AP World History Summer Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10412726591 | "Out of Africa" Migrations | The migrations of humans away from our origins in Africa to other places, beginning between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago | 0 | |
| 10412736329 | Agricultural Transition | The gradual transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming | 1 | |
| 10412744303 | B.C.E. | Before Common Era | 2 | |
| 10412745402 | C.E. | Common Era | 3 | |
| 10412745999 | Civilization | More complex societies that were based in bustling cities and governed by formal states | 4 | |
| 10412751678 | Clovis Point | The fluted projectile point characteristic of North American Paleoindians | 5 | |
| 10412756240 | Eurasia | The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia | 6 | |
| 10412758578 | Homo Sapiens | The species name for modern humans | 7 | |
| 10412760664 | Hunter-Gatherer | A member of a nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food | 8 | |
| 10412762105 | Ice Age (30,000 - 15,000 Y.A.) | A period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets | 9 | |
| 10412765511 | Kinship | A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption | 10 | |
| 10412767626 | Land Bridge Theory | The theory that Native Americans crossed into North America from Asia over a land bridge that once connected North America and Asia | 11 | |
| 10412772308 | Papua New Guinea | An island country in the Southwest Pacific | 12 | |
| 10412775547 | Neolithic Revolution | (10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization | 13 | |
| 10412778025 | Neolithic Era | Period during which humans obtained food by raising crops and animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood | 14 | |
| 10412779562 | Pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter | 15 | |
| 10412781999 | Patriarchy | A form of social organization in which males dominate over females | 16 | |
| 10412783110 | Paleolithic | Literally "old stone age"; the term used to describe early Homo sapiens societies in the period before the development of agriculture | 17 | |
| 10412789006 | Root Crops | Crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants | 18 | |
| 10412790227 | Tree Crops | Crops that are harvested from trees | 19 |
AP World History Ch. 3 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10420578460 | Iron Age | Historians' term for the period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons | 0 | |
| 10420578461 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. with wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the Hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt for control of Syria-Palestine before falling to unidentified attackers in about 1200 BCE | 1 | |
| 10420579263 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt; she dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt, the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name and image were frequently defaced | 2 | |
| 10420579945 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh; he built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. The Amarna letters, largely from his reign, preserve official correspondence with subjects and neighbors | 3 | |
| 10420579946 | Ramesses II | A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt; he reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt | 4 | |
| 10420580763 | Minoan | Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium BCE. They engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks | 5 | |
| 10420580764 | Mycenae | Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age Kingdom. In Homer's epic poems this was the base of Kin Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy | 6 | |
| 10420588131 | Shaft Graves | A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium BCE. At the bottom on deep shafts line with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, weapons, and masks | 7 | |
| 10420609911 | Linear B | A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization of Mycenaean society and tantalizing clues about political, social, and religious institutions | 8 | |
| 10420609912 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries BCE. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects as well as preserved and continued the cultural and scientific developments of Mesopotamian civilization | 9 | |
| 10420610585 | Mass Deportation | The forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations | 10 | |
