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AP World History Dates Flashcards

6839450870	1756-1763	7 years war/ French & Indian War	0
6839456093	1776	American Revolution/ Smith writes Wealth of Nations	1
6839460841	1789	French Revolution	2
6839482405	1804	Haitian Independence	3
6839466842	1815	Congress of Vienna	4
6839469371	1820s	Independence in Latin America	5
6839475587	1848	European Revolutions/ Karl Marx & Engles write Communist Manifesto	6
6839490722	1853	Commodore Perry opens Japan	7
6839487578	1857	Sepoy Nutiny	8
6839493449	1861	end of Russian serfdom/ Italian Unification	9
6839495468	1863	Emancipation Proclamation in US	10
6839507822	1871	German Unification	11
6839513881	1885	Berlin Conference division of Africa	12
6839516426	1898	Spanish-American War- US acquires Philippines, Cuba, Guam & Puerto Rico	13
6839520560	1899	Boer War- British control of South America	14
6839524821	1905	Russo-Japanese War	15
6839527176	1910- 1920	Mexican Revolution	16
6839528644	1911	Chinese Revolution	17

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AP World History Flashcards

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7902708291	Israel	an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea	0
7902714462	First Temple	Built by Solomon (c 950 BCE) and destroyed by the Babylonians in 587/6 BCE. = First Temple Period	1
7902717534	Ten commandments	Received by Moses on Mt. Sinai; guidelines for how to live as God's people.	2
7902719817	Monotheistic	Belief in one god	3
7902721342	Polytheistic	Belief in many gods	4
7902732613	Hoplite	A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.	5
7902734088	Persian wars	A series of wars between Persia and Greece	6
7902736277	Peloponnesian war	War between Athens and Sparta	7
7902737390	direct democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives	8
7902741353	Athens	Greece	9
7902742633	Sparta	an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess	10
7902744031	Socrates	Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth	11
7902745439	Pythagoras	Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem	12
7902747780	Alexander the great	King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia	13
7902748817	Hellenism	the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization	14
7902750415	Darius	King of Persia	15
7902751947	Zoroastrianism	system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun	16
7902752943	Legion	in large numbers	17
7902756042	Twelve tables of Rome	codified laws of Rome, major step towards modern law	18
7902757821	Patricians	The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.	19
7902760296	plebeians	common people	20
7902761580	Consuls	The two most powerful magistrates in Rome	21
7902763022	Senate	A council of representatives	22
7902764485	Julius Caesar	100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C.	23
7902765782	Augustus	Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC	24
7902768327	Pax Romana	Roman peace	25
7902769550	Christianity	Official Religion during the declining century of the Roman Empire.	26
7902771126	Diocletian	Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.	27
7902772927	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	28
7902774160	Han dynasty	the dynasty that ruled China from about 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., the period following the Qin dynasty	29
7902776032	Civil service exam	A test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government	30
7902778054	Byzantine empire	Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.	31
7902779687	Justinian's code	An organized collection and explanation of roman laws for use by the byzantine empire	32
7902782130	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	33
7902783366	Catholic Church	• central to Medieval Europeans' lives • united Western Europe during Middle Ages	34
7902785844	Eastern orthodox church	a Christian church that grew out of Christianity in eastern Europe and present-day Turkey	35
7902787414	Feudalism	A system of government based on landowners and tenants	36
7902789041	Manorialism	Basic economic unit of Middle Ages	37
7902791075	Serfs	A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times	38
7902791076	Fiefs	pieces of land given to vassals by their lord	39
7902792486	Crusades	A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia	40
7902793598	Charlemage	king of holy empire,built churches, brought manuscript from rome.	41
7902797713	Chivalry	Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages	42
7902799251	Holy Roman Empire	the lands ruled by Charlemagne	43
7902800966	Kievan Russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine	44
7902804061	Mongols	People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.	45
7902804062	vikings	Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia	46
7902805458	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	47
7902806490	Monarchy	A government ruled by a king or queen	48
7902806491	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a few powerful people	49
7902807960	Democracy	Rule by the people	50
7902807961	Republic	A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting	51
7902815584	Aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	52
7902816655	Magna carta	1215	53
7902818481	King John of England	disputed with Innocent III over appointment of archbishop	54
7902821045	Tang Dynasty	618-907	55
7902822071	Song Dynasty	the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy	56
7902823613	African salt trade	a trade of salt	57
7902833161	Creator	Xavier Portillo	58

