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Ap World History Early Man and Agriculture Revolution Flashcards

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5758003087Homo Sapiensthe humanoid species that emerged as the most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period- common social organization was small bands -thinking humans0
5758016866Paleolithicold stone age1
5758021069Neolithicnew stone agre2
5758035332Neolithic Revolution- domestication of plants and animals begins -Villages form, population increases -Need for food surplus and irrigation arises -Political organization begins in order to organize labor for large irrigation projects -Job specialization becomes more complex -Social classes form and social structures become more complex3
5758037474Venus figurinesfigures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility4
5758043257Mesopotamialand between 2 rivers- tigris and Euphrates, where Sumerian civilization emergzes. Very agriculturally fertile region. Tigris and Euphrates flood often and deposit silt on fields around them, and makes soil very nutrient rich. Because flood rivers, building of large complex irrigation systems so they can control water to build crops. Babylon most important city in south mesopotamia in 2nd and 1st millenium BCE. "Epic of gilgamesh" shows life in mesopotamia. Barley main cereal crop in S mesopotamia.5
5758045870Hunter-gather characteristicsA group of people who have no permanent home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and land6
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AP World History Other Vocabulary I Flashcards

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7305311432PaleolithicOld Stone Age Ancient cultural stage of human development Used rudimentary stone chipped tools0
7305312552NeolithicBegan in the Middle East and other parts of the world Characterized by the beginning of farming, domestication of animals, pottery, weaving, and polished stone tools Agricultural revolution began here1
7305317251DomesticationThe process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet Cultivation of a plant or food Part of the First Agricultural Revolution (introduced)2
7305330016SedentaryObtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture Band social organizations; societies traditionally relied on this Ability to produce food surpluses and merchant/manufacturing groups3
7305355886Monumental architectureCharacteristic of civilizations, often religious structures Ziggurats in Mesopotamia, pyramids of Egypt, etc. Commemorates person/event4
7305365997ChiefdomHierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship Former leadership is monopolized by senior members of select families or houses Graded social group led by a chief5
7305370710SecularDenoting attitudes, activities or other things that have no religious basis Some older civilizations were secular Not subject or bound by religious rule6
7305379364PolytheismThe belief or worship of one or more gods Multiple gods and goddesses or deities that exist in one religion Examples) Greek and Roman gods/goddesses and Hindu deities7
7305385296SlaveryOwnership of human beings A condition where on his forced to participate in exhausting labor and/or restricted freedom Property of and a subject of another (especially the slave owner)8
7305386922Agriculture/IrrigationIrrigation: replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source to grow crops Irrigation led to agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions Supplied civilizations and allowed them to flourish9
7305396655Ziggurat/PyramidMud-brick ziggurats constructed in Sumerian cities Ziggurats were later constructed in Assyrian and Babylonian cities Egyptians later drew ideas from these structures for their pyramids10
7305398693BureaucracySystem of government in which most of the important decisions are made by the state officials rather than by elected representatives Individuals in a hierarchy are members of the bureaucracy also Policy-making/administrative group11
7305407331City-stateOriginated in Mesopotamia with Sumerian civilization A city with its surrounding territory forms an independent state Own government and is separated from other/nearby countries12
7305416235Divine kingshipFundamental part of Egyptian royalty Believed that the king/pharaoh was related to God Incarnation, manifestation, mediator, or agent of God was the king or pharaoh13
7305419558MetallurgyFirst used copper, common and easy to mold Hammered metal and later heated it to bend Used for jewelry and decorations, later weapons14
7305420927HierarchyOrganized societies or economies created through this People or groups are ranked according to status or authority Arranged according to positions in society15
7305431958PatriarchyA societal or governmental system Where the father or oldest male is the head and descent is traced through the male line Women are largely excluded from this male held power16
7305434051BarbarianRelating to ancient times A member of a community or tribe that didn't belong to one of the great civilizations Frequently invaded neighboring cities, tribes, etc.17
7305447111CivilizationStage of human social development and organization the is the most advanced Society or place undergoes human social activities that are advanced Mesopotamia, or Sumer was the world's first civilization18
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AP World History Strayer Chapter 19 Flashcards

