| 11836488320 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | | 0 |
| 11836488321 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | | 1 |
| 11836488322 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | | 2 |
| 11836488323 | Umayyad | First dynasty of the Arab-Islamic Caliphate | | 3 |
| 11836488324 | Muhammad | (570-632); Founding prophet of Islam, originally an Arabian merchant | | 4 |
| 11836488325 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | | 5 |
| 11836488326 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | | 6 |
| 11836488327 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | | 7 |
| 11836488328 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | | 8 |
| 11836488331 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | | 9 |
| 11836488332 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | | 10 |
| 11836488333 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | | 11 |
| 11836488334 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book" Tolerated non-Muslims in an Islamic state-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | | 12 |
| 11836488338 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | | 13 |
| 11836488339 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | | 14 |
| 11836488340 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | | 15 |
| 11836488341 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; Established huge empire connecting East and Central/Southwest Asia | | 16 |
| 11836488348 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali. Created the pilgrimage to Mecca. | | 17 |
| 11836488349 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | | 18 |
| 11836488352 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar: Monsoon trade | | 19 |
| 11836488354 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | | 20 |
| 11836488355 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | | 21 |
| 11836488356 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | | 22 |
| 11836488358 | Cyrillic | Written script for Russian/Slavic tongues. Developed by Byzantine monks to aid Christianization | | 23 |
| 11836488361 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | | 24 |
| 11836488362 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | | 25 |
| 11836488363 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | | 26 |
| 11836488364 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | | 27 |
| 11836488365 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | | 28 |
| 11836488366 | Serfs | Peasant workers, unfree but not chattel slaves. Owed labor to land owners, could expect land and justice | | 29 |
| 11836488368 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Catholic Christianity circa 496 | | 30 |
| 11836488370 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | | 31 |
| 11836488371 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | | 32 |
| 11836488372 | Feudalism | Theoretical political system of medieval Europe in which power devolves from center to lnadowning nobles | | 33 |
| 11836488373 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | | 34 |
| 11836488376 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | | 35 |
| 11836488379 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | | 36 |
| 11836488380 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | | 37 |
| 11836488381 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | | 38 |
| 11836488382 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | | 39 |
| 11836488385 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | | 40 |
| 11836488388 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | | 41 |
| 11836488390 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | | 42 |
| 11836488394 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | | 43 |
| 11836488399 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire. Central Asian and Russia, rule by Tribute | | 44 |
| 11836488400 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire. Persia: Rule using local bureaucrats. Became Islamic and Persianized | | 45 |
| 11836488405 | Yuan Dynasty | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire. China. Ruled using foreign bureaucrats were possible. Resisted Sinicization | | 46 |
| 11836488402 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | | 47 |
| 11836488403 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | | 48 |
| 11836488404 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | | 49 |
| 11836488406 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | | 50 |
| 11836488407 | Silk Road Trade system | System of multiple land trade routes connecting East Asia to Mediterranean, and South and Central Asia |  | 51 |
| 11836488409 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | | 52 |
| 11836488410 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | | 53 |
| 11836488412 | Trans Saharan trade | Trade routes connecting North and West Africa. Gold and Salt, aiding spread of Islam to West Asia |  | 54 |
| 11836488413 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | | 55 |
| 11836488414 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | | 56 |
| 11836488415 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade | Maritime trade routes connecting India to East African and SW Asia. Aided spread of Indian technology and ideas and spread of Islam to India |  | 57 |
| 11836488416 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | | 58 |
| 11836488417 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | | 59 |
| 11836488419 | Bantu Migrations | Spread of Bantu speaking peoples from West to East and South Africa. Iron use, cattle herding |  | 60 |
| 11836488420 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | | 61 |
| 11836813130 | Shari'a Law (Islamic Law) | laws based on the teachings of Muhammad and the Quran, the holy book of Islam | | 62 |
| 11836816003 | Jizya tax | a tax required of Jews and Christians that allowed Hindus freedom from persecution | | 63 |
| 11836821297 | bazaar | marketplace | | 64 |
| 11836824453 | Lateen Sail | Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind. | | 65 |
| 11836828643 | Dhow | sailboat using wind-catching, triangular sails | | 66 |
| 11836831392 | House of Wisdom | a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s | | 67 |
| 11836833194 | Baghdad | Capital of Iraq | | 68 |
| 11836835944 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | | 69 |
| 11836840347 | Bhakti Movement | An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity. | | 70 |
| 11836844216 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | | 71 |
| 11836847312 | Pax Mongolica | The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire. | | 72 |
| 11836854447 | Empress Wu | the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. | | 73 |
| 11836856698 | Neoconfucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | | 74 |
| 11836858564 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | | 75 |
| 11836863607 | Shinto | "Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits | | 76 |
| 11836865186 | Heian | Japanese city later called Kyoto; built to escape influence of Buddhist monks. | | 77 |
| 11836867583 | Taika | Great Reform | | 78 |
| 11836869753 | Japanese feudal system | emperor, shogun, daimos, samurai, farmers, peasants, merchants on bottom because they don't produce anything | | 79 |
| 11836873107 | Bushido | The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class. | | 80 |
| 11836874797 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. | | 81 |
| 11836877382 | Hangzhou | Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million. | | 82 |
| 11836879425 | Li Bai | one of the most popular poets of the Tang era, famous for his commentary on Chinese social life | | 83 |
| 11836883459 | Chinese Tribute System | Rulers of other countries presented tribute, and preformed required rituals of submission, and received in return abundant gifts, title and trading opportunities. | | 84 |
| 11836885617 | kowtow | a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission | | 85 |
| 11836887118 | Trung Sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society. | | 86 |
| 11836894436 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | | 87 |
| 11836898568 | Emperor Justinian | Leader of the Byzantine Empire that helped in its revival of Romans glory and fame. | | 88 |
| 11836904961 | Caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. | | 89 |
| 11836907937 | Justinian Code | A collection of laws that reflected Christian values | | 90 |
| 11836910361 | schism | (n.) a formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions | | 91 |
| 11836920587 | Chivalry | Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages | | 92 |
| 11836922541 | mold board | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | | 93 |
| 11836927869 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | | 94 |
| 11836930514 | Mali, Ghana, Songhai | Gained wealth through the trade of gold, salt and ivory | | 95 |
| 11836933287 | Traditional Economy | An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next. | | 96 |
| 11836936272 | Stirrups | enabled the warrior to ride and handle heavier weapons. | | 97 |
| 11836941388 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | | 98 |
| 11836944178 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | | 99 |
| 11836946721 | Chinapas | Man made floating gardens that were used to grow crops. (Aztecs) | | 100 |
| 11836948871 | tribute | Money paid by one country to another in return for protection | | 101 |
| 11836951149 | Terrace Farming | a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain | | 102 |
| 11836951151 | Quipus | A system of knotted cords of different sizes and colors used by the Incas for keeping records | | 103 |
| 11836954605 | Incan split inheritance | the process in which a ruler's chosen successor obtained all political power and rights, while the dead ruler maintained control over all the lands he had conquered during his life. | | 104 |
| 11836966601 | Mita | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | | 105 |
