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Ap culture terms Flashcards

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6165211546Cultural geographyThe study of how cultures vary over space0
6165211547Culture-The specialized behavioral social patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems that summarize a group of people's learned way of life -Defined as a body of learned behaviors shared by individuals within a society1
6165211548HabitA repetitive act that an individual performs2
6165211549CustomA repetitive act of a group performed so that it becomes a characteristic of the group.3
6165211550Culturea group's entire collection of customs4
6165211551Material cultureThe things a group of people construct such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and food5
6165211552Non-material cultureThe beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people6
6165211553Components (structure) of culture-culture traits -culture complex -culture region -culture realm -globalization7
6165211554Culture traits-Smallest item of culture - building block of culture -Learned behavior ranging from language spoken, to tools, to games -They can be objects, techniques, beliefs, or attitudes8
6165211555Culture complexIndividual cultural traits that are functionally interrelated (combination of culture traits)9
6165211556Culture regions-Culture traits and complexes have areal (spacial) extent -Used to show the spacial extent of similar cultural areas10
6165211557Culture realmCultural regions showing similar complexes and landscapes grouped to form a larger area11
6165211558Sociological subsystems-The ideological subsystem -The technological subsystem -The sociological subsystem12
6165211559Ideological subsystem (non-material culture)Ideas, beliefs, and knowledge of a culture and the ways these ideas are expressed in speech or other forms of communication13
6165211560Mentifacts-Symbolizes the central enduring elements of a culture expressing it's values and beliefs (symbolic) -Symbolizes what people think or believe (ex. cross)14
6165211561Technological subsystemMaterial objects, together with the techniques of their use15
6165211562ArtifactsMan-made material objects - housing, clothing, transportation, defense16
6165211563Sociological subsystem-The accepted and expected patterns of interpersonal relations (ex. holidays) -The institutions that link individuals and groups - unite a culture17
6165211564Sociofacts-Institutions and organizations that bring a culture together and dictate social behavior -How people come together - (Ex., family, political institutions, educational institutions)18
6165211565Cultural landscapeInteractions of a group in relation to their own cultural practices as well as the values of society as reflected through artifacts and architecture19
6165211566Cultural hearth-The source of place of origin of a major culture -An area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse20
6165211567DiffusionThe process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from it's hearth to another area/areas21
6165211568Cultural diffusionThe expansion and adoption of a cultural element from it's place of origin to a wider area -Two types - expansion and relocation22
6165211569Expansion diffusion-An idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth -Three types - contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus23
6165211570Contagious diffusion-The spreading of an idea, innovation, or good through a population by person to person contact -Idea spreads evenly outward from the hearth - like a wave24
6165211571Hierarchical diffusion-Occurs when an idea, innovation, or good spreads by passing first among the most connected places or people -Spread of ideas first to ruler, king, or highest authority and then downward to those in lesser positions -Modern world often involves an urban hierarchy25
6165211572Stimulus diffusion-Occurs when a cultural adaptations occurs as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place -The idea/concept "stimulates" a similar, but modified version of the original trait26
6165211573RelocationWhen a cultural group moves and establishes its culture in a new location27
6165211574Folk culture-The culture traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated and rural areas -Clustered and isolated -Isolation promotes cultural diversity from the larger dominant society, as a group's unique customs develop over several centuries -Varies widely from place to place at one time -A social custom originates at a hearth, a center of innovation -Customs tend to have anonymous sources from unknown dates, through multiple hearths28
6165211575Diffusion of folk culture-Folk customs tend to diffuse slowly and primarily though physical relocation of individuals -Folk culture deals with the lives and habits of its people -Physical environment in which the people act has a tremendous impact on the culture29
6165211576Folk music-Tells stories or conveys information about daily activities -Original source is often anonymous or unknown -Is not intended for sale or distribution30
6165211577Folk food-People living in folk culture are likely to be farmers growing their own food, using hand tools and/or animal power -Local food preferences are a large part of the folk customs of that religion31
6165211578Folk architecture-Dwellings: historically created from local materials (ex. wood, brick, stone, skins); often uniquely and traditionally arranged; always functionally tied to the physical environment -Local traditions, as well as environmental factors determine the type of house that is built in a region -Effects on landscape usually of limited scale and scope - Overview: -Stable and close knit -Tradition controls -Usually a rural community -Resistance to change32
6165211579Most common Folk Architecture building materials-Stone construction -Fired brick -Earthen constructing (including sun-dried brick) -Sod construction -Tent housing -Logs or sawed lumber -Half timbering -Poles, bamboo, leaves and bark -Brush, thatch33
6165211580Popular CultureA wide-ranging group of heterogeneous people who stretch across identities and across the world, and who embrace cultural traits such as music, dance, clothing, and food preferences that change frequently and are ubiquitous on the cultural landscape34
6165211581Diffusion of pop culture-Widely distributed and varies widely from time to time in a given place -Diffuses rapidly through hierarchical diffusion from the nodes -Tends to have a known originator -Flourishes where people have higher incomes to and time to make use of them -Diffusion of internet controls pop culture - US controls internet -As global internet use increases, pop culture will have yet another conduit to rapidly and effectively diffuse to nearly every inhabited place on the planet35
6165211582Music and pop culturePop music is written (performed) by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people36