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7027037026What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of 19th-century China?- China's population grew rapidly, but agriculural production was unable to keep up. This caused a growing pressure on the land, small farms for peasants, unemployment, impoverishment, misery and starvation. - China's centralized bureacratic state did not enlarge and couldn't keep pace with growing population. - Peasants increasingly protested opposition of Qing dynasty because of foreign Manchurian origins. - Tipang Uprisings found its inspiration in unique form of Christianity.0
7027051672How did Western pressures stimulate change in China during the 19th-century?- China was forced to continue to import Opium. - Hong Kong to Britain increasingly opened more imports to Europenas. - Tariffs and taxes were put on China - Extraterritorial. - Europeans carved out spheres of influence within China and created military bases, exported raw materials, and made railroads. - Inhabited CHina's industrialization.1
7027061501What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th-century?- Empire shrank in size because of European aggression and nationalist independence movements. - Weakened in revenue, authorities, and local warlords gained power. - Janissaries became reactionary defenders (bad). - There was a technology gap with the West. - Europeans achieved direct oceanic access to Asia. - Foreign merchants with immunity of Ottoman Law/legal procedures. - In debt and reliant on foreign loans. The inability to pay loans led to foreign control of the revenue-generating system.2
7027076914What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems? In what ways did these strategies reflect China's own history and culture as well as the new global order?- Chinese instituted a "self-strengthening" program where traditional China and new traditions of West mixed. - Sought out qualified candidates for bureaucratic positions and new Exam system. - New factories! - Telegraph system of communication. - Opposition from Conservative Leaders, they hoped the "self-strengthening" program would allay fears of power privileges would disappear.3
7027093424In what different ways did the Ottoman State respond to its various problems?- Launched program of "defensive modernization" that made a new military, administrative structures with traditional ideas that enhanced and centralized state power. - Ambassadors sent to courts of Europe to study methods and advisors. - Re-organization (Tanzimat) sought to provide economic, social, and legal underpinnings for the strong and newly re-centralized state. - Cloth, paper, agricultural land, telegraphs, steamboats, and postal service. - Integrate non-Muslims subjects and were equality accepted.4
7027106871In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19th-century?- Young Ottomans defined the empire as a secular state, loyal to dynasty rather than Muslim state. They embraced Western technology and science. - During the Reactionary Reign of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II, the empire was defined as a despotic state. - Oppostition of Abd al-Hamid II led Young Turks to military and civilian elites to advocate militantly secular public life. (Turkish National State).5
7027117330In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era?- Samurai evolved into a salaried bureaucratic/administractive class. - Centuries of peace created a burst of economic growth, commercialization, and urban development. - Most urbanized country. - Education increased literacy rate. - Social tensions occurred between merchants and Samurai. - Peasants moved to the cities to find new traders. - There was a wave of local peasant uprisings and urban riots that expressed grievances of poor.6
7027128580In what respects was Japan's 19th-century transformation revolutionary?1.) included an attack on the power, privilege of both daimyo and samurai and their replacement with governors. 2.) Dismantled old Confucian-based social order and abolished class restrictions on occupation, residence, marriage, and clothing. 3.) Study of science and technology of West. 4.) Political and education systems 5.) Borrowing of Western ideas (foreign + Japan.) 6.) Resulted in state-fuided industrialization program.7
7027141879How did Japan's relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process?- Unequal treaties were rewritten in Japan's favor. - Japan launched their own empire-building enterprise. (Having colonial control of Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria). - Fought successful wars with China and Russia. - Inspiration for other subject poeples. Became model for own modern development and ally for struggle against inperialism.8
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AP World History Chapter 11 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7842485370Pastoralism*Definition:* Way of life in which people depend on herding of domesticated animals for food. *Significance:* Revolution of domestication, kinship-based groups, women were higher status, a decreased in population, and utilized all land/military strength of Mongols.0
7842485371Modun*Definition:* Great ruler of Xiongnu Empire (210 - 174) and created a centralized, hierarchical system. *Significance:* United and centralized political system and helped create a model for future empires. He had a role in the Chinese and Roman collapse.1