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AP World History Period 4 Visuals Flashcards

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7810095943	Renaissance	1400-1600	0
7810095944	American Revolution	1775-1783	1
7810095945	Reign of Akbar	1556-1605	2
7810095946	Beginning of Atlantic slave trade	1441	3
7810095947	Brazil runaway slave community	1690	4
7810095948	British/Dutch East India Company	1600-1602	5
7810095949	Heliocentral view	1543	6
7810095950	Jamestown	1607	7
7810095951	Mughal Empire	1526-1707	8
7810095952	Protestant reformation	1517	9
7810095953	Russian expansion into Siberia	1550	10
7810095954	Safavid Empire	1501-1722	11
7810095955	Songhai Empire	1464-1591	12
7810095956	Spanish conquest of Aztecs	1519-1521	13
7810095957	Spanish conquest of Incas	1532-1540	14
7810095958	Thirty Years' War	1618-1648	15
7810095959	Tokugawa Japan	1603	16
7810095960	African diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world,	17
7810095961	Akbar	the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent.	18
7810095962	Aurangzeb	commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir and by his imperial title Alamgir and simply referred to as Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal Emperor and ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during some parts of his reign. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.	19
7810095963	Benin	Not really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings	20
7810095964	Bhakti	"attachment, participation, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to (as a religious principle or means of salvation)". Bhakti, in Hinduism, refers to devotion and the love of a personal god or a representational god by a devotee.	21
7810095965	cartaz	a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century (circa 1502-1750), under the rule of the Portuguese empire. It shared similarities with the British navicert system of 1939-45. Its name derives from the portugueses cartas mesinha letter.	22
7810095966	Catholic Counter-Reformation	the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)	23
7810095967	Columbian exchange	the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World	24
7810095968	conquistadores	went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico	25
7810095969	Council of Trent	The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. Four hundred years later, when Pope John XXIII initiated preparations for the Second Vatican Council, he affirmed the decrees it had issued: "What was, still is."	26
7810095970	creoles	composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class	27
7810095971	Dahomey	a kingdom that used firearms to create its powerbase, in Contrast to the Asante, the Dahomey leaders were authoritarian, and often brutal in forcing compliance to the royal court	28
7810095972	Daimyo	power territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai	29
7810095973	Darwin, Charles	an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.	30
7810095974	deism	God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory	31
7810095975	devshirme	a system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves	32
7810095976	Edict of Nantes	The granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV	33
7810095977	European Enlightenment	the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought	34
7810095978	Freud, Sigmund	an Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst	35
7810095979	Galilei, Galileo	used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas	36
7810095980	Huguenots	a member of a French Protestant denomination with origins in the 16th or 17th centuries. Historically, Huguenots were French Protestants inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the 1530s, who became known by that originally derisive designation by the end of the 16th century. The majority of Huguenots endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism.	37
7810095981	Jesuits in China	a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)	38
7810095982	Little Ice Age	a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. While it was not a true ice age, the term was introduced into the scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939.	39
7810095983	Luther, Martin	a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church	40
7810095984	Manila	ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver	41
7810095985	Karl Marx	was a journalist who wrote on revolutionary socialism and wrote "The Communist Manifesto"	42
7810095986	mestizo	composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas	43
7810095987	Middle Passage	the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world	44
7810095988	Mulattoes	composed of European and African children, also part of the castas	45
7810095989	Ninety-five Theses	the theses of Luther against the sale of indulgences in the Roman Catholic Church, posted by him on the door of a church in Wittenberg, October 31, 1517.	46
7810095990	peninsulares	a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world	47
7810095991	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	48
7810095992	Scientific Revolution	a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century	49
7810095993	settler colonies	a form of colonial formation whereby foreign people move into a region. An imperial power oversees the immigration of these settlers who consent, often only temporarily, to government by that authority.	50
7810095994	shogun	a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867.	51
7810095995	Sikhism	started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions	52
7810095996	silver drain	the concept of how most of the silver in late 1500's to early 1600's ended up in China. The main sources of silver came from the Americas, specifically from Potosi, a mountain containing vastly immense deposits of silver. The Spanish controled Potosi and made many Native American slaves mine the silver for them. From Potosi, the silver was sold to European countries. From there, the silver was then sold to China. China was in desparate need of silver because they had to pay their taxes in silver. Since China was in need for the silver so badly, the price of silver skyrocketed. The Europeans and Japanese would trade the silver in return recieve expensive silks and porcelains. The silver was also used as the standard Spanish coin, also known as a "piece of eight". This series of exchanges is important because it created a global network of exchange.	53
7810095997	soft gold		54
7810095998	Thirty Years' War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	55
7810095999	trading post empire	Trading-post empires are those empires in the earlier centuries (13-15th) which traded vast goods and set up trading posts. Trading posts were built by European traders along the coasts of Africa and Asia as a base for trade with the interior. Trading posts (or 'Factories') were islands of European law and sovereignty, but European authority seldom extended very fat beyond the fortified post.	56
7810096000	Voltaire	wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms	57
7810096001	Wahhabi Islam		58
7810096002	yasak	a Turkic word for "tribute" that was used in Imperial Russia to designate fur tribute exacted from the indigenous peoples of Siberia.	59

