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AP World History: Period 6 Flashcards

Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

9898050196	African National Congress	ANC; South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid	0
9898050197	apartheid	"separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; this system also reserved South Africa's resources for whites	1
9898050198	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini	lived from 1900 to 1989; religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran	2
9898050199	Vladimir Lenin	the leader of the Russian Soviet Federation Socialist Republic and premier of the Soviet Union	3
9898050200	Central Powers	one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria	4
9898050201	Charles de Gaulle	lived from 1890 to 1970; French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II; served as the president of France from 1959 to 1969	5
9898050202	Chiang Kai-shek	lived from 1887 to 1975; Chinese military officer who was leader of the Guomindang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China	6
9898050203	Chinese Revolution	prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China	7
9898050204	Cold War	a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict"	8
9898050205	collectivization	also known as collective farming and communal farming; system in which the holdings of several farmers are run collectively as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union	9
9898050206	command economy	planned economy; the economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency	10
9898050207	containment	the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War; a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam	11
9898050208	Cuban missile crisis	a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States; Soviet missiles moved to Cuban soil in an agreement by Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev; U.S. responds by blockading Cuba; Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy reach an agreement in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba in return for an American promise not to invade Cuba	12
9898050209	Cultural Revolution	also known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; launched by Mao in the late 1960's; aimed to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed had penetrated even the highest ranks of the communist party itself; involved new policies to bring health care and education to the countryside and reinvigorate earlier efforts at rural industrialization under local control	13
9898050210	decolonization	the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations	14
9898050211	Deng Xiaoping	lived from 1904 to 1997; successor to Mao Zedong; reformist who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; dismantled collectivized farming, state enterprises given greater authority, welcomed foreign investment; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square	15
9898050212	environmentalism	ideology which regards the environmental concerns	16
9898050213	European Economic Community	EEC; also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994	17
9898050214	Fascism	political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; celebrated action and placed faith in charismatic leaders; and condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I	18
9898050215	Five Year Plan	Joseph Stalin's planned economy to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union	19
9898050216	fundamentalism	ideology which demands strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines	20
9898050217	Gamel Abdel Nasser	lived from 1918 to 1970; second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; planned the overthrow of the monarchy and sought to nationalize the Suez Canal	21
9898050218	UN General Assembly	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions	22
9898050219	genocide	the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group	23
9898050220	global warming	term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases	24
9898050221	globalization of democracy	the spread of democracy throughout the world	25
9898050222	Great Depression	economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II; causes drop in world trade, loss of investment, and businesses unable to make profit; countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products hard hit as the West consumed less; conditions resulting in the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and social tensions	26
9898050223	Great Leap Forward	lasted from 1958 to 1960; marked Mao's response to distortions of Chinese socialism; promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism	27
9898050224	Great Purges	also known as the Terror; period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists, including all of Lenin's top associates, and millions more of ordinary peoples; based on suspicious associations in the past, denunciations by colleagues, connections to foreign countries, or bad luck; such people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags; close to 1 million peoples executed between 1936 and 1941; additional 4 to 5 million people sent to the gulag, where they were forced to work in horrendous conditions and died in appalling numbers	28
9898050225	Green Revolution	a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world	29
9898050226	Adolf Hitler	lived from 1889 to 1945; leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945	30
9898050227	Ho Chi Minh	lived from 1890 to 1969; Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader; was prime minister (from 1945 to 1955) and president (from 1945 to 1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	31
9898050228	Holocaust	the mass murder of approximately six million Jews during World War II; a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany; led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	32
9898050229	International Monetary Fund	IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates	33
9898050230	Indian National Congress	INC; organization established in 1885; gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule	34
9898050231	Islamic renewal	also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture	35
9898050232	Jawaharlal Nehru	lived from 1889 to 1964; first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India	36
9898050233	League of Arab States	a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia; formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; currently has 22 members	37
9898050234	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war	38
9898050235	Mahatma Gandhi	lived from 1869 to 1948; leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes	39
9898050236	Mao Zedong	lived from 1893 to 1976; Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976	40
9898050237	Marshall Plan	plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; funneled Europe some $12 billion with numerous advisers and technicians; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties; required European nations to cooperate with one another	41
9898050238	Mikhail Gorbachev	born in 1931; last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union	42
9898050239	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	lived from 1876 to 1948; founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence	43