7842485372Xiongnu*Definition:* People of the Mongolian steppe lands north of China who formed a large-scale nomadic empire. *Significance:* Created a huge military confederation and centralized societies. A model for Turkic/Mongol empires.2
7842485373Turks*Definition:* Turkish speakers from Central Asia, originally monads. *Significance:* Created series of nomadic empires, had a lasting impact when they became dominant in the Islamic heartland.3
7842485374Almoravid Empire*Definition:* Islamic religious movement in Africa, sparked by Ibn Yasin after returning from a pilgrimage to Mecca. *Significance:* Occupied much of NorthWest Africa and Southern Spain where it had considerable prosperity with the golden trade. (Formed from expansions and spread of Islam).4
7842485375Temujin/ Chinggis Khan*Definition:* Mongolian emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to Pacific. *Significance:* Universal ruler, hardships as a kid led him to be a powerful ruler. He unified Mongols, expanded the empire, and created the largest land connected empire.5
7842485376Mongol World War*Definition:* Term used to describe military campaigns, massive killings, and empire building done by Chinggis Khan. *Significance:* This contained China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. It allowed Mongol rule to expand.6
7842485377Yuan Dynasty China*Definition:* Mongol dynasty that ruled China (1271 - 1368). *Significance:* Moved capital of China to present-day Beijing. Showed how Mongols made use of Chinese practices and was a new beginning for China.7
7842485378Khubilai Khan*Definition:* Grandson of Chinggis Khan and Mongol ruler of China ( 1271 - 1294). *Significance: Examples of how Mongols in China made use of Chinese values such as Daoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and lowering taxes.8
7842485379Hulegu*Definition:* Chinggis Khan's grandson who led the second assault on Persia (1251 - 1258). *Significance:* Became first il-Khan of Persia. He established and cemented Mongol presence in China.9
7842485380Khutulon*Definition:* Girl, whose father was a Mongol ruler, excelled in horse riding, archery, wrestling, and military. *Significance:* She would only marry if they could beat her in wrestling. She eventually chose to marry. She shows the freedom of women under Mongol rule. She's also the reason men wrestle with open chests now.10
7842485381Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde*Definition:* Name of conquered Russia. *Significance:* Mongols had little to offer in steppe lands so they ruled from outside and exploited Russia. Moscow was the primary center for Mongol domination. Mongols were never actually in Russia.11
7842485382Black Death/Plague*Definition:* Massive plague pandemic that swept through Eurasia (Bubonic plague) by fleas on rats. *Significance:* Fostered future economic growth for Europe and led to the decline of Mongol network and empire. Europe gained prominence. Lots of people died.12
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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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7475461963Swahili StatesA series of states along the West coast of Africa whom stemmed from the Bantu people. States in this region prospered greatly from their trade of gold, ivory, shells, horns, and fur along the trans-Saharan trade, contributing greatly to the system and creating a strong trading base for foreigners.0
7475461964CaravanseraiA roadside inn for travelers along the Silk Road. This inn encouraged the flow of items, knowledge and ideas, and people, thus contributing to the trade and helping its flourish.1
7475464745flying cashPaper currency of the Tang Dynasty. Reportedly the first form of paper money, showing a shift in the way in which goods were exchanged and signifying a shift in the Tang traditions. This is also important in the fact that it was the first paper currency, allowing for other states and empires to take after the Tang and replicate their ideas for their own civilizations.2
7475464746Hanseatic LeagueIntra-regional trade networks of northern Europe that protected merchants. Provided protection to merchants along the trade networks, encouraging trade.3
7475467148Ibn BatutaA famous and widely-traveled merchant along the trans-Saharan trade routes. Contributed in his records of the cities he visited and the reaction he had to the people, culture, commerce, and exchange that occurred in his journeys. He produced many documents of the trans-Saharan trade, of which help us today.4
7475467149Marco PoloA traveler from Venice, going as far out as Asia and recording his experiences along the way. The significance of Marco Polo lie in his records of his journey; He was the first European explorer to leave written documents on his travel to China.5
7475467150NeoconfuscianismA religion based off of Confuscianist ideals, but modified. Shows how flexible religion was, and also how the new traditions and beliefs of an era could change their religion.6
7475470179al-AndalusA branch of Islam in which women were given rights. Women were given rights after having none thanks to al-Andalus, signalling a significant change in the beliefs and culture of the Islamic people.7
7475470180sharia lawThe religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. Shows what the Muslim people value, as well as how stable the religion was.8
