AP World History Vocab 56 Flashcards
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| 11877853002 | the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. | Bushido |  | 0 |
| 11877859887 | a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos. | Samuri |  | 1 |
| 11877864978 | In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure. | Shogun |  | 2 |
| 11877871460 | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | Daimyo |  | 3 |
| 11877875382 | The supreme ruler of an empire. | Emperor |  | 4 |
Flashcards
AP world history vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10508418715 | paleolithic age | a period in human prehistory known for the original development of stone tools | 0 | |
| 10508421355 | neolithic age | a period in the development of human technology beginning in 10,200bc | 1 | |
| 10508421356 | bronze age | a historical period known for the use of bronze | 2 | |
| 10508425632 | civilization | the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced | 3 | |
| 10508425633 | city state | a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state | 4 | |
| 10508428772 | ORACLE | a priest or priestess acting as a medium through whom advice was sought from the gods | 5 | |
| 10508429008 | monotheism | the belief there is only one god | 6 | |
| 10508434829 | homo sapiens sapiens | the name used in taxonomy for the only extant human species | 7 | |
| 10508440705 | neolithic revolution | the wide scale transition of many human cultures during the neolithic period | 8 | |
| 10508440706 | nomad | a person who moves place to place in search for more or better resources | 9 | |
| 10508440707 | ideographic symbols | a symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of any particular language | 10 | |
| 10508444684 | phoenicians | the Semitic language of the Phoenicians written in an alphabet that was the ancestor of the Greek and roman alphabet | 11 | |
| 10508450704 | polytheism | the belief in more than one god | 12 | |
| 10508432942 | homo spiens spiens | 13 |
AP Language list 4 Flashcards
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| 11534112125 | Assertion | The writer's claim; an empathetic statement one must prove | 0 | |
| 11534118168 | Anecdote | A short, simple narrative of an incident; often used for humorous effect or to make a point | 1 | |
| 11534125798 | Point of View | The perspective from which a story is presented; common ones include the following; First person narrator Stream of Consciousness Omniscent Limited Omniscent Objective Second person | 2 | |
| 11534144340 | Figurative Language | Language that contains figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal | 3 | |
| 11534153108 | Chrhonology | An order of events; a list of events; the study of the order in which things occur; this is often part of the pattern of development of process analysis | 4 | |
| 11534168334 | Ad Hominem | In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man;" simply pit, this is when a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instead of their arguments. | 5 | |
| 11534186022 | Empirical Claim | A claim or assertion that is based on data such as facts, detailed and provable observations, data, and experimentation. An empirical claim makes a statement that is not based on opinion. | 6 | |
| 11534205421 | Logical Fallacy | A mistake in reasoning | 7 | |
| 11534207633 | Counterclaim | An argument that challenges another argument; a fact or opinion that challenges the reasoning behind somebody's proposal and shows that there are grounds for taking an opposite view | 8 | |
| 11534227726 | Generalization | When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. These occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some. | 9 | |
| 11534239172 | Counterproposal | A proposal that is written in response to one that is unsatisfactory | 10 | |
| 11534244012 | Disclaimer | A statement that denies something, especially responsibility | 11 | |
| 11534250916 | Erudite | Having or showing great knowledge/learning | 12 | |
| 11534256192 | Prose | One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line. | 13 | |
| 11534266190 | Qualification | A limitation on the range or precision of a claim which often expresses degrees of confidence or probability; a statement that is no absolute; it acknowledges the merits of an opposing view by develops a stronger case for its own. | 14 | |
| 11534283020 | Equivocal | A half-truth, or statement that is partially correct bu;t that purposefully obscures the entire truth, this happens when the writer makes use of a word's multiple meanings and changes the meanings in the middle of the argument without telling the audience about the shift. Often when we use vague or ambiguous words like "right" for "moral" we can do this without intending to. | 15 | |
| 11534305981 | Paradox | A statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning or to contain the truth. | 16 | |
| 11534314251 | Concrete Detail | Language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities. | 17 | |