9898050240	Benito Mussolini	lived from 1883 to 1945; leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943	44
9898050241	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	lived from 1881 to 1938; founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation	45
9898050242	North American Free Trade Agreement	NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone	46
9898050243	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe	47
9898050244	Nazi Germany	the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	48
9898050245	Nelson Mandela	lived from 1918 to 2013; South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997	49
9898050246	New Deal	a series of reforms proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson; lasted from 1933 to 1942; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future; reflected the thinking of British economist John Maynard Keynes; argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions; consisted of immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks) and long-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs	50
9898050247	non-governmental organization	NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business	51
9898050248	Nikita Khrushchev	lived from 1894 to 1971; leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program	52
9898050249	Osama bin Laden	lived from 1957 to 2011; Islamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks; played a key role in the US-backed effort to aid mujaheddin who fought Soviet forces in Afghanistan	53
9898050250	al-Qaeda	"the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks	54
9898050251	Palestinian Liberation Organization	PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine	55
9898050252	Pan-Arabism	an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World	56
9898050253	Pan-Africanism	an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide	57
9898050254	ebola epidemic	an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths	58
9898050255	influenza epidemic	an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history	59
9898050256	perestroika	an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises	60
9898050257	glasnost	a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms	61
9898050258	1917 Russian Revolution	a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks	62
9898050259	UN Security Council	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states	63
9898050260	space race	lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space	64
9898050261	sphere of influence	a concept in which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the sphere; examples include European "semi-colony" of China	65
9898050262	Joseph Stalin	lived from 1878 to 1953; the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed	66
9898050263	Third World	term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States	67
9898050264	total war	war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations	68
9898050265	transnational corporations	multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country	69
9898050266	Treaty of Versailles	treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty	70
9898050267	trench warfare	type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I	71
9898050268	Truman Doctrine	an international relations policy set by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947; stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment	72
9898050269	United Nations	organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity	73
9898050270	Vietnam War	war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos	74
9898050271	Weimar Republic	the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I	75
9898050272	Winston Churchill	lived from 1874 to 1965; British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955	76
9898050273	weapon of mass destruction	WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land	77
9898050274	Woodrow Wilson	lived from 1856 to 1924; 28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict	78
9898050275	World Bank	a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty	79
9898050276	World War I	war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war	80
9898050277	World War II	war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War	81
9898050278	World Trade Organization	WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes	82
9898050279	Zionist Movement	the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel	83
9898050282	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	84
9898050283	nongovernmental organizations	Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.	85
9898050284	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.	86
9898050285	Salvador Allende	The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.	87
9898050286	NATO	An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.	88
9898050287	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	89

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AP World History: Classical Civilizations--Middle East and Mediterranean, Pt. 1 Flashcards

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5044245261	Pheidippides	Greek soldier who ran 26 miles to Athens to bring news of the Greek victory over the Persian Army at Marathon in 490 B.C.E.	0
5044245262	Xerxes	Persian king who took personal charge of his army around 480 B.C.E. bent on destroying the Greek Army.	1
5044245263	Thermopylae	Site of naval battle where superior numbers of Persian troops were tricked into a narrow strait where their numbers did not matter.	2
5044245264	Cyrus the Great	Persian ruler who emerged in 550 B.C.E. to establish a massive Persian empire that ran from the northern Middle East to India that succeeded Mesopotamia.	3
5044245265	Tolerance	Key feature of Persian politics that allowed for diversity in languages and cultures.	4
5044245266	Darius	Successor to Cyrus the Great who worked hard to establish a bureaucracy that centralize laws and tax collection.	5
5044245267	Spies	Used to make sure that that regional officials were remaining loyal to the central government.	6
5044245268	Zoroastrianism	A major new monotheistic religion that included a concept of individual salvation through free choice; major component was the fight between good and evil.	7
5044245269	Alexander The Great	Extended the Macedonian empire through the Middle East, Persia, and to the border of Indian and Egypt but dies at 33.	8
5044245270	Crete	Island in the Greek realm that showed results of Egyptian influence as early as 2000 B.C.E.	9
5044245271	City-State	Geo-Political organization between 800-600 B.C.E. that accounted for the rapid rise of Greece.	10
5044245272	Olympic Games	An opportunity for Greek city-states divided by geography to come together and celebrate.	11
5044245273	Sparta	City-state known for its strong military aristocracy who dominated their slave population.	12
5044245274	Athens	City-state noted for its diverse commercial presence, and artistic and intellectual leadership.	13
5044245275	Pericles	5th century Greek political figure who advocated a democratic-like structure where each citizen would participate in city-state assemblies.	14
5044245276	Peloponnesian Wars	Ongoing conflict between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 B.C.E.	15