| 10420610586 | Library of Ashurbanipal | A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembles by the sixth century BCE archaeologists constitute one of the most important sources of present-day knowledge of the long literary tradition of Mesopotamia | 11 | |
| 10420610946 | Israel | In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium BCE. The modern state was founded in 1948 | 12 | |
| 10420610947 | Hebrew Bible | A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices among the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century BCE and reflects the concerns and views of this group | 13 | |
| 10420610948 | First Temple | A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century BCE to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh | 14 | |
| 10420610949 | Monotheism | Belief in the existence of a single divine entity | 15 | |
| 10420612102 | Diaspora | Describes the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland | 16 | |
| 10420612103 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium BCE | 17 | |
| 10420612104 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians c. 800 BCE; it became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in third century BCE | 18 | |
| 10420612326 | Neo-Babylonian Kingdom | Under the Chaldaeans (nomadic kinship groups that settled in southern Mesopotamia in the early first millennium BCE); again it became a major political and cultural center in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. After participating in the destruction of Assyrian power, the monarchs Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar took over the southern portion of the Assyrian domains | 19 |
AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards
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| 10341668932 | Norte Chico/Caral | strip of land were Caral was the major city out of twenty-five | 0 | |
| 10341668933 | Indus Valley civilization | had little indication of political hierarchy or centralized state. | 1 | |
| 10341668934 | Central Asian/ Oxus civilization | economically based on irrigation agriculture and stock raising, had a distinctive cultural style | 2 | |
| 10341668935 | Olmec civilization | arose from a series of competing chiefdoms | 3 | |
| 10341668936 | Uruk | Mesopotamia's largest city, with walls more than twenty feet tall and an average population of 50,000 | 4 | |
| 10341668937 | Mohenjo Daro/Harappa | Mohenjo Daro and Harappa are sister cities that were fairly advanced for their time, even including a complex plumbing system | 5 | |
| 10341668938 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The world's oldest literary masterpiece, it centered about the King of Uruk. The book was made up of a series of adventures that focused around the themes of friendship, loyalty, ambition, and fear of death. | 6 | |
| 10341668939 | Code of Hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations. | 7 | |
| 10341668940 | patriarchy | A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. | 8 | |
| 10341668941 | rise of the state | A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity or urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership | 9 | |
| 10341668942 | Egypt: "The gift of the Nile" | Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible | 10 | |
| 10341668943 | Paneb | Paneb was an Egyptian criminal who lived around the thirteenth century BCE. Most knowledge about Paneb comes a document which has survived that was written by his archrival, Amennakht. | 11 | |
| 10341668944 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE | 12 | |
| 10341688539 | Sumer | Mesopotamian civilization from 3200-2350 BC in the Middle East; organized in separate states; each state was ruled by a king; conflict for resources between the states. | 13 |
AP World History India Flashcards
Ancient India
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| 4778147928 | When was cotton cultivated? | c. 2000 BCE | 0 | |
| 4778147929 | What are the two city states we use as examples? | Harappah and Mohenjo-Daro | 1 | |
| 4778147930 | What does Mohenjo-Daro mean? | City of the Dead | 2 | |
| 4778147931 | What are two other words for India? | Subcontinent and South Asia | 3 | |
| 4778147932 | At first, what is the main ethnic group living in Ancient India? | Dravidians | 4 | |
| 4778147933 | Who did the Indian's trade with? | Egypt and Mesopotamia | 5 | |
| 4778147934 | When was the sudden collapse of the Indus River Valley? | c. 1500 BCE | 6 | |
| 4778147935 | How did the Indus River Valley collapse? | Earthquake or terrible flood | 7 | |