| 11534341965 | Parallelism | The technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or longer structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form. It may be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a row to describe the same noun or verb; it may take the form of two or more of the subordinate clause that modify the same noun or verb. It also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence. | 18 | |
| 11534369668 | Exhortation | An address or communication (speech, letter, etc.) emphatically urging someone to do something | 19 | |
| 11534381276 | Laudatory | praiseworthy; admirable | 20 | |
| 11534384430 | Strident | noisy, forceful, persuasive | 21 | |
| 11534388413 | Refutes | To prove something wrong through logical argument or by providing evidence to the contrary; to deny something. | 22 | |
| 11534444712 | Colloquial | A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing ("y'all, ain't, She's got three kids", "You could of come if you wanted to.") | 23 | |
| 11534474094 | Speculative | Hypothetical; theoretical; projected | 24 | |
| 11534478040 | Contrast | A pattern of organization in which two things are juxtaposed to highlight their similarities and differences which often reveals insights into the nature of the information being analyzed. | 25 |
AP Spanish Language and Culture -Essay Terminology Flashcards
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| 11611902856 | a causa de | because of |  | 0 |
| 11611902857 | actualmente | presently |  | 1 |
| 11611902858 | ahora mismo | right now |  | 2 |
| 11611902859 | al considerar | upon consideration of |  | 3 |
| 11611902860 | al parecer | in my opinion |  | 4 |
| 11611902861 | a pesar de todo | in spite of everything |  | 5 |
| 11611902862 | claro | of course |  | 6 |
| 11611902863 | como | since | 7 | |
| 11611902864 | de ninguna manera | by no means | 8 | |
| 11611902865 | do todos modos | at any rate | 9 | |
| 11611902866 | en cuanto a | regarding | 10 | |
| 11611902867 | en vista de que | considering that | 11 | |
| 11611902868 | hace poco | a short while ago | 12 | |
| 11611902869 | hasta la fecha | until now | 13 | |
| 11611902870 | hay que tomar en cuenta que | one must realize that | 14 | |
| 11611902871 | hoy día | nowadays | 15 | |
| 11611902872 | lo esencial es | what is essential is | 16 | |
| 11611902873 | lo que importa es | what matters is | 17 | |
| 11611902874 | sin duda | without a doubt | 18 | |
| 11611902875 | sobre todo | above all | 19 | |
| 11611902876 | además (de) | in addition | 20 | |
| 11611902877 | a la misma vez | at the same time | 21 | |
| 11611902878 | asimismo | likewise | 22 | |
| 11611902879 | con respecto a | with respect to | 23 | |
| 11611902880 | conforme a | according to | 24 | |
| 11611902881 | constar que | to make know that | 25 | |
| 11611902882 | de ahora en adelante | from now on | 26 | |
| 11611902883 | el hecho | in fact | 27 | |
| 11611902884 | el caso es | the fact is | 28 | |
| 11611902885 | el hecho de que | the fact that | 29 | |
| 11611902886 | es decir que | that is to say | 30 | |
| 11611902887 | específicamente | specifically | 31 | |
| 11611902888 | igualmente | equally | 32 | |
| 11611902889 | las razones por las que | the reasons for which | 33 | |
| 11611902890 | mientras tantos | in the meantime | 34 | |
| 11611902891 | mientras | meanwhile | 35 | |
| 11611902892 | o sea | that is to say | 36 | |
| 11611902893 | para continuar | to continue | 37 | |
| 11611902894 | para ejemplificar | to exemplify | 38 | |
| 11611902895 | para ilustrar | to illustrate | 39 | |
| 11611902896 | por añadidura | besides | 40 | |
| 11611902897 | por eso | therefore | 41 | |
| 11611902898 | principalmente | firstly | 42 | |
| 11611902899 | para emezar | to begin | 43 | |
| 11611902900 | al principio | at the beginning | 44 | |
| 11611902901 | a partir de | beginning with | 45 | |
| 11611902902 | como punto de partida | as a starting point | 46 | |
| 11611902903 | en primer lugar | in the first place | 47 | |
| 11611902904 | al contrario de | in contrast to | 48 | |
| 11611902905 | abmos | both | 49 | |
| 11611902906 | a pesar de que | despite | 50 | |
| 11611902907 | aunque | although | 51 | |
| 11611902908 | como | given that | 52 | |
| 11611902909 | de la misma manera | in the same way | 53 | |
| 11611902910 | de lo contrario | otherwise | 54 | |
| 11611902911 | de otro modo | on the other hand | 55 | |
| 11611902912 | en vez de | instead of | 56 | |
| 11611902913 | es cada vez más | it is increasingly... | 57 | |
| 11611902914 | no obstante | nevertheless | 58 | |
| 11611902915 | por la mayor parte | for the most part | 59 | |
| 11611902916 | por motivo que | for the reason that | 60 | |
| 11611902917 | por un lado | on one hand | 61 | |
| 11611902918 | sin embargo | however | 62 | |
| 11611902919 | sino | but | 63 | |
| 11611902920 | sino que | but rather | 64 | |
| 11611902921 | tanto mejor | even better | 65 | |
| 11611902922 | Ante esto | In light of this | 66 | |
| 11611902923 | Al parecer | Seemingly | 67 | |
| 11611902924 | Al considerar | Upon consideration of | 68 | |
| 11611902925 | Así que | Thus | 69 | |
| 11611902926 | Como consecuencia | As a consequence | 70 | |