5044245277	Philip of Macedonia	Opportunist leader who swept in an seized power in 338 B.C.E. in the wake of the destruction of the Peloponnesian War.	16
5044245278	Hellenistic	A cultural art form blending influences from Greece and the Middle East.	17
5044245279	Roman Republic	Established around 509 B.C.E. when the aristocratic class drove out the monarchy and established more elaborate political institutions for their city-state.	18
5044245280	Punic Wars	Conflict from 264-146 B.C.E. where Rome fought Carthage situated in North Africa.	19
5044245281	Hannibal	Carthaginian general who led pack-laden war elephants against Rome.	20
5044245282	Julius Caesar	Roman general who emerged from civil wars in Rome in 43 B.C.E. ushering in a new kind of rule.	21
5044245283	Augustus Caesar	After Julius Caesar's murder, he took power in Rome and laid the foundation for the transition from Republic to Empire.	22
5044245284	Marcus Aurelius	Roman emperor who oversaw a period of Roman peace and prosperity through 180 C.E.	23
5044245285	Trajan	Roman emperor whose victories went as far as Mesopotamia	24
5044245286	Diocletian	Strong Roman emperor who ruled when Rome was in decline, but is best known for adopting Christianity in an attempt to unite the empire in 313 B.C.E.	25
5044245287	Polis	Word alluding to "politics" which comes from the term for the Greek word meaning city-state.	26
5044245288	"Good Life"	Active participation in politics for upper-class Athenians and Romans.	27
5044245289	Deomcracy	Greek word for "the people," which was an important alternative in classical Mediterranean society.	28
5044245290	Direct Democracy	Rule directly by the people, not elected representatives.	29
5044245291	Aristocratic Assemblies	The most widely preferred political framework in the Mediterranean world.	30
5044245292	Aristocracy	Greek term meaning "rule of the best."	31
5044245293	Roman Constitution	Attempt to mesh and reconcile the various elements of political variations developed by the Greeks.	32
5044245294	Senate	Roman legislative body made predominantly of aristocrats whose members held virtually all executive office. s	33
5044245295	Consuls	Two Roman leaders who shared executive powers.	34
5044245296	Equitable Law	Greek and Roman republicans understood the importance of codified legal principles that balanced the defense of private property with the protection of poor citizens.	35
5044245297	Twelve Tables	Early Roman law code introduced around 450 B.C.E. that restrained the upper class from arbitrary action and put them under the law like everyone else.	36
5044245298	"Bread and Circuses"	Entertainment for the masses that was designed to prevent popular disorder.	37

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Contemporary Period // AP World History Flashcards

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9756151895	Bloody Sunday	1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds	0
9756151896	Russian Revolution	overthrow of the Russian tsar by the socialist Bolshevik Party in 1917; led to their withdrawal from WWI due to a communist takeover of their government	1
9756151897	Czar Nicholas	the Romanov ruler of Russia who was forced to abdicate his throne and flee with his family	2
9756151899	Alexander Kerensky	Russian lawyer and politician who served as the minister of the Russian Provisional Government	3
9756151900	Russian Provisional Government	middle-class and intellectual leaders who had little sympathy for workers and peasants; a temporary government	4
9756151901	Bolsheviks	a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who took control of Russia's government in November 1917	5
9756151902	Vladimir Lenin	Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR	6
9756151903	April Theses	a document that promised the Russian people peace, land, and bread and rejected the Provisional Government of Russia	7
9756151905	no	was Russia part of the Treaty of Versailles?	8
9756151906	Soviet Union	a Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.	9
9756151907	Red Army	the regular army of the former Soviet Union created by the Bolsheviks	10
9756151908	Leon Trotsky	Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and was the leader of the Red Army	11
9756151909	Mustafa Kemal	led revolutionaries to overthrow the last Ottoman sultan and after became the president of Turkey	12
9756151911	New Economic Policy	a plan started by Lenin which made the people of Russia believe they had some capitalistic opportunities in order to increase food production	13
9756151912	Joseph Stalin	who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin?	14
9756151913	Five Year Plans	plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy; called for collectivization	15
9756151914	collectivization	a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government	16
9756151915	Union of Soviet Socialism Republics	what was the formal name for the Soviet Union (USSR)?	17
9756151916	Great Purge	started in 1934, a campaign of terror consisting of arrest, exile, or killings of thousands of people who were enemies or threatened Joseph Stalin and the Communist Party	18
9756151917	capitalism	which economic system financed most of the recovery from World War I?	19
9756151918	New York	where was the financial headquarters, once in London, moved to after World War I?	20
9756151919	yes	did America lend the Europeans lots of money after World War I?	21
9756151920	France and Germany	which two European economies relied most on American credit?	22
9756151921	Great Depression	the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s	23
9756151922	industrial capitalism	an economic system in which business leaders use profits to expand their companies; contributed to the great depression	24
9756151923	germany to france	which country got credit from America that was used to pay reparations to another country? which country was the other country?	25
9756151924	United States and Germany	which two countries did the Great Depression hit the hardest?	26
9756151925	Franklin Roosevelt	who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?	27
9756151926	anathema	an object of intense dislike; a curse or strong denunciation	28
9756151927	fascism	a political philosophy that advocates the glorification of the state • single-party system • one ruler • aggressive nationalism • state is most importantf	29
9756151928	totalitarianism	form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state	30
9756151929	italy	which country was the first state to have a fascist government?	31
9756151930	Benito Mussolini	the founder and leader of Fascism; creator of the National Fascist Party (1919)	32
9756151931	blackshirts	group of military men "gangs" who were paid by the National Fascist Party to fight socialist and communist organizations (Italy)	33
9756151932	yes	after World War I, did the emperor of Germany abdicate?	34
9756151933	socialist	person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits	35
9756151934	Weimar Republic	German democratic republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy	36
9756151935	yes	was the Weimar Republic weak and unstable where political parties could not cooperate?	37
9756151936	democratic republic	did the people of Germany favor a socialist and/or communist system or a democratic republic?	38
9756151937	Reichstag	the Weimar Republic's elected body; German parliament	39
