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AP Language Lit Vocab Flashcards

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7309527777DictionWord choice0
7309530420SyntaxThe way a sentence is arranged.(form/voice)1
7309534085DenotationWhat a word literally means.2
7309540111ConnotationThe tone or emotional effect a word has.3
7309549723ToneExpresses the author's attitude toward the subject. Tones in literature often reflect tones of voice in real-world relationships or situations.Tone also helps to establish mood.4
7309562937RhetoricThe art of speaking or writing effectively or eloquently.5
7309567209HyperboleExaggeration for effect, emphasis, or to serve the truth. Also called over-statement.6
7309574028UnderstatementA figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than what seems warranted.7
7309590219ParallelismA repetition of syntactical similarities closely related for rhetorical effect. The repetitive structure lends wit or emphasis to the meaning of separate clauses, making this particularly effective in antithesis.8
7309610232AntithesisFigure of speech in which one thought is balanced with a contrasting thought in a parallel arrangements of words of phrases.9
7309626166RepetitionThe author's use of a repeated word, phrase, image, or event to place emphasis on an element of the story. Repetition becomes more important as the story unfolds.10
7309642119AlliterationThe repetition of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the consonant sound or vowel sound. Can serve poetic rhythm.11
7309658749AllusionFigure of speech in which a literary work makes reference to a historical figure, event, or object, or to a character or theme found in another literary work.12
7309678771AnalogyThe comparison of two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining some unfamiliar idea by showing how the idea is similar to a familiar one.13
7309702504BombastSpeech that comes off as pompous or pretentious.14
7309711040ColloquialismExpressions- informal, not always grammatically correct that find acceptance in certain geographical areas and within certain groups of people.15
7309726757Local colorThe descriptions of the setting, people, dialect,etc of a particular region.16
7309737214IdiomsAn expression whose meaning is not predictable from the meanings of its parts ("kick the bucket"=dying);also a language, dialect, or speaking, or speaking style peculiar to a group of people.17
7309759927Vernacular and DialectExpressed or written in the native language of a place or a time.18
7309792491MetaphorA figure of speech wherein a comparison is made between two unlike elements not using "like" or "as".19
7309803698Extended metaphorA metaphor introduced and then further developed throughout a literary work; especially prevalent in poetry.20
7309814478Mixed metaphorA metaphor whose elements are either incongruent or contradictory.21
7309828780ConceitAn extended metaphor where two unlike things are compared in several different and sophisticated ways.22
7309833328SymbolSomething that means more than what it is. Therefore it symbols can be read figuratively or metaphorically.23
7309841174AllegoryA narrative or description having a second meaning below the surface; a story in which each aspect carries symbolic meaning beyond the tale itself, a common trait of fairytales.24
7309860121CrisisThe climax or turning point of a story or play (there may be more than one crisis when there are multiple almost-equal major characters)25
7309875582DenouementA French word for a plot's resolution that has found it's way into English usage. (lit device)26
7309882965Dynamic characterA character that changes over the course of the story. Often a feature of a protagonist and often connected to a story's theme.27
7309893167HeroA protagonist who has strength and/or moral character.28
7309898048Anti-heroA protagonist who is the antithesis of the hero.29
7309903188FoilA character who provides a contrast to another character, thus emphasizing the other's traits; a character in a play who sets off the main character by comparison.30
7309930637GrotesqueCan be used as either an adjective or noun. Focuses on physically or mentally impaired characters. Can be heroic or not.31
7309938109IronyA situation or use of language involving some kind incongruity or discrepancy.32
7309950631Verbal IronyWhen what is meant is the opposite of what is said.33
7309985660Situational IronyA situation in which there is incongruity between actual circumstances and what seems to be appropriate or what is anticipated and what actually happens.34
7309999934Dramatic Irony(1) A device by which an author implies a different meaning from that intended by the speaker in a literary work. (2) A moment when the audience has information that characters in a story lack. (lit device)35
7310015018MotifA recurring concept or story element. It includes concepts such as recurring types of incidents or situations, plot devices, patterns of imagery, or character types and archetypes.36
7310055619MontageA series of images that appear one after the other with an intended progression, often meant to suggest a theme.37
7310061625ArchetypeThe original pattern or model from which all things of the same kind are copied or on which they are based; an original model or first form.38
7310070478ApollonianRefers to the noble qualities of humans and nature as opposed to the more savage or destructive forces.39
7310091363DionysianPertaining to the base, corrupt, or coarse side of man. Inspired by the God Dionysus.40