| 11611902927 | Como resultado | As a result of | 71 | |
| 11611902928 | Debido a | Because of | 72 | |
| 11611902929 | De manera que | So that | 73 | |
| 11611902930 | En todo caso | In any case | 74 | |
| 11611902931 | Por consiguiente | Consequently | 75 | |
| 11611902932 | Por ese motivo | For this reason | 76 | |
| 11611902933 | Por lo tanto | Hence | 77 | |
| 11611902934 | Puesto que | As | 78 | |
| 11611902935 | Resulta a | It turns out that | 79 | |
| 11611902936 | Se debe tomar en cuenta | One must take into account | 80 | |
| 11611902937 | Sigue que | It follows that | 81 | |
| 11611902938 | Ya que | Now that | 82 | |
| 11611902939 | A fin de cuentas | In the end | 83 | |
| 11611902940 | Al fin | At last | 84 | |
| 11611902941 | Al fin y al cabo | When all is said and done | 85 | |
| 11611902942 | Ante todo | First of all | 86 | |
| 11611902943 | De lo anterior, se ve que | From the above, it is clear that | 87 | |
| 11611902944 | De todas formas | Anyway | 88 | |
| 11611902945 | De todo esto se deduce que | From the above, we can deduce that | 89 | |
| 11611902946 | De todos modos | At any rate | 90 | |
| 11611902947 | En breve | Briefly | 91 | |
| 11611902948 | En definitiva | Definitely | 92 | |
| 11611902949 | En fin | In short | 93 | |
| 11611902950 | En resumen | In summary | 94 | |
| 11611902951 | En resumidas cuentas | In short | 95 | |
| 11611902952 | En todo caso | In any case | 96 | |
| 11611902953 | Finalmente | Finally | 97 | |
| 11611902954 | Lo esencial es | What is essential is | 98 | |
| 11611902955 | Mejor dicho | Rather | 99 | |
| 11611902956 | Para terminar | To end | 100 | |
| 11611902957 | Por último | Lastly | 101 | |
| 11611902958 | Por siguiente | Thus | 102 | |
| 11611902959 | Cordialmente | Cordially | 103 | |
| 11611902960 | Estimida/o | Dear (formal) | 104 | |
| 11611902961 | Querida/querido | Dear (informal) | 105 |
Ap World History Ch. 12 Flashcards
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| 11834954124 | Who were the Mongols? | Nomadic groups who had strong cavalry | 0 | |
| 11834980734 | What did the Mongols receive and some lived entirely off of? | Tribute | 1 | |
| 11834986773 | Who played important roles? | Women | 2 | |
| 11834997393 | Who did Genghis Khan unify? | Golden Horde (Russia) Jagadai Il-Khan (Islamic) | 3 | |
| 11835006107 | What were the Golden Horde, Jagadai, and Il-Khan called? | Khantes | 4 | |
| 11835036451 | Who was not as respected and had little to no success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan? | Khubilai Khan | 5 | |
| 11835044442 | What was Japan forced to do? | Build up their shores | 6 | |
| 11835045904 | What did the Mongol Empire do? | "Ran from China to Persia" | 7 | |
| 11835050553 | What was the Mongol Empire good at? | Superior horsemenship, better bows, and deadly cavalry charge | 8 | |
| 11835106176 | What became less risky? | Long-distance trade | 9 | |
| 11835123038 | The Mongol Empire opened the door to.. | Unlimited amounts of trade in Eurasia | 10 | |
| 11835127784 | What did the Mongols bring? | Greater integration among Eurasians | 11 | |
| 11835155448 | How did the Mongols bring greater integration among Eurasians? | 1) Established s courier network(mail delivery) 2) Increased Trade 3) Diplomatic missions 4) Resettlement of conquered people | 12 | |
| 11835171536 | Why were the Mongols unable to agree on a religion? | Because they conquered all religions | 13 | |
| 11835176815 | Why did the Mongols not allow people to learn the Mongol language? | So they could speak and no one would have any idea what they are saying | 14 | |
| 11835191335 | What was Il-Khan Ghazan? | Mongol leader | 15 | |
| 11835193900 | What did Il-Khan do? | Converted to Islam and then murdered the Abbasid Caliph | 16 | |
| 11835196815 | What did Batu do? | Attacked Il-Khan and dismembered the Il-Khan Empire | 17 | |
| 11835208920 | What did Muslims under Mongol rule achieve? | They made great advances in science and mathematics | 18 | |
| 11835216275 | Ming Empire: | Period of great wealth for China | 19 | |
| 11835222578 | Who was Zhu Yuanzhang? | Founder of the Ming Dynasty (Chinese emperor) | 20 | |
| 11835226976 | What did Zhu Yuanzhang do? | He overthrew the Mongols | 21 | |
| 11835230725 | What did the Mongols continue to do? | Serve in the army | 22 | |
| 11835233677 | What did porcelain do? | It prized trade | 23 | |
| 11835238083 | What did Korea do? | Resisted Mongol rule at first, then married into it (attached to it) | 24 | |
| 11835243782 | Korea became very..... | Profitable | 25 | |
| 11835245941 | What did Korea have? | Military technology, then they adopted a printing system which encouraged literacy | 26 | |
| 11835254847 | How many times did Mongol fail to attack Japan? | 2 | 27 | |
| 11835258177 | Who was Kami Kale? | Wind of gods | 28 | |
| 11835266490 | What did the 3 different empires slowly begin to do? | Trade with continental Asia | 29 | |
| 11835274343 | Who influenced Vietnam in the north? | China | 30 | |
| 11835280564 | What belief system did Vietnam have in the North? | Mahayan Buddhism | 31 | |
| 11835283448 | Who influenced Vietnam in the south? | India | 32 | |
