberant	adjective high-spirited, enthusiastic, unrestrained; excessive, abundant	8
7674294834	Generate	verb to create; to bring into being	9
7674294835	Gullible	adjective easily deceived	10
7674294836	Heterogeneous	adjective Composed of different kinds, diverse	11
7674294837	Illuminate	verb to light up or make clear	12
7674294838	Melancholy	adjective Depression of spirits	13
7674294839	Morose	adjective having a gloomy or sullen manner; not friendly or sociable	14
7674294840	Render	verb to cause to become; to perform; to deliver officially; to process, extract	15
7674294841	Scrutinize	verb to examine closely	16
7674294842	Signal	verb Anything that serves to direct, guide, or warn	17
7674294843	Urbane	adjective refined in manner or style, suave	18
7674294844	Winsome	adjective charming, pleasing	19