| 4778147936 | What was happening at the same time as the Vedic Age? | New Kingdom (Egypt), Assyrians/Persians (Mesopotamia), Zhou Dynasty (China), Olmec (Latin America) | 8 | |
| 4778147937 | Who were the Aryans? | Light skinned, indo-european migrants | 9 | |
| 4778147938 | What are "pastoralists?" | People who are dependent on cattle to take them places | 10 | |
| 4778147939 | What does "Maharaja" mean? | Greater Prince | 11 | |
| 4778147940 | What language evolved from the Aryans? | Sanskrit | 12 | |
| 4778147941 | What did the Aryans introduce to the world when they came to India? | Racism | 13 | |
| 4778147942 | How many Vedas are there? | Four | 14 | |
| 4778147943 | What is the most important Veda? | Rigveda | 15 | |
| 4778147944 | What are the Upanishads? | "Sparknotes" of the Vedas | 16 | |
| 4778147945 | What is the Mahabhabarata? | The world's longest poem located in the Rigveda; contains the code of ethics | 17 | |
| 4778147946 | What is the code of ethics in India? | Dharma, karma, and reincarnation | 18 | |
| 4778147947 | When is the first time India has an actual code of law? | When the British take over | 19 | |
| 4778147948 | How does Hinduism compare to Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism? | All 4 have a prophet that created a holy text. | 20 | |
| 4778147949 | Which came first: Vedas or Hinduism? | Vedas | 21 | |
| 4778147950 | What is Varna? | Social Hierarchy (caste system) | 22 | |
| 4778147951 | What is the order of the caste system? | Highest to lowest: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Pariahs | 23 | |
| 4778147952 | Who are the Brahmins? | The priests | 24 | |
| 4778147953 | Who are the Kshatriyas? | The warriors | 25 | |
| 4778147954 | Who are the Vaishyas? | Middle class artisans and merchants | 26 | |
| 4778147955 | Who are the Shudras? | Laborers (farmers) | 27 | |
| 4778147956 | Who are the Pariahs? | "Untouchables" (trash collectors/dead body collectors) | 28 | |
| 4778147957 | What part of the body do each caste represent? | Brahmins: Head Kshatriyas: Arms Vaishyas: Hands Shudras: Feet Untouchables: none | 29 | |
| 4778147958 | What is a Jati? | A subcaste made by groups of economic functions | 30 | |
| 4778147959 | What did the Indian's do with the dead bodies? | Cremate them | 31 | |
| 4778147960 | What is sati? | When the widow commits suicide by throwing herself in the flames of her deceased husband's cremation fire | 32 | |
| 4778147961 | When was the Mauryan Dynasty? | c. 4th century BCE | 33 | |
| 4778147962 | Who does Chandragupta get credit for defeating? | Alexander the Great | 34 | |
| 4778147963 | What did Chandragupta unify? | Northern India | 35 | |
| 4778147964 | How did Chandragupta govern his territory? | Divided it into provinces then districts | 36 | |
| 4778147965 | What are abdicates? | When you voluntarily give up political authority | 37 | |
| 4778147966 | What is ahisma? | The practice of nonviolence | 38 | |
| 4778147967 | What two religions practice nonviolence? | Buddhism and Jainism | 39 | |
| 4778147968 | What religion does Chandragupta convert to? | Jainism | 40 | |
| 4778147969 | What is the capital of the Mauryan Dynasty? | Pataliputra | 41 | |
| 4778147970 | What does ascetic mean? | Self sacrifice to show dedication to your religion | 42 | |
| 4778147971 | Who is Chandragupta's political advisor? | Kautilya | 43 | |
| 4778147972 | What is Arthashastra? | A political treatise | 44 | |
| 4778147973 | What is Arthashastra compared to? | 14th century "The Prince" | 45 | |
| 4778147974 | Who was Asoka? | The grandson of Chandragupta | 46 | |
| 4778147975 | How many (appr.) people died in the Battle of Kalinga? | appr. 150000 deaths | 47 | |
| 4778147976 | What religion does Asoka convert to after the Battle of Kalinga? | Buddhism | 48 | |
| 4778147977 | What group converted the most to Buddhism? | Low caste hindus | 49 | |
| 4778147978 | Why were massive road systems built under Asoka? | To ease Buddhist pilgrimages (and trade/communication improved as a result) | 50 | |
| 4778147979 | What were the greatest artistic expressions built during Asoka's rule? | The pillar edicts that had Buddhist principles written on them (40-50 ft tall) | 51 | |
| 4778147980 | What do the 4 lions on the top of the pillars Asoka made represent? | Courage, intelligence, power, and confidence | 52 | |
| 4778147981 | What is the most famous stupa? | Sanchi | 53 | |
| 4778147982 | What scientific achievements did Indians add to the world? | Arabic numeral system, the world is a sphere, matter is 5 elements | 54 | |
| 4778147983 | What returned during the power vacuum after Asoka? | Tribalism | 55 | |