9756151938	National Socialist Party	also known as the Nazi Party, was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945.	40
9756151939	nazism	a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism	41
9756151940	dictatorship	what did the Nazi Party want?	42
9756151941	democracy	what were the Nazi Party attacking?	43
9756151942	Adolf Hitler	who was the head leader of the Nazi Party?	44
9756151943	the aryan race	which race was Hitler convinced was the most highly evolved race?	45
9756151944	slavs and jews	which races did Hitler believe were "inferior" and had "corrupted" the German race?	46
9756151945	yes	did Hitler become the chancellor, leader of the Reichstag in 1933?	47
9756151946	Third Reich	the Third Republic/Empire of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945	48
9756151947	nationalism	a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country	49
9756151948	yes	was nationalism thought of differently from Europe and Japan compared to colonies?	50
9756151949	yes	did Hitler go against the Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding the German military?	51
9756151950	yes	did Gemany withdraw from the League of Nations?	52
9756151951	yes	did the rest of the world choose to not object in Germany disregarding the Treaty of Versailles in fear of another war?	53
9756151952	Francisco Franco	the Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution who was helped by Hitler and Mussolini	54
9756151953	Rhineland	name of the territory in which Hitler sent troops to regain after it was taken away from them in WWI in defiance of the Versailles treaty in 1935	55
9756151954	Munich Conference of 1938	a conference in which Hitler and Germany was given Sudetenland in return for the promise that Hitler end his expansionist activities	56
9756151955	Neville Chamberlain	a British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany	57
9756151956	appeasement	accepting demands of dissatisfied powers in order to avoid conflict	58
9756151957	no	after the Munich Conference of 1938, did Hitler stop his expansions as he promised?	59
9756151958	Nazi-Soviet Pact	an agreement between Stalin and Hitler to not fight each other, but invade and divide up Poland	60
9756151959	Britain then France	after Germany went to invade Poland, which two countries declared war on Germany?	61
9756151962	blitzkreig	also known as the "Lighting Wars," a type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939	62
9756151963	Winston Churchill	who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II?	63
9756151965	yes	did Germany break the Nazi-Soviet Pact?	64
9756151966	Tripartite Pact	an agreement that created an alliance between Germany (Berlin), Italy (Rome), and Japan during WWII	65
9756151967	Pearl Harbor	the bombing of a U.S. naval base in Hawaii by the Japanese on December 7, 1941; this eagered America to enter WWII	66
9756151968	Manhattan Project	code name for the American project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII by	67
9756151969	D-day	the allied invasion of France (Normandy) on June 6, 1944	68
9756151970	Harry Truman	which US president ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan?	69
9756151971	yes	after the atomic bombs were dropped by the US, did Japan surrender, ending WWII?	70
9756151972	Holocaust	the mass murder of Jews who lived in Germany and German-occupied lands under the Nazi Regime	71
9756151973	genocide	the systematic killing of a racial or cultural group	72
9756151974	Marshall Plan	the United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	73
9756151975	United Nations	an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security	74
9756151976	Cold War	the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II	75
9756151977	America	which country was in charge of West Germany?	76
9756151978	Soviet Union	which country was in charge of East Germany?	77
9756151979	Berlin Blockade	when the Soviet Union blocked off Berlin from the allies, causing the Berlin Airlift	78
9756151980	Berlin Airlift	program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during the Soviet blockade	79
9756151981	spheres of influence	areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly	80
9756151982	Soviet bloc	the communist nations of Europe, under the influence of the Soviet Union.	81
9756151983	Western bloc	parts of Western Europe that was not controlled by the Soviets.	82
9756151984	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; the Cold War military alliance (USA + Western Europe vs. USSR).	83
9756151985	Warsaw Pact	a military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.	84
9756151986	Iron Curtain	a "curtain" split between the democratic nations and communist nations during the Cold War	85
9756151987	Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty	a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament	86
9756151988	International Atomic Energy Agency	Cooperates with partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies; United Nations	87
9756151989	Sun Yat-sen	the founder of the Kuomintang Party who led the movement to create a united, democratic Chine that would be free from control	88
9756151990	Chinese Revolution of 1911	the overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty that ended 2,000 years of Imperial Rule	89
9756151991	Three Principles of the People	Sun Yat-sen hoped to establish a new government in China based on these ideals: 1. Nationalism 2. Socialism 3. Democracy	90
9756151992	Chiang Kai-shek	leader of the Nationalist Party in China that fell to the Communist Party after World War II	91
9756151993	Mao Zedong	a Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.	92
9756151994	Republic of China	the Nationalist government that the United States set up on the island of Taiwan	93
9756151995	People's Republic of China	the name given to communist China under Mao Zedong	94
9756151996	Great Leap Forward	Mao Zedong's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture	95
9756151997	Cultural Revolution	a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard	96
9756151998	egalitarianism	the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights	97
9756151999	westernization	adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture	98
9756152000	yes	when Communism was first introduced to China, did Confucianism vanish?	99
9756152001	Tiananmen Square massacre	when a million demonstrators, calling for democratic reforms, converged on Tiananmen Square and hundreds were killed by troops sent by the government	100
9756152002	General MacArthur	commander of UN forces in Korean War	101
9756152003	Indochina	French colony made up of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam	102
9756152004	Vietminh	a Communist group led by Ho Chi Minh where the organization had goals to win Vietnam's independence from foreign rule	103
9756152005	guerilla warfare	type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy	104
9756152006	Ho Chi Minh	the Communist leader of North Vietnam	105
9756152007	Ngo Dihn Diem	the president of the democratic South Korea	106
9756152008	Viet Cong	the communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnam's government	107
9756152009	Fidel Castro	a Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959	108
9756152010	Cuban Revolution	a revolt in 1959 that resulted in Fidel Castro overthrowing President Fulgencio Batista and forming a communist government in Cuba	109