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AP World History Chapter 4 - The Greeks Flashcards

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7951662080	monarchy	Greek for "the rule of one man"; a king represented the community, reigning according to law and respecting the rights of the citizens	0
7951679047	aristocracy	"power in the hands of the best"	1
7951690678	oligarchy	"the rule of a few"; a small group of wealthy citizens NOT necessarily of aristocratic birth	2
7951706775	tyranny	rule by a man who has seized power by extra-legal means	3
7951719303	democracy	a type of Greek government in which all citizens, without regard to birth or wealth, administered the workings of government; "the power of the people"	4
7951742993	polis	generally translated as city-state; the basic political and institutional unit of Greece; a community f citizens with their own customs and laws	5
7951756380	acropolis	an elevated point within a city on which stood temples, altars, public monuments, and various dedication to the gods of the polis	6
7951765005	hoplite	the heavily armed infantry man who was the backbone of the Greek army	7
7951772129	deme	a local unit that served as the basic element of Cleisthenes's political system	8
7951786400	Delian League	a grand naval alliance, created by the Athenians and aimed at liberating Ionia from Persian Rule; formed by the Athenians and their allies	9
7951802688	sovereign	an independent, autonomous state run by its citizens, free of any outside power or restraint	10
7951813905	koine	a common dialect of the Greek language that influenced the speech of all Greeks	11
7951820685	Great Silk Road	the name of the major route for the silk trade	12
7951825120	Tyche	the Greek goddess of fate and luck, eventually identified with the Roman goddess Fortuna	13
7951837585	mystery religions	any of the several religious systems in the Greco-Roman world characterized by secret doctrines and rituals of initiation	14
7951856103	Epicureanism	a Greek system of philosophy founded on the teachings of Epicurus, which emphasized that a life of contentment, free from fear or suffering, was the greatest good	15
7951881531	Stoicism	the most popular of Hellenistic philosophies; it considers nature an expression of divine will and holds that people can be happy only when living in accordance with nature.	16
7951906595	heliocentric theory	the belief that the earth revolves around the sun; believed by Aristarchus	17
7951920061	natural law	the belief that the law's governing ethical behavior are written into nature itself and therefore possess universal validity	18
7951940725	Archimedes	a clever inventor (Archimedian screw and artillery, compound pully, hydrostatics)	19
7951958707	Hellenistic warfare advances	catapults, battering rams, and wooden siege towers	20
7951966454	Herophilus	dissected corpses and discovered the nervous (and the two types of nerves) system	21
7951985608	Hellenistic	the blend of Hellenism and Near Eastern cultures	22
7952000911	Pre-Socratic thinking	the theory that four simple substances make up the universe: fire, air, earth, and water	23