| 4778147984 | What trade does India facilitate? | Trade b/w Romans and Hans | 56 | |
| 4778147985 | What does India contribute in trade? | Spices and cotton | 57 | |
| 4778147986 | Who was the first buddha? | Siddhartha Gautama | 58 | |
| 4778147987 | What is the fundamental cause of suffering? | Desire | 59 | |
| 4778147988 | How many Noble Truths are there? | 4 | 60 | |
| 4778147989 | What did the Eightfold Path teach us? | How to achieve Nirvana | 61 | |
| 4778147990 | What is the symbol for Buddhism? | The wheel | 62 | |
| 4778147991 | What are the two main types of Buddhism? | Therevada and Mahayana | 63 | |
| 4778147992 | What does Therevada mean? | The lesser vehicle | 64 | |
| 4778147993 | What does Mahayana mean? | The greater vehicle | 65 | |
| 4778147994 | Who are Badhisattvas? | Individuals who have achieved enlightenment but chose to come back to teach others how to reach nirvana | 66 | |
| 4778147995 | What is Monasticism? | The practice of men and women who devote their lives to a god | 67 | |
| 4778147996 | What two religions practice monasticism? | Christianity and Buddhism | 68 | |
| 4778147997 | What was the Great Bath used for? | Religious rituals | 69 |
Chapter 18 (AP World History) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8728978481 | Agricultural revolution | The shift from gathering food to raising food | 0 | |
| 8728978487 | Balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong | 1 | |
| 8728981863 | Cottage industry | A method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes | 2 | |
| 8728984284 | Enclosure movement | practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings | 3 | |
| 8728987084 | Enlightened absolutism | Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers. | 4 | |
| 8728991229 | Limited monarchy | government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers | 5 | |
| 8728996133 | Orders/estates | Where the patrons of the arts lived | 6 | |
| 8728999830 | Primogeniture | A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. | 7 | |
| 8729002541 | Reason of state | where a ruler looks beyond dynastic interests and focuses on the betterment of the state | 8 | |
| 8729004170 | Tithe | A family's payment of one-tenth of its income to a church | 9 |
chapter 15 ap world history Flashcards
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| 8606996765 | African Diaspora theme 1 | def: Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade. sig: people migrated out of África blue | 0 | |
| 8606996766 | Banda Islands theme 4 | def: Infamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade. sig: the roads have been taken over blue | 1 | |
| 8606996767 | Britain/dutch east india companies theme 3 | def: 1600-1874, company chartered by Queen Elizabeth I for trade with Asia sig: Dutch monopoly of the spice trade with the East Indies blue | 2 | |
| 8606996768 | Daimyo theme 5 | def: A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai sig: rulers in war of Japanese people blue | 3 | |
| 8606996769 | Little Ice Age theme 1 | def: A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era. sig: brought migration to different areas maybe death blue | 4 | |
| 8606996770 | Middle Passage theme 1 | def: the voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America sig: african people began to be seen as below other people blue | 5 | |
| 8606996771 | Soft Gold theme 4 | DEF: Nickname for animal furs due to their high value, primarily from Russia sig: they became like silk, of high value blue | 6 | |
| 8606996772 | Spanish Philippines theme 4 | def: Islands in the Pacific that were colonized by Spain in relatively bloodless process. sig: took people in a non violenta manner blue | 7 |
AP world History #7 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5387956609 | The part of norse society that most captures the popular imagination is | The viking raid | 0 | |
| 5387956610 | The historical records of Europe was written by | Educated clergy who frequently were the victims of these raids | 1 | |
| 5387956611 | The historical Redfords called the raiders... | The most vile and disgusting type of people on earth | 2 | |
| 5387956612 | What did the raiders think about the raids? | That they were normal and desirable consequence of the pressures on a growing population in a part of the world that had limited land for the people | 3 | |
| 5387956613 | The raids were similar to those conducted by the Vikings occurred in other parts of blank during the Viking era | Europe | 4 | |