9756152011	Platt Amendment	amendment to the 1902 Cuban constitution that allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba	110
9756152012	Bay of Pigs Invasion	President Kennedy's failed plan to round up Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs	111
9756152013	Cuban Missile Crisis	the 13 Day period in October 1962 when Soviet nuclear missile were pointed at the United States in Cuba	112
9756152014	Good Neighbor	Roosevelt's policy against military intervention in Latin America	113
9756152015	National Action Party	a Mexican political party that took power in the 2000 presidential election (PAN)	114
9756152016	export economy	a type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use	115
9756152021	Mikhail Gorbachev	the last leader of the Soviet Union in the 1980s who worked with Reagan to end the Cold War	116
9756152022	ethnic cleansing	the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society - Bosnian and Albanian Muslims were raped and slaughtered by Christian Serbians	117
9756152023	Boris Yeltsin	President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Mikhail Gorbachev (Former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) to resign.	118
9756152024	Vladimir Putin	the current President of Russia	119
9756152025	Muslim League	an organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule	120
9756152026	Indian National Congress	a movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government	121
9756152027	Amritsar massacre	the killing of 319 Indians by British troops during a peaceful protest in a park against the arrest of two peace protesters	122
9756152028	Mohandas Gandhi	the Indian leader who used nonviolent methods to seek independence from Great Britain	123
9756152029	passive resistance	peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate; civil disobedience	124
9756152030	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state and the leader of the Muslim League (1876-1948)	125
9756190142	Causes of WW1	nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914	126
9756199060	Lusitania	A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.	127
9756201928	Zimmerman Telegraph	March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.	128
9756205234	Treaty of Versailles	1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air force, forced Germany to repay war damages (33 billion), Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI, and Germany could not manufacture any weapons.	129
9756212575	Arab- Isreali Conflict	This conflict has been going on for years. It started when both the Jewish and Arab Palestinians wanted Palestine for their own. Eventually the Jews got control of Palestine, but there has been a number of wars and terrorist attacks between these two. This conflict continues today.	130
9756217541	Kristallnacht	(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.	131
9756221425	Appeasment	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.	132
9756224779	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	133
9756230715	Truman Doctrine	A US policy announced by President Harry Truman of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents	134
9756234828	Chinese Civil War	War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan	135
9756238837	Cuban Missile Crisis	1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba	136
9756246345	Cambodian Genocide	The four-year period saw the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians through the combined result of political executions, starvation, and forced labour by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.	137

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AP World History- Period 6 Flashcards

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9962236719	African National Congress	ANC; South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid	0
9962236720	apartheid	"separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; this system also reserved South Africa's resources for whites	1
9962236721	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini	lived from 1900 to 1989; religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran	2
9962236722	Big Bang theory	theory which suggests that at some moment all matter in the universe was contained in a single point, which is considered the beginning of the universe	3
9962236723	Vladimir Lenin	born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov; lived from 1870 to 1924; the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and premier of the Soviet Union	4
9962236724	Central Powers	one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; also known as the Quadruple Alliance	5
9962236725	Charles de Gaulle	lived from 1890 to 1970; French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II; served as the president of France from 1959 to 1969	6
9962236726	Che Guevara	lived from 1928 to 1967; Argentine marxist revolutionary who was a major figure in the Cuban Revolution	7
9962236727	Chiang Kai-shek	lived from 1887 to 1975; Chinese military officer who was leader of the Guomindang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China	8
9962236728	Chinese Revolution	prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China	9
9962236729	Cold War	a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict"	10
9962236730	collectivization	also known as collective farming and communal farming; system in which the holdings of several farmers are run collectively as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union	11
9962236731	command economy	a.k.a planned economy; the economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency	12
9962236732	containment	the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War; a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam	13
9962236733	Cuban missile crisis	a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States; Soviet missiles moved to Cuban soil in an agreement by Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev; U.S. responds by blockading Cuba; Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy reach an agreement in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba in return for an American promise not to invade Cuba	14
9962236734	cultural imperialism	the practice of promoting or imposing one's culture on another, usually between powerful societies and less-powerful ones	15
9962236735	Cultural Revolution	also known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; launched by Mao in the late 1960's; aimed to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed had penetrated even the highest ranks of the communist party itself; involved new policies to bring health care and education to the countryside and reinvigorate earlier efforts at rural industrialization under local control	16
9962236736	decolonization	the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations	17
9962236737	Deng Xiaoping	lived from 1904 to 1997; successor to Mao Zedong; reformist who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; dismantled collectivized farming, state enterprises given greater authority, welcomed foreign investment; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square	18
9962236738	environmentalism	ideology which regards the environmental concerns	19