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AP World History - Strayer Chapter 6 Flashcards

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7835458888	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (Height from 200-900 CE)	0
7835458889	Moche	A civilization of the north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. Farmed maize, beans, and squash adopted from Mesoamerica.	1
7835458890	Meroe	Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the 300 BCE to 100 CE. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. Deforestation contributed to its decline.	2
7835458891	Axum	An African empire located in what is now Eritrea & Ethiopia c. 50 CE that was a naval and trading power; Christianity became the kingdom's religion. Brought down by environmental problems.	3
7835458892	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	4
7835458893	Ezana	King who ruled Axum and converted to Christianity in the fourth century CE about the same time as Constantine. Christianity persists in the region down to today.	5
7835458894	Jenne-jeno	One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.	6
7835458895	Batwa	Forest-dwelling people of Central Africa who adopted some of the ways of their Bantu neighbors while retaining distinctive features of their own culture; also known as "Pygmies."	7
7835458896	Khoikhoi	A people of South Africa who adopted cattle and sheep herding (as well as iron working) as they came in contact with Bantu-speaking people from West Africa.	8
7835458897	Continuous Revelation	A Bantu notion of religious belief in which, contrary to the Bible or the Muslim Quran, the people believed in the possibility of constantly receiving new messages from the world beyond.	9
7835458898	Mesoamerican Agriculture	Agriculture in Central American primarily focused around maize, beans, chili peppers, and squash.	10
7835458899	Mesoamerican Trade	Back as far as the Olmecs, Central America peoples traded things like jade, serpentine, obsidian tools, ceramic pottery, shell ornaments, stingray spines, and turtle shells.	11
7835458900	Maya Writing	The Mayans wrote on stone, bark paper, and on deerskin.	12
7835458901	Tikal	The largest ancient Mayan city in the northern part of what is today Guatemala; traded items were jade, gold, shells, feathers, and cacao (as well as food like maize, beans, and squash).	13
7835458902	Teotihuacan	The first major metropolis in Mesoamerica in what is today Mexico; collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	14
7835458903	Monte Alban	A major Zapotec city; engaged in diplomacy with Teotihuacan.	15
7835458904	Chavin	The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 BCE). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of what is today called Peru.	16
7835458905	Chavin de Huantar	A center for a major religious movement in the Andes c. 900 BCE dedicated to jaguar, crocodie, and snake deities that helped to unify coastal and highland Peru.	17
7835458906	Lords of Sipan	A gravesite was discovered of Moche leaders dating to about 290 CE. Archaeologists referred to them as this.	18
7835458907	Tiwanaku	Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.).	19
7835458908	Anasazi	Important culture of what is now the southwest of the US (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado; they built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas.	20
7835458909	Pueblo Bonito	Important great house in Chaco canyon; trade networks linked together various pueblos that traded things like buffalo hides, copper, turquoise, seashells, macaw feathers, and coiled baskets.	21
7835458910	Mound Builders	Native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places.	22
7835458911	Cahokia	A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America located near modern St. Louis. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.	23

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Themes AP World History Flashcards

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7212869676	Theme 1	Interaction Between Humans and the Environment	0
7212869677	Theme 2	Development and Interaction of Cultures	1
7212873953	Theme 3	State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict	2
7212875830	Theme 4	Creation, Expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems	3
7212881972	Theme 5	Development and Transformation of Social Structures	4

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AP World History Part I: Chapter 1 Flashcards

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5622576353	Babylonian Empire	unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 BCE	0
5622576354	band	a level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis	1
5622576355	Bronze Age	from about 4000 BCE, when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 BCE, when iron began to replace it	2
5622576356	Çatal Hüyük	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho; had greater degree of social stratification	3
5622576357	city-state	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	4
5622576358	civilization	societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups	5
5622576359	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	6
5622576360	Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for codification of law	7
5622576361	Harappa	along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	8
5622576362	Homo sapiens sapiens	the humanoid species that emerged as the most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period	9
5622576363	Huanghe	also known as the Yellow River; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China	10
5622576364	ideographs	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	11
5622576365	Indus River valley	river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization	12
5622576366	Kush	an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	13
5622576367	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations taht arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys	14
5622576368	Mohenjo Daro	along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	15
5622576369	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization	16
5622576370	Neolithic Age	the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	17
5622576371	Neolithic revolution	the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE	18
5622576372	nomads	cattle and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	19
5622576373	Paleolithic Age	the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	20
5622576374	pharaoh	title of kings in ancient Egypt; worshipped as a god among men in human form	21
5622576375	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the hsores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	22
5622576376	pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	23
5622576377	Shang	first Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished from 1600 to 1046 BCE	24
5622576378	slash and burn agriculture	a system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted	25
5622576379	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states	26
5622576380	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	27