7475470181Sunni vs Shia IslamSunni Muslims believed that caliph should be elected by the community whilst Shia Muslims believed that the caliph should be blood relative to Muhammad. This created a huge schism amongst the Muslim community, causing lots of disorder and disputes.9
7475472507Great SchismThe separation of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Caused lots of fights and created two distinctive communities.10
7475472508waru waru agricultureA way in which the Incan people performed agriculture. This method allowed for better crops due to the fertilizer development, as well as the increase of crops due to being able to use land, even at high elevations.11
7475472509terracingA way in which the Incan people performed agriculture. This method allowed for more space for agriculture, leading to more crops and an increase in population.12
7475474614chinampasA way in which the Aztec people performed agriculture. This method allowed for the civilization to build an agricultural surplus, leading to an increase in population and more specialized jobs.13
7475474615guildsOrganization of merchants or artisans that controlled the means of production. Provided more structure and stability for trade, allowing for easier exchange.14
7475476484mit'aA system in which those who are conquered pay tribute to the Incans through labor. Shows a difference in how the Incans and Aztecs took tributes, as well as highlighting how much the Incans valued hard work.15
7475476485ScrivijayaA city state in what is now known as Indonesia from the 8th to the 12th century. Srivijaya was an important center for the expansion of Buddhism.16
7475478423SufismAn aspect of Islam in which spirituality is valued and emphasized. It signaled a turning point in Islam in which women were given roles in the religion.17
7475478424Cyrillic alphabetThe alphabet produced by the Byzantine Empire in order to translate the Bible. Spread the Eastern Orthodox religion to the Slavic people, causing for an increase in the population whom were Eastern Orthodox. In addition, both the language and religion are common in the Slavic communities still.18
7475478425JizyaA tax paid by non-Muslims in Islamic states. Encouraged people to become Muslim without having to force them into it. Caused an increase in the Islamic population.19
7475480928Tale of GengiA novel produced in Japan. It was the first ever produced novel in the world.20
7475480929TankaA unique form of writing (poetry) created by the Japanese during the Heian period. Kept Japanese culture distinctive and gave less oppression to women in Japan.21
7475480930Shotuku TaishiLeader of Japan during 572-622. Shotuku greatly supported Chinese influence on Japan, emphasizing the moral quality of leaders and encouraging Buddhism and Confucianism.22
747548391517 Article ConstitutionA constitution issued by Shotuku Taishi in 604. It proclaimed the Japanese ruler as a Chinese-style emperor and encouraged both Buddhism and Confucianism.23
7475483916Justinian's CodeA set of laws created during Justinian's rule in the Byzantine Empire. Signified the stability and balance of the government in the Byzantine Empire between 529 to 534.24
7475486464Haga SophiaA church produced in Constantinople during Justinian's rule. It was created in order to show off to others Constantinople's beauty and to amaze those who enter it. It represented a time of great beauty and prosper, or a Golden Age within the Byzantine Empire.25
7475486465ConstantinopleThe capital city of the Byzantine Empire. It was the capital city of the Byzantine Empire and was one of the largest and richest urban centers of its time.26
7475486466CrusadesA series of battles centered around religion. The goal was for Christians to gain back their "Holy Land" from the Islamic people. Although the Christians won the first battle, all other battles went to the Islamic people, giving them more power. Moreover, it was a time of great chaos and even had the Byzantine emperor asking the Pope (whom they had a squabble with) for help on their religious duty.27
7475488728FeudalismA government system in which the power was given less towards those highest in the hierarchical triangle, but still had distinct classes. It signified a time in which there was less of a centralized government, allowing for less control of the people and making way for chaos.28
7475488729Mansa MusaThe emperor of Mali during the trans-Saharan trade. He was known to be extremely rich, as he was in charge of the most prosperous civilizations within the trans-Saharan trade, due to their gold production. Claimed by others was his disrespectful and egotistical attitude, however, but his great contributions to the trans-Saharan trade cannot go unnoticed.29
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AP World History Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Flashcards

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5724767478All of the following are indicators of a civilization EXCEPT (A) Monument buildings (B) Large, well-equipped armies (C) A system for keeping permanent records (D) Long-distance tradeB0
5724767479The most important change that took place in the Neolithic Era was (A) the development of stone tools. (B) the cooking of food. (C) the development of agriculture. (D) ceremonial burial of the dead.C1
5724767480Archaeological evidence suggests that the Agricultural Revolutions began in (A) the Middle East. (B) East Africa. (C) Central Asia. (D) SouthAsia.A2