7310104875ApotheosisA larger-than-life presence; a godlike paragon worthy of respect and reverence.41
7310118959PathosDeep emotion, passion, or suffering. In literature its meaning usually refers to tragic emotions such as sympathy, pity, or sorrow that move the audience.42
7310127104BathosAn unintended anticlimax; overly elevated language inappropriately used for common matters; pathos overdone to the point of seeming ridiculous.43
7310143111Tragic heroAristotle's idea of someone highly renowned and prosperous, who falls from tremendous good fortune, eliciting feelings of pity and fear from the audience.44
7310160573Tragic flawA tragic hero's error of judgement, or fundamental character weakness, such as destructive pride, ruthless ambition, or obsessive jealously. The hero is responsible for their downfall. By the end the hero must recognize their flaw and accept the consequences.45
7310192764CatharsisAristotle's term for emotional purging; a pleasurable sense of emotional release we experience after watching a great tragedy.46
7310199684HubrisThe pride or overconfidence which often leads a hero to overlook divine warning or to break a moral law, leading to the hero's fall.47
7310210593AnthropomorphismAscribing human form or traits to a non-human being or thing, such as deities and fairy tale characters.48
7310220092PersonificationTends to be more figurative and anthropomorphism is more real.49
7310249176VerisimilitudeThe degree to which a writer creates the appearance of truth or realness.50
7310258241BildungsromanA novel showing the development of its central character from childhood to maturity. "coming of age" story.51
7310263332SatireRidiculing human folly or vice with the intention of revealing truth, providing social criticism, bringing about reform, or preventing others from falling to the same folly or vice.52
7310276535FarceExtremely broad, often physical humor; humor pushed to ridiculousness, sometimes to make a point.53
7310285353Black comedyA story having elements of comedy and tragedy, often involving gloomy or morbid satire.54
7310291847Deus ex machinaLiterally " God from a machine";an unexpected, artificial, or improbable character, device, or event introduced suddenly to resolve a seemingly insolvable situation, often to save hero.55
7310308048DidacticLanguage that preaches or teaches. The writer places emphasis on the lesson being taught rather than artistic quality.56
7310365631False dichotomyOnly. two extremes are offered in a continuum of intermediate possibilities.57
7310370836FrameA narrative constructed so that one or more stories is embedded within another story.58
7310376494Pathetic fallacyWriting that shows nature mirroring what happens in human life.59
7310383247AssonanceIn poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel in stressed syllables near enough to each other for the sound echo to be discernible.60
7310391147ConsonanceRefers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase.61
7310398412EuphonyThe quality of being pleasing to the ear, esp. Through a harmonious combination of words.62
7310406275CacophonyA harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.63
7310408373VerseMetrical language; opposite of prose.64
7310411777MeterThe rhythmical pattern of a poem;the measurable repetition of accented and unaccented syllables in poetry.65
7310420049FootA unit of meter;a metrical foot can have two or three syllables.66
7310429233Iambic pentameterThe most widely used meter; makes a 10 syllable line.67
7310433275LineA unit of poetic verse. When writing verse within prose, as in an essay, use a / to indicate when line changes.68
7310438985RhymeSimilarity of sound, particularly with vowel sounds; rhyme may be internal or at the end of lines of a verse.69
7310444221Blank verseUnrhymed iambic parameter; metrical verse with no ending rhyme.70
7310447570Free verseUnrhymed poetry with lines of varying length and no specific metrical pattern.71
7310459710Masculine rhymeAlso known as single rhymes rhyme in which the accented repeated vowel sound is in the last syllable.72
7310464959Feminine rhymeA rhyme in which the repeated accented vowel is either the second or third to last syllable of the words involved.73
7310472240RefrainA phrase or line usually pertinent to a central theme that repeats at regular intervals in poetry, usually at the end of a stanza.74
7310484767ElegyLyrical poem about death, often to express grief.75
7310487936ApostropheA figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present could reply.76
7310494463SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for apart, as wheels for an automobile.77
7310506058MetonymySubstituting a word naming an object for another word closely associated.78
7310514503JuxtapositionThe positioning of ideas side by side for emphasis or to show contrast.79
7310519796ParadoxA statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements that are still seemingly true.80
7310527895OxymoronA figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction often for contrast and ironic effect.81
7310533671Prose meaningThe part of a poem's total meaning that can be separated out and expressed through paraphrasing the poem's lines.82
7310541276Total meaningThe total experience communicated by a poem-sensuous, emotional, imaginative, and intellectual- that can be communicated in no other words that of the poem itself.83