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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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7539258960	Prehistoric	Human patterns before the invention of writing.	0
7539262180	Paleolithic	Old Stone Age, 14,000 yrs. ago, Homo-erectus to Homo Sapiens Sapiens.	1
7539262181	Neolithic	New Stone Age, invention of Agriculture which began in the Middle East	2
7539265500	Nomadic	Cattle and sheep-herding societies.	3
7539265501	Bands	A group of persons.	4
7539265502	Hunter-gatherer	A member of a group who subsist by hunting, fishing and foraging	5
7539268638	Culture	Behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social or ethnic group	6
7539268135	Civilization	An advanced state of human societies.	7
7539272330	Agrarian Revolution	.Transformation of agriculture (when it began).	8
7539275946	Patriarchal	A group or society controlled by the head or eldest male	9
7539275947	Matriarchal	A group or society controlled by the head or eldest female.	10
7539279916	Matrilineal	Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line.	11
7539284156	Matrilocal	A culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with his wife's family.	12
7539286793	Pastorialism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals.	13
7539289324	Egalitarian	Equality of all people, especially in political, economic or social life.	14
7539289325	Brideprice	Gifts or money the groom gives to the bride's family. (bridewealth)	15
7539291983	Courtesan	Prostitute with an upper class clientele.	16
7539291984	Dowry	Property a woman brings to her husband in a marriage or a gift of money or property by a man to or for his bride.	17
7539294505	Gender	Sex of a person.	18
7539294506	Polygamy	Having more than one spouse or mate at one time.	19
7539294507	Concubine	A woman who lives with a man who has legally recognized position in his household as less than a wife.	20
7539296711	Eunuch	A castrated male placed in charge of a harem or employed as a court official.	21
7539299294	Foraging	Acquisition of food by hunting, fishing or gathering of plant matter.	22

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AP world history rome Flashcards

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7628784197	Republic	A government in which citizens rule through elected representatives(no monarch)	0
7628784198	Senate	A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome in the Roman Republic.	1
7628784199	Patricians	The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.	2
7628784200	Plebians	Common people of Rome	3
7628784201	Consults	Headed the executive side and elected from members of senate for one year term(not until diminshed that rule)	4
7628784202	Tribunes	Representatives of the plebians	5
7628784203	Julius Caesar	100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C.	6
7628784204	Triumvirate	A group of three rulers	7
7628784205	Battle of Actium	31 BC Octavian defeted Marc Antony for control of Rome	8
7628784206	Augustus Caesar	Revered one, ocatavian established roman empire	9
7628784207	Princeps	first citizen ; what augustus like you be called	10
7628784208	Equities	Class of italian merchants and landowners who helped run the empire	11
7628784209	Law of the Twelve Tables	Roman code of law administered by Augustus Caesar	12
7628784210	Pax Romana	Roman Peace; lasted until 2nd century	13
7628784211	Patron-client	Men of wealth that offerred help and protection for service, money, political support	14
7628784212	Punic Wars	a series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the 200s and 100s BC	15
7628784213	3rd Century Crisis	Economic problems returned aftet a series of weak emperors, and raids after nomadic people	16
7628784214	Virgil	Roman poet that weote Aneid	17
7628784215	Diocletian	Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section. Stopped the slide of the fall of rome/ 3 rd century	18
7628784216	Constantine	Roman emperor that made a capiatl city by his name in the east, sacrificing the west of rome to germanic tribes/4th century	19
7628784217	Visgoths	A germanic tribe that over took rome in 5th century	20
7628784218	Vandals	A Germanic tribe that conquered part of the Roman empire	21