9962236739	European Economic Community	EEC; also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994	20
9962236740	Fascism	political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; celebrated action and placed faith in charismatic leaders; and condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I	21
9962236741	Five Year Plan	a planned economy in which a committee came together to determine rations	22
9962236742	fundamentalism	ideology which demands strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines	23
9962236743	Gamel Abdel Nasser	lived from 1918 to 1970; second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; planned the overthrow of the monarchy and sought to nationalize the Suez Canal	24
9962236744	UN General Assembly	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions	25
9962236745	genocide	the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group	26
9962236746	Getulio Vargas	lived from 1882 to 1954; ruled Brazil from 1930 to 1945; discrediting of established export elites during the Great Depression leads to his dictatorship; supported the military; took steps to modernize Brazil's urban industrial sector	27
9962236747	global warming	term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases	28
9962236748	globalization of democracy	the spread of democracy throughout the world	29
9962236749	Great Depression	economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II; causes drop in world trade, loss of investment, and businesses unable to make profit; countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products hardhit as the West consumed less; conditions resulting in the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and social tensions	30
9962236750	Great Leap Forward	lasted from 1958 to 1960; marked Mao's response to distortions of Chinese socialism; promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism	31
9962236751	Great Purges	also known as the Terror; period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists, including all of Lenin's top associates, and millions more of ordinary peoples; based on suspicious associations in the past, denunciations by colleagues, connections to foreign countries, or bad luck; such people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags; close to 1 million peoples executed between 1936 and 1941; additional 4 to 5 million people sent to the gulag, where they were forced to work in horrendous conditions and died in appalling numbers	32
9962236752	Green Revolution	a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world	33
9962236753	Adolf Hitler	lived from 1889 to 1945; leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945	34
9962236754	Ho Chi Minh	lived from 1890 to 1969; Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader; was prime minister (from 1945 to 1955) and president (from 1945 to 1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	35
9962236755	Holocaust	the mass murder of approximately six million Jews during World War II; a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany; led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	36
9962236756	International Monetary Fund	IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates	37
9962236757	Indian National Congress	INC; organization established in 1885; gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule	38
9962236758	Iranian Cultural Revolution	lasted from 1980 to 198; a period following the Iranian Revolution where intellectuals of Iran were purged of Western and non-Islamic influences to bring it in line with Shia Islam; closed universities between 1980 and 1983, banned many books, and purged thousands of students and lecturers from schools	39
9962236759	iron curtain	the heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe	40
9962236760	Islamic renewal	also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture	41
9962236761	Jawaharlal Nehru	lived from 1889 to 1964; first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India	42
9962236762	League of Arab States	a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia; formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; currently has 22 members	43
9962236763	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war	44
9962236764	Mahatma Gandhi	lived from 1869 to 1948; leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes	45
9962236765	Mao Zedong	lived from 1893 to 1976; Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976	46
9962236766	Marshall Plan	plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; funneled Europe some $12 billion with numerous advisers and technicians; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties; required European nations to cooperate with one another	47
9962236767	Mikhail Gorbachev	born in 1931; last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union	48
9962236768	military-industrial complex	the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them; include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States	49
9962236769	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	lived from 1876 to 1948; founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence	50
9962236770	Munich Conference	a conference in Munich which permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along German borders mainly inhabited by German speakers; territory now known as "Sudetenland"; widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany; agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938; agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy; Czechoslovakia not invited to the conference	51
9962236771	Benito Mussolini	lived from 1883 to 1945; leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943	52
9962236772	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	lived from 1881 to 1938; founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation	53
9962236773	North American Free Trade Agreement	NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone	54
9962236774	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe	55
9962236775	Nazi Germany	a.k.a the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	56
9962236776	Nelson Mandela	lived from 1918 to 2013; South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997	57
9962236777	New Deal	a series of reforms proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson; lasted from 1933 to 1942; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future; reflected the thinking of British economist John Maynard Keynes; argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions; consisted of immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks) and long-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs	58
9962236778	non-governmental organization	NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business	59
9962236779	Nikita Khrushchev	lived from 1894 to 1971; leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program	60
9962236780	Osama bin Laden	lived from 1957 to 2011; Islamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks; played a key role in the US-backed effort to aid mujahideen who fought Soviet forces in Afghanistan	61
9962236781	al-Qaeda	"the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks	62
9962236782	Palestinian Liberation Organization	PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine	63