| 5389907495 | What made the Viking race so notable? | Their success (due in large part to the superiority of Viking ships) and their extent of travel (well outside of the borders of Northern Europe) | 5 | |
| 5389907496 | What exposed the Norse people to the magnitude of wealth changing hands in the european kingdoms | trade routes | 6 | |
| 5438358422 | what were the norse looking for | new victims to raid; new partners with which to trade; land on which to settle | 7 | |
| 5438366977 | when did raids occur | when easy targets were discovered that could be attacked, plundered, and departed from quickly | 8 | |
| 5438389794 | where did vikings stay? | stayed along the coast or on navigable rivers | 9 | |
| 5438397222 | goal for vikings | grav as much valuable treasure as possible before an effective defense could be raised | 10 | |
| 5438405698 | typical treasures included .... | weapons, tools, clothing, jewelry, precious metals and people who could be sold as slaves | 11 | |
| 5438414167 | what did the viking raiders depend on to make their raids a success | superiority of their ships | 12 | |
| 5438456638 | the shallow draft of viking age ships meant that | they could navigate shallow bays and rivers where other contemporary ships couldn't sail | 13 | |
| 5438487204 | what made the ships possible to land on any sandy beach | broad bottom of the viking ship | 14 | |
| 5438606392 | the norse blank religion helped to propel the norse expansion through two key beliefs | pagan | 15 | |
| 5438642229 | first key belief of the norse pagan religion | no existence after death. death is the end for all but a few | 16 | |
| 5438753867 | the few chosen warriors who enjoyed the pleasures of a heaven called | valhalla | 17 | |
| 5438778853 | what was the only thing survived after death | one's reputation, one's good name | 18 | |
| 5446160850 | second key belief or norsemen | one's death is determined by fate, which is chosen by the norns | 19 | |
| 5446232317 | one ought to make the very best of every moment of life because | the worst that could happen would be death, and the nest that could happen would be fame and an enhancement to one's reputation | 20 | |
| 5446409920 | egils saga skalla-grimssonar | egil and men were captured by farmers and were bonded. egil slipped through the bonds and he and his men grabbed their captor's treasure and ran away to the ship. egil felt like a thief so he set the house ablaze and killed the occupants. he became a "hero" | 21 | |
| 5448403828 | vikingr means | raider or pirate | 22 | |
| 5448516885 | most norsemen were not pirates, but rather | farmers, traders, smiths and so on | 23 | |
| 5448563404 | the norse lit implies that | going a-viking was suitable for young men and old men were settle down | 24 | |
| 5448578602 | the first recorded viking raid occurred in the year 793 against the great monastery of | lindisfarne off the coast of england | 25 | |
| 5448591304 | the anglo-saxon chronicle for that year reads: | on 8 june, the ravages of heathen men miserably destroyed god's church on lindsfarne,with plunder and slaughter | 26 | |
| 5448683897 | why were the monasteries targets for norse raiders | wealth | 27 | |
| 5448704831 | berserkers | consumed hallucinogenic mushrooms called amanita muscaria | 28 | |
| 5448876830 | berserkergang | fit or madness the berserk experienced | 29 | |
| 5448960796 | for a king like the emperor charlemagne, the biggest problem is | the vikings | 30 | |
| 5448964458 | what ended the viking age | the widespread spread conversion to christianity in the norse lands | 31 | |
| 5448979423 | two other reasons as to why the viking age ended | countries had better coastal defenses and the land that they settled on where plundered during the warm weather | 32 | |
| 5449239291 | the vikings set up colonies in three main areas | normandy (france), eastern england and eastern ireland | 33 | |
| 5449298129 | since the britains were unable to deal with the vikings so they called | german tribes (Saxons, Jutes and Angles) from germany and denmark | 34 | |
| 5449341026 | when german tribes took britain and made it their own, most of brittania became | england angleland | 35 | |
| 5449381095 | another viking group settled in france around the mouth of the | river seine | 36 | |
| 5449394769 | the vikings sailed up the seine and laid siege to blank several times and were constantly expanding the area they pillaged | paris | 37 | |
| 5449421359 | who were quick to become french, particularly since they were a minority in their new land | normans | 38 | |
| 5449432092 | after a few generations, the norwegian language and customs were fading fast and the normans were... | french | 39 | |