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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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4840857669Rhetorical TriangleThe relationships, in any piece of writing or argument, between the writer, audience, and the subject. All analysis of writing is essentially an analysis of the relationships between the points on the triangle.0
4840873545LogosLogical appeal1
4840873546EthosCredibility/character2
4840877799PathosEmotional appeal3
4840878935RhetoricThe art of effective communication4
4840880380SpeakerThe person delivering an argument5
4840888926AudienceThe people who hear an argument; those who you are persuade/are trying to persuade6
4840894815OccasionThe event or situation that triggers an argument7
4840899796SubjectWhat an argument is about8
4840905689ArgumentA course of reasoning meant to prove or disprove something, or convince an audience of something9
4840913556ContextThe circumstances surrounding a writing situation or argument. Includes purpose, audience, and focus10
4840918482CounterargumentA set of reasons put forward to oppose the ideas of an argument11
4840924460SchemeA deviation from the ordinary pattern or arrangement of words (transference of order)12
4840930054TropeA deviation from the ordinary and principal meaning of a word (transference of meaning)13
4840937158PurposeThe reason why a writer or speaker is making their argument; in an argument it is oftentimes to persuade an audience of something or manipulate the way an audience views something14
4840949704PropagandaInformation used to promote a particular point of view15
4840955426PunWhen a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way ("I'm reading a book on anti-gravity; it's impossible to put down!")16
4840980541MetaphorMaking an implied comparison, not using "like" or "as" ("My feet are popsicles")17
4840984720SimileUsing words such as "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two different things ("My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles")18
4840988992PersonificationGiving human-like qualities to something that is not human ("the tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill")19
4840994247IronyWhen the opposite of what you expect to happen does20
4840997413Verbal ironyWhen you say something but mean the opposite. (if you were going to run eight miles and your gym teacher said it would be a "walk in the park") If verbal irony is used with a bitter tone, it is sarcasm21
4841003604Dramatic ironyWhen the audience knows something a character does not22
4841006552Situational IronyFound in plots and story lines. When something happens differently than expected. Oftentimes humorous.23
4841013359HyperboleExaggeration24
4841015027SynecdocheFigure of speech in which a part stands for the whole (referring to a car as "wheels")25
4841033767MetonymyReplacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept ("I could not understand his tongue")26
4841082546OxymoronWhen apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox ("jumbo shrimp")27
4841085872ParadoxA seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true ("You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without a job")28
4841090825Rhetorical QuestionA question asked for effect rather than information ("Are you finished interrupting me?")29
4841097376OnomatopoeiaThe use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes ("snap")30
4841102125LitotesA type of understatement that denies the opposite of the statement which would otherwise be used ("not bad")31
4841106506ChiasmusWhen the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of words is reversed ("Fair is foul and foul is fair")32
4841115194AlliterationRepetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words33
4841124661AssonanceThe repetition of similar vowel sounds ("Refresh your zest for living")34
4841135210ConsonanceThe repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words ("Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door")35
4841146480AnaphoraRepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. This is deliberate and makes a writer's or speaker's point more powerful ("I came, I saw, I conquered")36
4841206393ParallelismSentence structure which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. Used to add emphasis, organization, or pacing. ("Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs")37
4841214757AsyndetonDeliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of words, phrases, or clauses ("I came, I saw, I conquered")38
4841236547AnastropheThe inversion of natural word order (Yoda)39
4841242685EuphemismA more agreeable or appropriate substitute for an unpleasant or offensive word or concept ("earthly remains" instead of "corpse")40
4841250271ApostropheWhen a speaker addresses someone or something that isn't present, such as a person, place, object, symbol such as the moon, or abstract concept like love41
4841269350PolysyndetonWhen a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. ("I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and milked the cows") This changes the pacing/speed of the text or speech42
4841281047UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, the presentation of something as less significant than it actually is43
5098056526declarativeassertive --a statement44
5098056595imperativeauthoritative --command45
5098060288interrogativeasks a question46
5098062838simple sentenceone subject and one verb47
5098062839loose sentencedetails after the subject and verb --happening now48