5724767481By the late Neolithic period, the people of Çatal Hüyük had developed the use of (A) step pyramids. (B) glassmaking. (C) sundials. (D) copper metallurgy.D3
5724767482One of the most important developments of the Sumerians was (A) dry farming. (B) woolencloth. (C) a political hierarchy. (D) a written record.C4
5724767483Mesopotamian city-states flourished because (A) they developed long-distance trade. (B) they conquered an area large enough to make themselves self-sufficient. (C) they invented specialized labor. (D) they had powerful armies.B5
5724767484While it is likely that women lost power and freedom with the spread of agriculture, in Mesopotamia (A) they could hold political office. (B) they could reign. (C) they could own property. (D) many served as warriors.C6
5724767485The Sumerian gods were (A) anthropomorphic. (B) the same gods as the ancient Hebrew gods. (C) all female. (D) private gods that an individual chose to worship.A7
5724767486Which of the following is the best explanation of why Egypt was able to develop a unique culture? (A) It was the first real civilization to develop and had no enemies. (B) It had natural isolation and material self- sufficiency. (C) Its neighbors were all tribute states of Egypt. (D) Its armies were the most powerful in the region.B8
5724767487Following the practice of Manetho, an Egyptian priest from the third century b.c.e., historians divide Egyptian history into dynasties, which are (A) segments of time equaling 100 years. (B) times when a kingdom rose until it fell. (C) sequences of kings from the same family. (D) based on the religion of the Egyptians.C9
5724767488One of the hallmarks of the administrative class in Egypt was that (A) membership in it was inherited by the eldest son. (B) only lower nobility could work in it. (C) it included the priests. (D) bureaucrats were literate.D10
5724767489In the second millennium b.c.e., Egypt invaded Nubia because (A) Nubia had gold fields. (B) Nubia had a leader who claimed to be the pharaoh. (C) Nubia had access to goods from across the Sahara. (D) Nubia had allied with Mesopotamia.A11
5724767490One of the major difficulties in understanding the Indus Valley civilization is that (A) there is a lack of artifacts. (B) archaeologists are not sure of its exact location. (C) its written language cannot be read. (D) all of its cities have been destroyed.C12
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World history ap quiz Flashcards

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7738359974Greece was divided into Poleis. What is a Poleis?Poleis is city states.0
7738368192Why was the location of Greece important?It made trade both possible and important.1
7738381209How did Sparta's government work? What was Sparta known for?Sparta's government had two kings that were high priests (which is an oligarchy system with theocracy and monarchy mixed in). Sparta was known for having a strong military.2
7738390202What is Athens famous for?Starting the idea of direct democracy.3
7738402270If you weren't a citizen in Athens, you couldn't become one. What privilege did Athenian citizens have?To vote4
7738410544Ancient Philosophers in Athens calculated the true size of the earth, the earth's circumference, and latitude and longitude. Who were three important philosophers from Ancient Greece?Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.5
7738417431Who fought in the Persian Wars?Persia and Greece6
7738441521Describe the difference in the fighting styles of the two sides.Greek city states fought close, persians shot arrows and rode on horses. Greece had a stronger navy and persia had a stronger army.7
7738447762Who were the two sides in the Peloponnesian war?Delian League which was Athens, and the peloponnesian league which was Sparta.8
7738456771The Peloponnesian War led to Philip II taking over nearly all of Greece. Who was his successor?Alexander the Great9
7738468350Alexander the Great established a Hellenistic Empire. What does Hellenistic mean?Spread of greek culture10
7738474330What type of government often found in Greece was a small group of people having all of the power?Oligarchy11
7738482387The Roman Government was divided into three tiers and is where what principle used in United States government comes from?Republic.12
7738492100Who fought in the Punic Wars? Which side won?Rome and Carthage. The Romans won,13
7738494766Julius Caesar became dictator for life, and then was killed. Who took over after him?Octavian14
7738503136Christianity, along with goods and people, spread quickly throughout the Roman Empire. Why?Because of the roads.15
7738515431The most famous arena for Gladiators was the Colosseum. What architectural attribute is the Colosseum famous for?It is famous for its' use of arches.16
7738525255Diaspora of the Jewish people refers to Jews spreading out from their original homeland. What was unique about Jews that made them want to leave Roman rule?Monotheistic.17
7738531482After conquering people, Rome often extended them citizenship. Who was considered a citizen in Rome?If you were a free man.18
7738542412True or False: The Roman government eventually became corrupt and was unable to manage its vast borders, and that is why it collapsed.TRUE19
7738563457The Code of Justinian recorded Roman Laws for future preservation. The United States took multiple ideas from this time period, including "The accused is innocent until proven GUILTY."this is just a statement20