| 5449460200 | what made norman french different | supreme opportunists | 40 |
AP World History ch. 6 TPR Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6467153904 | Agricultural Revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. Changed human society by bringing sedentary living, food surpluses, social hierarchies, increased patriarchy, and job specialization. | 0 | |
| 6467153905 | Surplus | A situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded. A product of the domestication of plants and animals. Gave rise to job specialization and elite ruling classes needed origionally to manage the extra grain. | 1 | |
| 6467161609 | Hunter-Gatherer (aka forager) | describes the societies of the Paleolithic Era. Used tools like the spear, fishhook and bow and arrow. Probably lived in small groups of about 30 people. Gendered social roles with men doing most of the hunting. Adapted to various climates and used fire 500,000 years ago for warmth, community-building, hunting, and cooking. | 2 | |
| 6467161610 | Barbarian | A term sedentary peoples used for nomadic peoples who sometimes raided their cities. | 3 | |
| 6467164092 | Nomadic | paleolithic people adopted this pattern of living, which involved following animal migrations and vegetation cycles. . | 4 | |
| 6467164093 | Pastoral People | Herders who migrated around a region, following the fertile grasses to feed their herds. | 5 | |
| 6467166332 | Sedentary | People who settled in a region permanently. The first agricultural villages were founded near sources of fresh water. Many agricultural breakthroughs are believed to have occurred after hunting and gathering peoples had already grown substantially in number and established a sedentary way of life. | 6 | |
| 6467166333 | Bureaucracy | a way of organizing government tasks by departments, called bureaus, so that each department can specialize and stabilize. A feature of centralized governments such as Zhou Dynasty (and all subsequent dynasties) of China. In pre-modern history these government jobs went to wealthy nobles and their offspring whereas in the modern era increasingly the jobs were open to individuals of merit. | 7 | |
| 6467169059 | Civilization | A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements: cities, complex governments, religions, hierarchical social structure, writing, and art. | 8 | |
| 6467169060 | City-State | Early civilizations made up of an urban center and the agricultural land around it under its political and economic control. For Example, ancient Sumer with it's independent cities of Ur and Uruk. Also Athens and Sparta in Greece, and the Swahili cities in East Africa. | 9 | |
| 6467171123 | Empire | a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories. The Akkadians created the first one by taking over the Sumerian city-states of ancient Mesopotamia around 2340 B.C.E.. | 10 | |
| 6467173492 | Heirarchy | Organization structure with the leader on top followed by his subordinates each reporting to the level above. For example, 1. King 2. Landed Elites 3. Peasants 4. Slaves, which are classified according their various criteria into successive levels or layers. Also called social groups or social strata. As the first civilizations took shape this form of inequality came to be regarded as normal and natural. Upper-classes enjoyed great wealth and top positions in the military and civilian bureaucracy. | 11 | |
| 6467178110 | Neolithic and Paleolithic | "New Stone" and "Old Stone". Archeologists uncovered new stone tools used for farming to identify where agricultural revolutions occurred. | 12 | |
| 6467183087 | River Valley Civlilizations | This first complex cultures based on agricultural settled near sources of fresh water essential for farming. Examples include the Nile, the Niger, in the Tigris and Euphrates valley, and along the Yellow River in China. | 13 | |
| 6467183088 | Alexander the Great | son of Philip of Macedon, who defeated and unified the Greek city-states in 338 B.C.E. He led a 10 year campaign of conquest that defeated Persia and included Egypt, Anatolia, and India in a huge empire. He was hailed "King of Asia" and credited with the spread of Greek culture, creating the Hellenistic Era, which saw many diverse cities such as Alexandria, Egypt. The Empire was divided into 3 when he suddenly died in 323 B.C.E. | 14 | |
| 6467188825 | Confucianism | The dominant governing philosophy in China starting in the Han dynasty. Taught that the moral example of superiors was the key to social harmony. Very Patriarchal that stressed the leadership of husbands over their wives. Based on the Analects, which are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. | 15 | |