9962236783	Pan-Arabism	an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World	64
9962236784	Pan-Africanism	an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide	65
9962236785	HIV/AIDS epidemic	epidemic which was first discovered in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa; virus attacks and destroys the immune system, which causes a fatal disorder in the immune system; spread through sexual contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding	66
9962236786	ebola epidemic	an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths	67
9962236787	influenza epidemic	an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history	68
9962236788	perestroika	an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises	69
9962236789	glasnost	a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms	70
9962236790	post-modernism	a late 20th Century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism; includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism	71
9962236791	Potsdam Conference	a conference which was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945; participants include the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States; gathered to decide how to punish Nazi Germany, sought to establish a post-war order, address peace treaty issues, and counter the effects of World War II	72
9962236792	Prague Spring	a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of Soviet domination; began on January 5, 1968, when reformist Alexander Dubček was elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and continued until August 21 when the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to halt the reforms	73
9962236793	1917 Russian Revolution	a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks	74
9962236794	second-wave feminism	a period of feminist activity that first began in the United States in the early 1960s and eventually spread throughout the Western world; later became a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel; focused on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and various legal and de facto inequalities	75
9962236795	UN Security Council	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states	76
9962236796	space race	lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space	77
9962236797	sphere of influence	a concept in which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the sphere; examples include European "semi-colony" of China	78
9962236798	Joseph Stalin	lived from 1878 to 1953; the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed	79
9962236799	theory of relativity	theory which is composed of special relativity and general relativity; proposed by Albert Einstein; proposes that measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers, space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other (Spacetime), and the speed of light is constant	80
9962236800	Third World	term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States	81
9962236801	total war	war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations	82
9962236802	transnational corporations	a.k.a multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country	83
9962236803	Treaty of Versailles	treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty	84
9962236804	trench warfare	type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I	85
9962236805	Truman Doctrine	an international relations policy set by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947; stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment	86
9962236806	United Nations	organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity	87
9962236807	Vietnam War	war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos	88
9962236808	Weimar Republic	the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I	89
9962236809	Winston Churchill	lived from 1874 to 1965; British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955	90
9962236810	weapon of mass destruction	WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land	91
9962236811	Woodrow Wilson	lived from 1856 to 1924; 28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict	92
9962236812	Fourteen Points	a statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and called for postwar peace in Europe	93
9962236813	World Bank	a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty	94
9962236814	World War I	war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war	95
9962236815	World War II	war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War	96
9962236816	World Trade Organization	WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes	97
9962236817	Yalta Conference	conference which lasted from February 4 to February 11, 1945; meeting attended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization; convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea	98
9962236818	Zionist Movement	the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel	99
9962236819	Brazilian Solution	Combination of dictatorship, violent repression, and gov't promotion of industrialization in South American countries	100
9962236820	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	101
9962236821	nongovernmental organizations	Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.	102
9962236822	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.	103
9962236823	keiretsu	Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.	104
9962236824	Salvador Allende	The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.	105
9962236825	NATO	An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.	106
9962236826	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	107

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9045695740	Taiping Uprising	massive Rebellion in China during the Qing dynasty. War resulted in over 20 million deaths and showed rising discontent in the way China handled matters and change.	0
9045695741	Opium Wars	wars between Britain and China, when Britain wouldn't stop opium exports. Resulted in 4 new ports opening in China and Opium legalized with British control.	1
9045695742	Commissioner Lin	Commander in China sent to destroy opium (dumped and burned opium).	2
9045696602	unequal treaties	treaties between China and Western powers after Opium war. Favored Western Powers and weakened China.	3
9045696603	Self-strengthening government	a time of institutional reforms in China during the late Qing dynasty. China adopted Western military technology and maintained traditional Confucian values.	4
9045696604	Boxer Uprising	militant uprising in China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence. Showed increasing resentment of Western countries and influence in China.	5
9045697973	Chinese revolution of 1911-1912	collapse of China's imperial order officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but really under the weight of troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous century.	6
9045697974	the sick man of Europe	term used to describe European country in time of difficulty (1st one- Ottomans). Showed diminishing power of a once powerful Ottoman Empire.	7
9045697975	Tanzimat	period of Reformation in Ottoman Empire. Showed the Ottoman Empire's need to adopt from and copy other nations in order to stay alive and keep up with Western countries.	8