7738572006After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Western Europe experienced a period of political instability.just a sentence21
7738580759Persia was one of the first locations to use standardized metal coins. What did this help them do?It help them to buy in trade. This made it easier having a coin that everyone was using.22
7738592861Who was the leader in Persia when it expanded its borders?Cyrus The Great.23
7738600551What religion was practiced in Persia that wasn't practiced anywhere else?It was a variety of religion that was practiced.24
7738606536What leader from Macedonia conquered all of Persia?Alexander The Great25
7738613990What was the Qin Dynasty known for?Being cruel26
7738627587What were some major accomplishments of the Qin Dynasty?Expanded the size of China, Gave peasants the right to own land, Standardized the chinese script, Standardized coinage, Built canals and roads.27
7738743310What did the Han Dynasty do to help the government run more smoothly?He kept it centralized.28
7738743311China's government was eventually overthrown and it was split into 3 Kingdoms. What rebellion caused political instability leading up to that time?The Yellow turban rebellion.29
7738764915What was legalism, and why would emperor Qin Shi Huangdi adopt it in China?Because he wanted to be in control completely.30
7738770441India was rarely united under a single empire. During the Mauryan Empire, what religion gained popularity quickly?Buddhism.31
7738773896During the reign of the Gupta Empire, Hindu cultured flourished and lots of art and literature were produced. How did the Gupta Empire fall?People began to leave the empire and it was growing a disunity among the regions. The huns destroyed the trade with Rome.32
7738783116Summarize the story of Ashoka's life.He was a ferocious warrior, who brought large regions of east-central India under his control. His attack on the kingdom in east India was brutal. He built monasteries and ministries. His support in buddhism not only affected him, but his subjects as well. For he encouraged them towards it. He established an efficient tax collecting system, he promoted peace, and united the empire under central power.33
7738788650Name the 5 levels of the Indian caste system.Brahmins - priestly and learned class Kshatriyas- the warrior and ruling class Vaishyas - the merchant and artisan class Shudras- the peasant and serf class Dalits- untouchables34
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AP World Chapter 10 Flashcards

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8324612622Justinian6th-century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law.0
8324612623Hagia SophiaGreat domed church constructed during the reign of Justinian.1
8324612624Body of Civil LawJustinian's codification of Roman law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; made Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life.2
8324612625BulgariaSlavic kingdom in the Balkans; put constant pressure on the Byzantine Empire; defeated by Basil II in 1014.3
8324612626IconsImages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians.4
8324612627IconoclasmThe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration.5
8324612628Battle of ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory.6
8324612629Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic.7
8324612630KievCommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century.8
8324612631Vladimir IRuler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity.9
8324612632Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from the Byzantine Empire.10
8324612633BoyarsRussian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.11
8324612634TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.12
8324612635Byzantine Empire(500 C.E. - 1453 C.E.) The eastern portion of the Roman Empire which survived beyond the collapse of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam.13
8324612636ConstantinopleCapital of the Byzantine Empire; constructed on the site of Byzantium, an old Greek city on the Bosporus.14
8324612637Orthodox Christian ChurchEastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople.15
8324612638Constantine(312 - 337) Strong emperor toward the end of the Roman Empire who tried with some success to reverse the tide of its ultimate fall. Constantine moved the capital away from Rome to Constantinople and allowed freedom of worship for Christians with the Edict of Milan.16
8324612639HunsGroup of nomadic tribes that pushed through central Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries C.E., instigating the migration of the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire.17
8324612640Sassanian Empire(227 - 651) Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion.18
8324612641ProcopiusHistorian of the Byzantine Empire who in his Secret History revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence.19
8324612642Hellenistic cultureAfter Alexander's death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt.20
8324612643Greek fireincendiary material used by the Byzantines described as able to burn in water.21
8324612644TsarTerm used for the emperors of the Russia; literally means Caesar.22
8324612645Cyrillic alphabetAlphabet named after Saint Cyril who used it to help convert the Slavs to Christianity.23
8324612646RurikLegendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.24
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