| 6467188826 | Bronze Age | the latter part of the Neolithic Era is often to reffered to as this, because the people figured out how to make bronze. | 16 | |
| 6467191196 | Byzantium | the city to which Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire. This shifted all of the power to the East | 17 | |
| 6467191197 | Code of Hammurabi | a series of social codes for every day life developed by King Hammurabi of Babylon, is often credited as a significant step toward our modern legal codes. Harsher punishments for lower classes. Eye-for-an-eye type punishments. | 18 | |
| 6467193513 | Cuneiform | The world's earliest know system of writing that evolved beyond merely pictographs, from the ancient Sumerian Civilization, circa 2900 B.C.E.. Using a reed stylus they wrote on clay tablets. Used originally for tax and trade records. Eventually replaced by Greek alphabetic script in 400 B.C.E. | 19 | |
| 6467193514 | Eightfold Path | Aka the Middle Path was an original teaching of the Buddha. Included Right view, right intention, right speech, and right action, right effort, and right concentration. | 20 | |
| 6467196095 | Indian Ocean Trade | a system of maritime trade routes that connected China, India, Thailand, the Indonesian and Malaysian islands, East Africa and Arabia. It dates back at least to the third century B.C. and involved ancient empires like the Mauryan Empire and the Han Dynasty. | 21 | |
| 6467196096 | Iron Age | An archaeological era beginning around 1000 B.C.E., referring to a period of time in the prehistory of the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) when the dominant tool-making material was iron. Enabled more powerful armies, increasing conquest and empire-building. Ex: Assyrian conquest of Mesopotamia. Iron tools also enabled increased farm production and larger populations. | 22 | |
| 6467199046 | Jewish Diaspora | Around the 1st century ad, an estimated 5,000,000 Jews lived outside Palestine, about four-fifths of them within the Roman Empire, but they looked to Palestine as the centre of their religious and cultural life. | 23 | |
| 6467199047 | Legalism | A philosophy of administration in ancient China. Proposed that human beings were evil by nature and therefore required harsh laws and punishments. Adopted by the Qin Dynasty who executed scholars and burned all books that disagreed with this philosophy. | 24 | |
| 6467201554 | Shang Civilization | China's first dynasty almost 2000 BC. It was a city state that had writing, bronze weapons, and appearance of social classes, believed in supreme deity and lesser ones, observed movements of the stars and planets. Mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy whose major concern was war. Used oracle bones to tell the future. | 25 | |
| 6467201555 | Qin Shihuangdi | In 221 B.C.E. the king of Qin ended the warring states period by unifying the kingdoms of East Asia and proclaimed himself the First Emperor. His lasted only 14 years because of insurrection, but he established a tradition of centralized imperial rule by ignoring the nobility and running the empire with a centralized bureaucracy instead. He used harsh Legalist policies to silence critics (burned thousands of books) and keep the Chinese obedient to the authority of the state, but he also unified China by standardizing measurements and writing, building roads and bridges, and building some of the Great Wall of China. His tomb was discovered in 1974, which contained 15,000 terra cotta soldiers. | 26 | |
| 6467206314 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 27 | |
| 6467206315 | The Vedas of Hinduism | A collection of hymns, songs and prayers honoring the gods of the Aryans. They were orally transmitted in the Aryan language, Sanskrit, then written down circa 600 B.CE. Meaning "wisdom" or "knowledge" they represent a priestly perspective. They reveal a decentralized Indian subcontinent of hundreds of herding and farming chiefdoms that frequently raided and fought each other. | 28 | |
| 6467212678 | Ziggurats | Step pyramids constructed of bricks and topped by altars (example of monumental architecture) usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. Also seen in Mayan cultures and elsewhere. Associated with a priestly class of rulers, often Kings who were ordained by the gods, and they alone could perform the rituals and sacrifices necessary to keep the cosmos in balance. | 29 |
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