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AP World History Final Pd. 1 and 2 Flashcards

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8429177034	Agriculture	The practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis.	0
8429177035	Artisan	A skilled craftsperson.	1
8429177036	Domestication	The taming of animals and plants for human use, such as for labor or food.	2
8429177037	Eurasia	The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.	3
8429177038	Animism	The belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.	4
8429177039	Hunter-foragers	People who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots.	5
8429177040	Irrigation	A way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops.	6
8429177041	Metallurgy	The science of the study of metals.	7
8429177042	Migration	A movement from one country or region to another.	8
8429177043	Monotheism	The belief in one God.	9
8429177044	Paleolithic Period	Old Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons.	10
8429177045	Specialization of labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.	11
8429177046	Surplus	Having more resources than needed for themselves.	12
8429177047	Textile	Items made of cloth, would be weaved by women and then decorated, usually all at home.	13
8429177048	Urbanization	An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.	14
8429177049	Overgrazing	The continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.	15
8429177050	Overfarming	Land loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure.	16
8429177051	Artifacts	Objects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists.	17
8429177052	Neolithic Revolution	The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.	18
8429177053	Bronze Age	The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.	19
8429177054	Civilization	The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	20
8429177055	Jericho	One of the oldest first human cities that was built on the West Bank of the Jordan river.	21
8429177056	Catal Huyuk	Ancient city in present dat Turkey that was founded in 7500 B.C.E. along a river that has since dried up.	22
8429177057	Nomadic Pastoralism	People moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture.	23
8429177058	Kinship Group	Several related families that moved together in search of food.	24
8429177059	Clan	Group of families with a common ancestor.	25
8429177060	Tribe	A group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living.	26
8429177061	Patriarchal	Relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.	27
8429177062	Merchants	People who buy and sell goods also known as traders.	28
8429177063	Social Stratification	The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses.	29
8429177064	Priests and Priestesses	People who performed religious ceremonies.	30
8429177065	Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	Flow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.	31
8429177066	Mesopotamia	Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.	32
8429177067	Fertile Crescent	An arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .	33
8429177068	Sumerians	Group of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.	34
8429177069	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	35
8429177070	Desertification	The spread of desert like conditions.	36
8429177071	Indus River Valley	Developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.	37
8429177072	Environmental Degradation	Caused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding.	38
8429177073	Deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	39
8429177074	Loess	A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt.	40
8429177075	Mesoamerica	An area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.	41
8429177076	Glyphs	The first writing system in the Americas that used pictures and symbols of real ojects.	42
8429177077	Barter	Trading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money.	43
8429177078	Polytheistic	Belief in many gods.	44
8429177079	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	45
8429177080	Astronomy	The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.	46
8429177081	Astrology	Theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.	47
8429177082	Abraham	Founder of Judaism.	48
8429177083	Moses	Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.	49
8429177084	Ten Commandments	Laws given by God to Moses that tell Jews how to behave in their daily lives.	50
8429177085	Jewish Diaspora	The scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E.	51
8429177086	The Huang He and The Chiang Jiang	Where Chinas first civilizations developed.	52
8429177087	Mummification	Involved removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth.	53
8429177088	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.	54
8429177089	Papyrus	A type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper.	55
8429177090	Vedas	A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.	56
8429177091	Vedic Age	Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs.	57
8429177092	Brahma	Overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth.	58
8429177093	Dharma	In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties.	59
8429177094	Karma	The effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul.	60
8429177095	Moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	61
8429177096	Ancestor Veneration	The believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor.	62
8429177097	Golden Age	A period in which a society or culture is at its peak.	63
8429177098	Mandate of Heaven	A just rulers power was bestowed by the gods.	64
8429177099	Upanishads	A foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism.	65
8429177100	Pictographs	A graphic symbol that represents an idea, concept, or object, rather than representing a single sound, as letter systems do.	66
8429177101	Shamans	People who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future.	67
8429177102	Core and Foundational civilizations	Civilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions.	68
8429177103	City-State	Typically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.	69
8429177104	Kings	Sumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom.	70
8429177105	Cuneiform	Sumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets.	71
8429177106	Scribes	Individuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.	72
8429177107	The Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.	73
8429177108	Empire	Large territory that included diverse cultural groups.	74
8429177109	Babylonians	Persians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.	75
8429177110	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.	76
8429177111	Code of Hammurabi	Law code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.	77
8429177112	Phoenicians	Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.	78
8429177113	Carthage	A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.	79
8429177114	Alphabetic script	A system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech, as an alternative to cuneiform around 1000 B.C.E.	80