5098078923periodic sentencedetails before the subject/verb ---reflection on a past event49
5098086890juxtapositionnormally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases placed together50
5098098201telegraphicsentence less than 5 words51
5098100212medium sentence lengthabout 18 words52
5098104870long and involved sentence lengthover 30 words53
5098120383balanced sentencephrases or clauses balance each other on either side of a conjunction or semicolon54
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AP English Language & Composition Flashcards

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6556932830Pettyof small importance0
6556945805Maudlineffusively or tearfully sentimental1
6556954992Contemptuousto regard or treat with scorn, disrespect2
6556959149Arrogantunpleasantly self-important3
6556967224Solemndeeply earnest, grave4
6556979947Disgustedoffensive in a gross, sickly way5
6556992478IndignantFeeling or expressing anger by something unjust or mean6
6557047628Flippantcasually disrespectful7
6575077907Scornfulto treat as unworthy8
6575083707Coldlacking emotion9
6575114598Colloquialcharacteristic of informal speech or writing10
6575133361Detachedseparated, disconnected11
6575191103Sobertemperate12
6575193205Objectiveuninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudice13
6575205296Scholarlyin a learned fashion14
6575268987Sincerenot affected, true15
6575273525Sophisticatedvery complex16
6576050698Reflectiveseriously thoughtful17
6576050699Authoritativeshowing expert knowledge18
6576054171Sombergloomy19
6576054172Benevolentcharitable20
6576055633Determinedshowing of purpose21
6576055634Ecstaticintensely joyful22
6576057119Effusiveoutpouring of feeling23
6576057120Hopefulfull of hope ;^)24
6576059847Learnedshowing knowledge25
6576059848Playfulfull of play ;^)26
6576061899Wittyclever and funny27
6576061900Nostalgicbittersweet longing for the past28
6576063449OptimisticHopeful, looks on the bright side of things29
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AP Lit: Figurative Language Flashcards

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9874847640abstractideas or general qualities of things; lacking vivid detail0
9874847641allusiona reference to something literary, mythological, Biblical, the arts, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize1
9874848756analogya comparison of two different things which are similar in some way2
9874849389apostrophea device used wherein a character addresses a dead, absent, or imaginary person, thing, or personified abstraction3
9874849948clicheexpression used so often that it has become hackneyed and lost its original impact4
9874850699concretespecific details to particular persons/ things; creates a clear image for the reader5
9874851292conceitan elaborate and often surprising comparison between two apparently highly dissimilar things; most notable for its ingenuity6
9874852236figurative languagea type of language employing figures of speech; cannot be taken literally or ONLY literally7
9874853304imagerythe representation through language of sense experience8
9874853971metaphora figure of speech that associates two unlike things; the representation of one thing by another9
9874857080motifa unifying element in an artistic work, especially any recurrent image, symbol, character type, subject or narrative detail10
9874857957onomatopoeiathe creation or use of words that sound like what thy mean or seem to signify meaning through sound effects (like 'murmur', 'mumble', 'boom')11
9874859369oxymoronfigure of speech that juxtaposes two opposite or apparently contradictory words to present an emphatic and dramatic paradox for rhetorical purpose or effect12
9874861343paradoxa statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements; upon closer inspection may be seen to contain an underlying truth13
9874863179personificationa figure of speech or trope that bestows human characteristics upon anything nonhuman, from an abstract idea to a physical force to an inanimate object to a living organism14
9874871272similea figure of speech that compares two distinct things by using words such as 'like' and 'as'15
9874871778symbolsomething that means more than what it is; stands for or suggests something larger and more complex - often an idea or a range of interrelated ideas, attitudes, and practices16
9874872904synecdochea figure or speech (or trope) in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or occassionally, the whole is used to represent a part (like a car is referred to as 'wheels')17
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AP Language FINAL Flashcards

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8229892671Who wrote Beowulf?????????0
8230350243Who wrote The Canterbury TalesGeoffrey Chaucer1
8230363367Who wrote HamletWilliam Shakespeare2
8230368980Who wrote MacbethWilliam Shakeespeare3
8230640168Who wrote A valediction forbidding Mourning?John Donne4
8232579369who wrote Meditation 17John Donne5
8232755386Who wrote death not be proud?John Donne6
8232761535Who wrote an Essay on ManAlexander Pope7
8232765029Who wrote a modest proposalJohnathon Swift8
8232770292Who wrote Auld Lang SyngRobert Burns9
8232792822Who wrote Chimney SweepsWilliam Blake10
8232796137Who wrote To an Athlete Dying YoungA.E. Housman11
8232856576who wrote the LambWilliam Blake12
8232859608Who wrote the TigerWilliam Blake13
8232865832Who wrote She Walks in BeautyGeorge Gordon, Lord Byron14
8232872382Who wrote OzyamdiasPercy Bysshe Shelly15
8232891031Who wrote Ode on Grecian UrnJohn Keats16