9045698515	Young Ottomans	Movement of young scholars to institute liberal reforms and build the feeling of national identity. Helped build nationalism inside the Ottoman Empire.	9
9045698516	Sultan Abd al-Hamid II	Ottoman sultan who accepted a reform constitution but quickly suppressed it. Reactionary ruler (autocrat). He was the last to exert effective autocratic control over the Ottoman Empire.	10
9045698517	Young Turks	members of a revolutionary party in Ottoman Empire. Carried out a revolution in 1908 and advocated for reforms and change.	11
9045699250	informal empires	area dominated by Western powers but retained own government and measure of independence. Allowed people to be independent but also be helpful and useful to European powers (similar climate areas).	12
9045699251	Battle of Adowa	battle where the Italians were defeated by the Ethiopian Army	13
9045699252	Tokugawa Japan	time known as great peace. Hostage system: Shoguns retained power. Spouses and children of important families kept at the capital (4 social classes).	14
9045700386	Meiji Restoration	series of Events that restored imperial rule in Japan under Emperor Meiji (1868). Marked Japan's opening to the West and establishment of strong centralized government.	15
9045701231	Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)	War fueled by Japanese and Russian imperialism Japan won and forced Russia to change and industrialize.	16

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10375881204	absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.	0
10375881205	agriculture	the cultivation and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.	1
10375881206	aristocracy	the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.	2
10375881207	bureaucracy	This is a specific style of organization, that is characterized by its complexity, division of labor, permanence, professional management, strict chain of management, and legal authority. In its pure form, it should be not personal, but rational and based on rules, rather than emotions. This was created by German sociologist Max Webster.	3
10375881208	chiefdom	is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'.	4
10375881209	city-state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	5
10375881210	civilization	the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	6
10375881211	colonialism	the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.	7
10375881212	demography	the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.	8
10375881213	diaspora	the dispersion of any people from their original homeland.	9
10375881214	divine	of, from, or like God or a god.	10
10375881215	dynasty	a line of hereditary rulers of a country.	11
10375881216	empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.	12
10375881217	epidemic	a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.	13
10375881218	feudalism	A system that was common in the middle ages. In which the people worked for, gave loyalty, and gave produce to the king in exchange for military protection. Nobility gets land from the king when they serve in the military.	14
10375881219	forager	They collect food by hunting, fishing, or by gathering fruits/vegetables.	15
10375881220	genocide	the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.	16
10375881221	globalization	the act of globalizing, or extending to other or all parts of the world.	17
10375881222	imperialism	the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.	18
10375881223	indentured servant	a person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, usually seven years, especially during the 17th to 19th centuries. Generally, indentured servants included redemptioners, victims of religious or political persecution, persons kidnapped for the purpose, convicts, and paupers.	19
10375881224	interregional	relatinɡ to or occurring between different regions.	20
10375881225	kingdom	a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen.	21
10375881226	medieval	relating to the Middle Ages.	22
10375881227	merchant	a person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries or supplying merchandise to a particular trade.	23
10375881228	monotheism	the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.	24
10375881229	nation	a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.	25
10375881230	nation-state	a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.	26
10375881231	Neolithic	relating to or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.	27
10375881232	nobility	the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.	28
10375881233	nomad	a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.	29
10375881234	pandemic	(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.	30
10375881235	papacy	the office or authority of the Pope.	31
10375881236	pastoral	(especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle.	32
10375881237	patriarchal	relating to or characteristic of a system of society or government controlled by men.	33
10375881238	periodization	The study of categorizing the past into discrete quantified named blocks of time in order to facilitate the study and analysis of history.	34
10375881239	polytheism	the belief in or worship of more than one god.	35
10375881240	prehistoric	relating to or denoting the period before written records.	36
10375881241	primary source	is an artifact, a document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, a recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.	37
10375881242	revolution	an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.	38
10375881243	rural	of, relating to, or characteristic of the country, country life, or country people; rustic.	39
10375881244	scribe	a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of printing.	40
10375881245	secondary source	is one that was created later by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching. For the purposes of a historical research project.	41
10375881246	serf	Someone who is forced to work on a piece of land, usually during the Medieval Times. This was a part of Feudalism.	42
10375881247	shaman	(especially among certain tribal peoples) a person who acts as intermediary between the natural and supernatural worlds, using magic to cure illness, foretell the future, control spiritual forces, etc.	43
10375881248	slave	a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant.	44
10375881249	socialism	A system in which items are owned by the government, not the private individuals. Cooperation guides the economy, not competition. There are many variations of this, like in the EU	45
10375881250	state	An area in which there is political system, but are a part of a collection of states. These states form a country. Although these states have their own government, they still follow rules and judgement by the country's government.	46
10375881251	syncretism	the attempted reconciliation or union of different or opposing principles, practices, or parties, as in philosophy or religion.	47
10375881252	theocracy	a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities.	48
10375881253	urban	of, relating to, or designating a city or town.	49
10375881254	synthesis	the combining of the constituent elements of separate material or abstract entities into a single or unified entity (opposed to analysis, ) the separating of any material or abstract entity into its constituent elements.	50

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