8429177115	Sahara and Kalahari Deserts	Two desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa.	81
8429177116	Nile River	The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.	82
8429177117	Old Kingdom	A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.	83
8429177118	Middle Kingdom	A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.	84
8429177119	New Kingdom	The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.	85
8429177120	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	86
8429177121	Theocracy	Rulers holding both religious and political power. A government controlled by religious leaders	87
8429177122	Hyksos	A group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.	88
8429177123	Akhenaton	The pharaoh that tried to change Egypts religion and called for the worship of a sun god called Aten.	89
8429177124	Ramses the Great	Took the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh.	90
8429177125	Hittites	Had military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.	91
8429177126	Dravidians	Indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent.	92
8429177127	Xia Dynasty	Lasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system.	93
8429177128	Shang Dynasty	Ruled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.	94
8429177129	Zhou Dynasty	The longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	95
8429177130	Feudalism	The network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements.	96
8429177131	Maize	One of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans.	97
8429177132	Chavin Civilization	Existed from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar.	98
8429177133	Olmec	The foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations.	99
8429177134	Aboriginals	People in Australia who remained hunter-foragers.	100
8429177135	Easter Island	Divided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans.	101
8429177136	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	102
8429177137	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	103
8429177138	Ancestral Pueblo	Formerly known as the Anasazi, this people established a mixed agricultural and gathering/hunting society in the southwestern part of North America.	104
8429177139	Angra Mainyu	In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda.	105
8429177140	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	106
8429177141	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	107
8429177142	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	108
8429177143	Athenian democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	109
8429177144	Atman	The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.	110
8429177145	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished	111
8429177146	from 100 to 600 C.E.		112
8429177147	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking	113
8429177148	Ban Zhao	A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.	114
8429177149	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	115
8429177150	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	116
8429177151	bhakti movement	An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.	117
8429177152	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	118
8429177153	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	119
8429177154	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	120
8429177155	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	121
8429177156	Cahokia	The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.	122
8429177157	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	123
8429177158	Chavin	Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E.	124
8429177159	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	125
8429177160	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	126
8429177161	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	127
8429177162	Coptic Christianity	The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.	128
8429177163	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	129
8429177164	Daodejing	The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.	130
8429177165	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	131
8429177166	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	132
8429177167	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	133
8429177168	Empress Wu	The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective.	134
8429177169	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	135
8429177170	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	136
8429177171	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	137
8429177172	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	138
8429177173	Han dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	139
8429177174	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	140
8429177175	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	141
8429177176	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	142
8429177177	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	143
8429177178	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	144
8429177179	Hopewell Culture	Named from its most important site (in present-day Ohio), this is the most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound building cultures; flourished from 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E.	145
8429177180	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to	146
8429177181	fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.		147
8429177182	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	148
8429177183	Isiah	One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation	149
8429177184	of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.).		150
8429177185	Jenne-jeno	Largest and most fully studied of the cities of the Niger Valley civilization	151
8429177186	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	152
8429177187	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based	153
8429177188	on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.		154
8429177189	karma	In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.	155
8429177190	Ksatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	156
8429177191	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	157
8429177192	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	158
8429177193	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	159
8429177194	Mahayana	"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.	160
8429177195	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	161
8429177196	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	162
8429177197	Maya	The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.	163
8429177198	Moche	An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.	164
8429177199	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	165
8429177200	Mound Builders	Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E.	166