8232896924Who wrote To An Athlete Dying YoungA.E. Housman17
8232901121who wrote Jabberwockylewis carroll18
8469376842who is a metaphysical poetjohn donne19
846939177217th century poets who used a less formal tone, simpler word choice, and wrote about love death and Man's relationship with GodMetaphysical poets20
8469401066what is a literary paradoximages or descriptions that appear to be contradictory (make no sense) but reveal a deeper truth21
8469414356who was a valediction: forbiding mourning written to?John Dunne's pregnant wife Anne22
8469421460what did john dunne have a dream abouthis wife walking across the room to him carrying a dead child23
8469424125what is conceitwhen a poet compares 2 very unlike things in along, extended comparasin24
8469443186what is an essay on man aboutAlexander's ideas about what mankind is like25
8469453869what kind of poet was william blakea romatic poet26
8469457710what did william blake claim to see at age 4 and 84-to see god 8-to see angels in a tree27
8469466189what else is william blake famous for (besides poetry)his illustrations of his poetry28
8469476523what kind of poet is George Gordon or Lord Byrona british romantic poet29
8469490597george gordons __________________ were dramatic, handsome men who lived short fast lives of excitment and passionbyronic men30
8469509456what was she walks in beauty intended forit was intended to be sung but the original music was lost31
8469518104what is the underlying question of OZymandiaswill all monuments last forever?32
8469521508who is ozymandiasa fictional ancient king33
8469527785waht are the famous lines from an ode on a grecian urn"beauty is truth, truth beauty-that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know"34
8469540794what kind of poet is john keata romatic poet35
8469549729romantic poets believed in ....?the beauty of untamed nature over the manmade world and the genius of the individual artists emotion and depiction of human feelings36
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AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
9346206504cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
9346206505concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
9346206506prototypethe best or most typical example of a concept2
9346206507algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.3
9346206508heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
9346206509insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
9346206510behaviorist theorythe theory of language development that argues humans learn language through trial/error and gradually learn more effective ways to speak to get what they want6
9346206511confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.7
9346206512analogical problem solvinga tendency to approach a problem by comparing to other similar problems, often a way that has been successful in the past.8
9346206513functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.9
9346206514representativeness heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how it connects to our past experiences10
9346206515availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.11
9346206516nativist theorythe theory of language development that states that humans have a natural, innate ability to develop language (theorized by Chomsky)12
9346206517belief biasclinging to one's initial conceptions despite logic13
9346206518Language Acquisition Devicethis structure allows for the innate development of language (theorized by Chomsky)14
9346206519framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.15
9346206520languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.16
9346206521phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.17
9346206522morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).18
9346206523grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.19
9346206524syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.20
9346206525babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo21
9346206526one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words22
9346206527telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.23
9346206528linguistic relativityWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.24
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AP Lang Test Vocabulary Flashcards

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9892600658idiomaticspeech that is conversational and natural0
9892600659heuristicenabling a person to discover or learn something for himself1
9892604272employto use2
9892604273embitteredfeeling bitter or resentful3
9892604274propensitya natural tendency to do something4
9892611418ambivalencehaving mixed feelings5
9892611419zealgreat energy or enthusiasm6
9892616547magnaminitythe condition of being generous7
9892616548ostracizedexcluded from a group8
9892621379equanimitymental calmness and composure9
9892621380waryfeeling or showing caution10
9892621381eminentused to emphasize the presence of a positive quality11
9892625907preemptiveserving to forestall something12
9892625908expose(with accent on e)a public exposure or revelation13
9892627981fastidiousconcerned about accuracy and detail14
9892627982pragmatisma practical (realistic) attitude15
9892630954introspectionexamination of one's own thoughts/feelings16
9892630955unabashednot embarrassed or ashamed17
9892633927auralrelated to the ear or sense of hearing18
9892633928tactiletangible/ connected with the sense of touch19
9892644804arroyoa steep sided gully cut by running water20