| 11835286517 | What belief system did Vietnam have in the South? | Thervada Buddhism | 33 | |
| 11835290628 | Who took over all in 1500? | The north | 34 |
Europe/Mongols AP World History Flashcards
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| 7981477726 | Byzantine | Empire; Absolute Monarchy; Constantine-Constanopile | 0 | |
| 7981496481 | Constantine | 1st Christian Emperor of Rome; Moved Capital East | 1 | |
| 7981516166 | Hagia Sophia | Orthodox Church; Taken over by Muslims; Turned to Mosque | 2 | |
| 7981525546 | Vassals | Holder of land during Feudalism | 3 | |
| 7981530363 | Serfs | A worker held unde4r feudal system to work on their lords estate | 4 | |
| 7981538493 | Schism | East vs West split; Orthodox Church vs Roman Catholic Church | 5 | |
| 7981552106 | Orthodox | Church; Byzantine; Anti Icons | 6 | |
| 7981557339 | Justinian Code | Body of Civil Laws; Justinian created | 7 | |
| 7981563749 | Feudalism | Dominated social systems in Europe; Noble=Land for Military service | 8 | |
| 7981577624 | Vladimir | Married Byzantine princess=Orthodox Church | 9 | |
| 7981583806 | Franks | Nomadic Family | 10 | |
| 7981592349 | Charlemagne | King; Married Roman Catholic women; converted to Catholic; forced others; State vs Church | 11 | |
| 7981613263 | Magna Carta | Document constituting a feudal guarantee of rights and privileges | 12 | |
| 7981646547 | Hanseatic League | A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns | 13 | |
| 7981656021 | Holy Roman Empire | Pope=Supreme Ruler; Celibacy; Pro Icons | 14 | |
| 7981672069 | Vikings | Nomadic group of people that raided Europe; Settled in Greenland | 15 | |
| 7981698153 | Fiefs | Estate of land; held on conditions of feudalism | 16 | |
| 7981707833 | 3 Field System | Land/village spilt into 3 fields; 1: Planted for wheat/rye, 2: Other crops, 3: To regain good soil | 17 | |
| 7981722330 | Code of Chivalry | Standards for knights | 18 | |
| 7981725953 | 100 years war | France vs England; England invaded France for Throne | 19 | |
| 7981737628 | Inquisition | Court established by Roman Catholic Church to try cases | 20 | |
| 7981744791 | Manor | A feudal estate | 21 | |
| 7981746798 | Heresy | Belief/opinion contrary to Orthodox | 22 | |
| 7981756407 | Bubonic Plague | Most common plague in Humans; Black Death | 23 | |
| 7981760477 | Crusades | Military expedition; Recover Holy Land from Muslims | 24 | |
| 7981772938 | Genghis Khan | Founder of Mongol Empire; Largest empire that continued after his death | 25 | |
| 7981791683 | Golden Horde | Army of Mongol (Tartar); Overran Russia: Khanates in Russia | 26 | |
| 7981809281 | Yuan | Dynast; Ruled by Mongols; Kublai Khan | 27 | |
| 7981815317 | Khanates | Political entity ruled by Khan; Mongols | 28 | |
| 7981824099 | Pax Mongolia | Mongol Empire on social, cultural, and economical life of Eurasian Territory | 29 | |
| 7981833206 | Mamluks | Turkish military slaves; Abbasid Caliphate | 30 |
AP World History Week 16 11-20 Flashcards
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| 11835056611 | Babur (the Tiger) | claimed he was a descendent of Chinggis Khan and Timberlane. With the aid of gunpowder weapons, including both artillery and firearms, he mounted an invasion in 1523 and 1525, ahdn took Delhi in 1526. He is the founder of the Mughal Empire, which would eventually embrace almost all of the Indian subcontinent. | 0 | |
| 11835060548 | Akbar | (1556-1605) the real architect of the Mughal empire. He created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating the various providences of the empire. He believed in religious tolerance. | 1 | |
| 11835065070 | Aurangzeb | (1659-1707) the Mughal empire reached its greatest extent under this ruler. He expanded the empire into the southern tip of India. He forced Islam on all subjects and destroyed many famous Hindu temples and replaced them with Mosques. | 2 | |
| 11835067896 | Sufism | a mystical belief and practice, formed an important Islamic tradition. The goal of Sufi mystic, was to recover lost intimacy between God and the human soul, and to find the truth of the divine God. | 3 | |
| 11835070784 | The Dynastic State | the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires were all military creations, regarded by their rulers as their personal possessions by right of conquest. These rulers exercised personal command of the armies, appointed and dismissed officials at will and adopted whatever policies they wished. | 4 | |
| 11835074857 | Steppe Traditions | in these empires the ruler's relatives often managed components of the states, and succession to the throne became a hot contest between competing members of the family. In some empires, murder and complete destruction was commons. | 5 | |
| 11835079869 | Rene Descartes | encouraged the educated to develop a skeptical approach on learning. | 6 | |
| 11835083970 | Francis Bacon | advocated empirical research based on observations and carefully obtained data. | 7 | |
| 11835087964 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | Frenchmen who believed that education of all was the key to a successful society. | 8 |
AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards
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| 11853869815 | Trans-Oceanic Trade | global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean | 0 | |
| 11853869816 | Columbian Exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. |  | 1 |
| 11853869817 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 2 | |
| 11853869818 | Triangular Trade | Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies. |  | 3 |
| 11853869819 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 4 | |
| 11853869820 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 5 | |
| 11853932077 | Spanish Galleon | a large multi-deck ship with at least three or four masts, usually with a lateen sail; these ships were capable of carrying an enormous volume of cargo and carried most of the slaves across the Atlantic via the Middle Passage | 6 | |
| 11853869821 | Cartography | the science or the art of making maps | 7 | |
| 11853869822 | Joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 8 | |
| 11853869823 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. | 9 | |
| 11853869824 | Royal African Company | a mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa | 10 | |
| 11853869825 | Amerindians | American Indians | 11 | |
| 11853869826 | Italian Renaissance | rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion | 12 | |
| 11853869827 | Northern Renaissance | An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance | 13 | |
| 11853869828 | The Medici | The Medici family was a family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them. | 14 | |
| 11853869829 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 15 | |
| 11853869830 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 16 | |
| 11853869831 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. | 17 | |
| 11853869832 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation | 18 | |
| 11853869833 | Anglicanism | A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England | 19 | |
| 11853869834 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 20 | |
| 11853869835 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 21 | |
| 11853869836 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs; led to the Age of Reason also known as the Enlightenment | 22 | |
| 11853869837 | Copernicus | Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth. | 23 | |
| 11853869838 | Descartes | French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. | 24 | |
| 11853869839 | Newton | This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science | 25 | |
| 11853869840 | Galileo | He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. | 26 | |
| 11853869841 | Deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. | 27 | |
| 11853869842 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 28 | |
| 11853869843 | Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 29 | |
| 11853869844 | Magellan | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there | 30 | |
| 11853869846 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 31 | |
| 11853869847 | Plantation Economy | This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export. | 32 | |
| 11853869848 | Indentured servitude | A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. | 33 | |
| 11853869849 | Encomienda System | Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor; laborers granted to work the land | 34 | |
| 11853869850 | Hacienda System | landed estates granted to conquistadors; these large estates engaged in farming, raising livestock, and craft production. The Hacienda would produce enough food for its own use and to sell in local markets in nearby mining towns and cities. Haciendas originated in Spanish land grants, made to many conquistadors and crown officials, but many ordinary Spaniards could also petition for land grants from the crown. | 35 | |
| 11853869851 | Mita System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept; the Incan Mita system required that the population do public works service; when the Spaniards arrived they converted this system to a system of forced labor, forcing natives to work for them mining silver | 36 | |
| 11853869852 | Peninsulares | a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies | 37 | |
| 11853869893 | Creoles/Criollos | Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; were considered to have inferior social, political, economic status, which they resented | 38 | |
| 11853869854 | Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry | 39 | |
| 11853869855 | Mulattos | Persons of mixed European and African ancestry | 40 | |
| 11853869856 | Commercial Revolution | A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. | 41 | |
| 11853869857 | Boyars | a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince | 42 | |
| 11853869858 | Absolutism | the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters | 43 | |
| 11853869859 | *Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 44 | |
| 11853869860 | *Phillip II | King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great. | 45 | |