8429177201	Nazca	A civilization of southern coastal Peru, the Nazca became famous for their underground irrigation channels and their gigantic and mysterious lines in the desert in the form of monkeys, birds, spiders, and other designs.	167
8429177202	Niger Valley Civilization	Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.	168
8429177203	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	169
8429177204	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.	170
8429177205	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	171
8429177206	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	172
8429177207	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	173
8429177208	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	174
8429177209	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	175
8429177210	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	176
8429177211	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	177
8429177212	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	178
8429177213	Pueblo	"Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people.	179
8429177214	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	180
8429177215	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	181
8429177216	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	182
8429177217	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly	183
8429177218	reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.		184
8429177219	"ritual purity" in Indian social practice	In India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.	185
8429177220	Saint Paul	The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.).	186
8429177221	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	187
8429177222	Semi-sedentary	Term frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting.	188
8429177223	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	189
8429177224	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	190
8429177225	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	191
8429177226	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	192
8429177227	Teotihuacán	The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."	193
8429177228	Theodosius	Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the	194
8429177229	Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.		195
8429177230	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	196
8429177231	the "three obediences"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	197
8429177232	Tikal	Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.	198
8429177233	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	199
8429177234	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	200
8429177235	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	201
8429177236	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	202
8429177237	Wang Mang	A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.	203
8429177238	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	204
8429177239	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	205
8429177240	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	206
8429177241	Yahweh	The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.	207
8429177242	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	208
8429177243	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	209
8429177244	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	210
8429177245	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	211
8429177246	Roman Empire	stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran.	212
8429177247	Acupuncture	Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body influenced by Daoism	213
8429177248	filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	214
8429177249	plague	a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people	215
8429177250	Han	Chinese dynasty that ruled from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E, embraced Confucianism.	216
8429177251	Cyrus the Great	First emperor of Persia--was good to conquered people.	217
8429177252	Rock Pillar Edicts	Moral and legal codes established by Ashoka, influenced by Buddhism	218
8429177253	Julius Caesar	ancient roman general whose murder led to the end of the roman republic	219
8429177254	Roman roads	were built throughout the empire for trade and transportation; over 50,000 miles	220
8429177255	Silk Roads	Which trade route is indicated by the map?	221
8429177256	monsoons	seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons	222
8429177257	Babylonian Captivity	50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from their homeland and eventually freed by the Persians	223
8429177258	sanskrit	Primary sacred language of hinduism	224
8429177259	reincarnation	Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over.	225
8429177260	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	226
8429177261	Eightfold Path	In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering	227
8429177262	sutras	Buddhists sacred writings.	228
8429177263	Five Basic Relationships	ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend	229
8429177264	Daoist architecture	Chinese building style influenced by one of the main philosophies that emerged during the period of Warring States	230
8429177265	ancestor veneration	They don't worship ancestors, but they pray to them out of respect.	231
8429177266	Athens	A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy.	232
8429177267	Sparta	a greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors	233
8429177268	Peloponnesian War	30 year conflict between Sparta and Athens that ended with a Spartan victory but left Greece weak	234
8429177269	Hellenism	Cultural syncretism that blended five of the greatest classical civilizations after Alexander the Great	235
8429177270	bureaucracies	ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures developed in earnest by the classical empires	236
8429177271	Great Wall of China	First stages built by Qin Shihuangdi	237
8429177272	Hadrian's Wall	Northern border of the Roman Empire in Britannia	238
8429177273	Pataliputra	The capital of both Mauryan and Gupta empires	239
8429177274	Alexandria	An ancient city in Egypt built by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenism	240
8429177275	Constantinople	The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire	241
8429177276	corvee	Labor tax; peasants had to work for free for part of the year	242
8429177277	slavery	A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.	243
8429177278	sati	the Hindu ritual requiring a wife to throw herself on her deceased husband's funeral pyre	244
8429177279	Huns	A tribe originating north of China; one of the last barbarian groups to invade Western Europe; helped bring an end to the Han, Gupta, and Romans	245
8429177280	Conrad-Demorest Model	Can be used to describe the rise and fall of every empire in history	246
8429177281	camel	increased trade between Africa and Asia; important domesticated pack animal of the classical age	247
8429177282	dhow	Name of this type of ship	248
8429177283	lateen sail	triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind	249