9892653909ephemerallasting a very short time21
9892656505inscrutabilitynot easily understood22
9892656506impenetrableimpossible to pass through or enter23
9892660147enigmaticdifficult to interpret or understand24
9892660148ramificationconsequence of an action25
9892663117digressiontemporary departure from the main topic26
9892663118innocuousnot harmful or offensive27
9892663119serenelyin a calm and peaceful manner28
9892667411haphazardlacking any obvious organization29
9892667412intricatelyin a very complicated or detailed manner30
9892667413chastizereprimand severely31
9892672842intangibleunable to be touched or grasped; not having physical presence32
9892672843querya question33
9892672844discrepancya lack of compatibility or similarity between two facts34
9892677338mannerismsways of speaking or behaving35
9892677339indignantfeeling or showing anger or annoyance at unfair treatment36
9892681566morosesullen and ill-tempered37
9892690409idiomaticallydone in a style or way of a particular group38
9893037328arbitrarilyon the basis of random choice or personal whim39
9893049085wistfulnesslonging, yearning for something40
9893057097accentuatemake more noticeable or prominent41
9893067382unpretentiousnot attempting to impress others with appearance of greater importance42
9893075210effusiveexpressing feelings of gratitude in an unrestrained manner43
9893084288prepossessingattractive or appealing in appearance44
9893097563circumlocutionthe use of many words where fewer would do45
9893112405problematizeto make into a problem requiring a solution46
9893163209trivializemake something seem less important47
9893181210viceimmoral or wicked behavior48
9893167271disparageto regard as being of little worth49
9893293618ellipsisthe omission of speech characterized by three dots50
9893312089willy-nillywithout direction or organization; whether one likes it or not51
9893321462anthologya published collection of literary works52
9893326691authoritativedone or said with a commanding and trustworthy tone or way53
9893340260paradoxicalseemingly absurd or self-contradictory54
9893350913necessitatesmake necessary as a result of consequences (causes to need)55
9893369934somberoppressively solemn or gloomy56
9893384573condescendinghaving or showing a feeling of patronizing superiority (talking or acting "down to")57
9893398047cynicaldistrusting of human sincerity or integrity58
9893411479intuitiveusing what feels to be true without conscious reasoning; instinctive (going with gut feeling)59
9893428111earnestresulting from or showing sincere and intense conviction60
9893449120communalshared by all members of a community61
9893473079endeavoran attempt62
9893705266dauntingintimidating63
9893708257melodiouspleasant sounding64
9893718254transgressionsoffenses65
9893729076ad hominemattack against a person, not on the topic itself66
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AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
8236156889cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
8236156890concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
8236156891prototypea mental image or best example of a category.2
8236156892algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.3
8236156893heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
8236156894insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
8236156895behaviorist theorythe theory of language development that argues humans learn language through trial/error and gradually learn more effective ways to speak to get what they want6
8236156896confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.7
8236156897fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.8
8236156898mental seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.9
8236156899functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.10
8236156900representativeness heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.11
8236156901availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.12
8236156902nativist theorythe theory of language development that states that humans have a natural, innate ability to develop language (theorized by Chomsky)13
8236156903belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.14
8236156904Language Acquisition Devicethis structure allows for the innate development of language (theorized by Chomsky)15
8236156905framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.16
8236156906languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.17
8236156907phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.18
8236156908morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).19
8236156909grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.20
8236156910semanticsthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.21
8236156911syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.22
8236156912babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo23
8236156913one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words24
8236156914two-word stagethey start uttering two word sentences25
8236156915telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.26
8236156916linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.27
8236156917aphasialoss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.28
8236156918Broca's areaa region of the brain concerned with the production of speech29
8236156919Wernicke's areaa region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language30
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AP Lang BEOWULF literary terms Flashcards