| 11853869861 | *Ivan III | "Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar. | 46 | |
| 11853869862 | *Ivan IV | the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar | 47 | |
| 11853869863 | *Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian Tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 48 | |
| 11853869864 | *Parliamentary monarchy | A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament | 49 | |
| 11853869865 | Divine Rights | A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. | 50 | |
| 11853869866 | Versailles | A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style | 51 | |
| 11853869867 | European Empires in the Americans | Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark | 52 | |
| 11853869868 | Aztecs | a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century | 53 | |
| 11853869869 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 54 | |
| 11853869870 | Ming-Dynasty - China | The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. | 55 | |
| 11853869871 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) | 56 | |
| 11853869872 | Thirty Year War | a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties. | 57 | |
| 11853869873 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. | 58 | |
| 11853869874 | Edict of Nantes | document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots | 59 | |
| 11853869875 | English Civil War | a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government | 60 | |
| 11853869876 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 61 | |
| 11853869877 | Enlightenment | a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition | 62 | |
| 11853869878 | *John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 63 | |
| 11853869879 | *Adam Smith | a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment | 64 | |
| 11853869880 | *Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 65 | |
| 11853869881 | 7 Years War | a war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other. | 66 | |
| 11853869882 | French & Indian War | American version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt. | 67 | |
| 11853869883 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world. | 68 | |
| 11853869884 | Treaty of Zaragosa | A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia. | 69 | |
| 11853869885 | Hernan Cortes | a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire | 70 | |
| 11853869886 | Francisco Pizzaro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's | 71 | |
| 11853869887 | Viceroyalties | the office, position, or authority of a viceroy | 72 | |
| 11853869889 | balance of power | Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe). | 73 | |
| 11853869890 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | 74 | |
| 11853869891 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 75 | |
| 11853869892 | Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation | 76 | |
| 11853869894 | Francis Drake | English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596) | 77 | |
| 11853869896 | joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses; investors had limited liability, meaning that they could not lose more than there investment; this encouraged investors; these companies were able to run more efficient and profitable voyages than those funded by monarchs. | 78 | |
| 11853869898 | Henry VIII | (1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Established the Church of England in 1532. | 79 | |
| 11853869899 | patrons | a person who supports artists, especially financially | 80 | |
| 11853869900 | middle passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 81 | |
| 11853869901 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 82 | |
| 11853869902 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 83 | |
| 11853869903 | Prussia | A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland | 84 | |
| 11853869904 | Renaissance Man | A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics. | 85 | |
| 11853869905 | secular | Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters | 86 | |
| 11853869906 | vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people | 87 | |
| 11853869907 | Triangular Slave Trade | A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. | 88 | |
| 11853869908 | Vasco de Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean | 89 | |
| 11853869909 | westernization | adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture | 90 | |
| 11853869910 | capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 91 | |
| 11853869911 | absolutism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 92 | |
| 11853869912 | Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) | 93 | |
| 11853869913 | St. Ignatius of Loyola | founder of the society of jesus (jesuits) | 94 | |
| 11853869914 | Maria Theresa | This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs | 95 | |
| 11853869915 | African Diaspora | The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. | 96 |
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