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7845874975Verbal IronyA contrast or discrepancy between the expectation and reality; when a person says one thing and yet means another; sarcasm.0
7845874976Situational IronyWhen the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what someone expects.1
7845874977EpitaphA tombstone inscription or brief poem composed in memory of someone who has died.2
7845874978DenouementThe resolution in the sequence of events in a narrative work, in which the final outcome is revealed.3
7845874979Implied ThemeThe main idea of a story, poem, novel, or play that sometimes expresses a general statement about life, revealed gradually through elements such as plot, character, setting, point of view, and symbol.4
7845874980SettingThe time and place in which the events of a literary work occur. The setting includes not only physical surroundings, but also the ideas, customs, values, and beliefs of the people who live there.5
7845874981GenreA category or type of literature.6
7845874982EpicA long narrative poem that recounts, in formal language, the exploits of a larger-than-life hero.7
7845874983Folk EpicA long narrative poem that recounts the exploits of a larger-than-life hero, has uncertain authorship, and arises usually through storytelling, from the collective experiences of a people.8
7845874984ProtagonistThe central character in a story, drama, or dramatic poem, around whom most of the action revolves, who undergoes some conflict crucial to the plot.9
7845874985AntagonistA person or force that opposes the protagonist, or central character, in a story or drama, and may try to prevent the protagonist from doing something or may simply have beliefs that contradict the protagonist's.10
7845874986Epic HeroUsually a man of high social status who embodies the ideals of his people, often of great historical or legendary importance11
7845874987Direct CharacterizationThe method used to reveal the personality of a character wherein the author states its description overtly.12
7845874988Indirect CharacterizationThe author suggests traits through a character's words, actions, or appearance, as well as through the reactions of other characters to the person being portrayed.13
7845874989Minor CharacterA less important personage in a narrative or drama, used by a writer to "fill out" a scene, to provide a line of dialogue, or to further the plot in some way.14
7845874990Main/Major CharacterA personage in a narrative or drama, typically characterized fully, showing varied and sometimes contradictory traits.15
7845874991Round CharacterA character who shows varied and sometimes contradictory traits.16
7845874992Dynamic CharacterA personage in a narrative or drama who grows or changes significantly during the course of a story and is influenced by his or her experiences and by other characters in the story.17
7845874993Flat CharacterA character who reveals only one personality trait.18
7845874994Static CharacterA character who remains primarily the same throughout a story.19
7845874995Internal ConflictA struggle that takes place within the mind of a character who is torn between opposing feelings or goals.20
7845874996External ConflictThe central struggle between two opposing forces in a story or drama, existing when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another person, nature, society, or fate.21
7845874997ToneA reflection of the writer's attitude toward a subject as conveyed through such element as word choice, punctuation, sentence structure, and figures of speech, conveying a variety of attitudes such as sympathy, irony, sadness, or bitterness.22
7845874998AllusionA reference in a work of literature to a well-known person, place, event, written work, or work of art.23
7845874999ForeshadowingThe author's use of hints or cues to prepare readers for events that will happen later in a narrative.24
7845875000SynecdocheA figure of speech wherein the poet substitutes a part for a whole.25
7845875001KenningA descriptive figure of speech that takes the place of a common noun.26
7845875002HyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor.27
7845875003ApostropheA literary device in which a speaker talks directly to an inanimate object, a person who is absent or dead, or an abstract quality, such as love.28
7845875004MetaphorA figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things to help readers perceive the first thing more vividly and to suggest an under- lying similarity between the two, but uses neither the word like nor as.29
7845875005SimileA figure of speech that uses the words like or as to compare two seemingly unlike things.30
7845875006PersonificationA figure of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities.31
7845875007SymbolAny person, animal, place, object, or event that exists on a literal level within a work, but also represents something on a figurative level.32
7845875008EnjambmentThe continuation of a sentence from one line of a poem to another, often to emphasize rhyming words, and to create a conversational tone.33
7845875009CaesuraAn obvious pause in a line of poetry, usually found near the middle of a line, with two stressed syllables before and two after, creating a strong rhythm; can be indicated with double slashes (//).34
7845875010AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, often used to emphasize certain words or to create a musical quality.35
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