6165211583Pop culture and fashion-Blue jeans have become the symbol of youth and "westernization" throughout the world37
6165211584Pop culture and food-Food preferences depend on high income and national advertising -Religious taboos are often responsible for certain area's preferences or dislikes of specific foods, much as in folk custom -(Ex. wine is rarely consumed outside Christian dominant countries)38
6165211585Pop culture and architecture-Housing less dependent on what type of house is appropriate for what site or region -Housing reflects dominant trend in the architectural field at the time of construction39
6165211586Problems with the Globalization of culture-Can destroy folk culture -Accelerated resource use in consumer societies -Pollution -Placelessness40
6165211587Placelessness-The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape -Everyplace looks the same41
6165211588Benefits of Economic and Cultural Globalization-Increased economic opportunity -Higher standards of living -Increased consumer choice -More political freedom -More social freedom42
6165211589Cultural Ecology-The field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture -Categories: Schools of Thought -Environmental determinism -Possibilism -Environmental Perception -Cultural Determinism43
6165211590Environmental determinism-Social culture is developed completely by the environment -Similar environments produce similar cultures44
6165211591Possibilism-People develop culture as much as environment -The environment provides possibilities for a culture -Technology increases the possibilities45
6165211592Environmental perception-Perception of the environment affects culture -Perception is developed by the teachings of culture46
6165211593Cultural determinism-Human culture is more important than the physical environment -Humans determine the environment47
6165211594Cultural ConvergenceOccurs when two cultures adopt each other's traits and become more alike48
6165211595Cultural Divergence-Occurs when two cultures become increasingly different -Often when one group moves away from the territory of one cultural group49
6165211596Cultural adaptationThe process by which an individual modifies his personal habits and customs to fit in to a particular culture50
6165211597Cultural appropriation-The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their benefit -(Culture stealing)51
6165211598Acculturation-When two cultures come in contact with one another and the "weaker" of the two adopts traits from the dominant culture52
6165211599AssimilationAcculturation may lead to assimilation - the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group53
6165211600Transculturation-When two cultures of just about equal power meet and exchange ideas and traits - one is not dominant over the other -(Neutral culture exchange)54
6165211601Maladaptive diffusionThe adoption of a diffusing trait that is impractical for a region of culture (ex. car usage in pacific island nations - expensive and impractical)55
6165211602Cultural ImperialismThe invasion of a culture into another with the intent of dominating the invaded culture politically, economically, and/or socially56
6165211603Cultural NationalismThe resistance by a group of people against cultural imperialism57
6165211604Local Culture-A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others -Two goals: -Keeping other cultures out (creating a boundary around itself, ex. religion, language, race, or customs) -Keeping their own culture in (avoiding cultural appropriation)58
6165211605NeolocalismThe seeking out of the regional or local culture and reinvigorating it in response to the modern world59
6165211606Cultural barriersCultural attitudes or beliefs that make adopting certain innovations, ideas, or practices unacceptable or unadoptable60
6165211607ReterritorializationWhen a group takes on an aspect of popular culture and makes it their own61
6165211608AuthenticityThe accuracy with which a single stereotype or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture62
6165211609RaceA subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, biological (inherited) traits63
6165211610Modern Perspective on race-Very little actual variation in human DNA -Race is an arbitrary, socially constructed classification scheme -Not a biological reality -There is far more genetic variation between individuals within any "race" than there is between the "races"64
6165211611RacismThe belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and that racial differences produce on inherent superiority of a particular race65
6165211612Ethnicity-Affiliation with a group sharing a distinctive culture, frequently based on common national origin, religion, language, or race -Learned cultural characteristics set it apart from the larger population within which it is found66
6165211613EthnocentrismBelief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group67
6165211614Ethnic islandsA small rural area settled by a single distinctive ethnic group that places its imprint on the landscape68
6165211615Ethnic Enclave-A cluster or small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture -Maintained because the minority chooses to preserve the cluster -Often an entry point for new immigrants69
6165211616Where minorities live-African Americans: South -Hispanics: Southwest -Asians: Western US -Native Americans: Western US70
6165211617Residential SegregationThe degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment71
6165211618Cluster migrationA pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of a distinctive social or ethnic group72
6165211619Tipping point-The degree of neighborhood or ethnic mixing that includes the former majority group to move out rapidly -"White Flight"73
6165211620Ghetto-A forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority -The cluster is preserved by external constrains and discrimination -First use of the term was in Venice, Italy, during 1500's -Referred to area Jews were required to live74
6165211621Barrioization-A dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood -"Barrio" - Spanish for neighborhood75
6165211622Ethnic CleansingThe systematic killing or extermination of an entire people, nation, or ethnic group76
6165211623InfanticideThe killing of an infant77
6165213113Core-Domain-SphereModel that expresses the decreasing influence of a culture with increasing distance from the center of the culture region.78
6165215275SyncretismWhen new culture traits emerge as a hybrid of two parent traits such as the Mexican Taco & Chow Mein (in the US) or African/Catholic religions merge in Brazil.79

AP Government Court Cases Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9701542085Engel v VitaleFirst Amendment/Establishment Clause - Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation.0
9701542086Lemon v KurtzmanParochial schools must be private schools. They cannot be publicly funded via state law. Lemon Test: 1. The statute must have a secular legislative purpose. (Also known as the Purpose Prong) 2. The principal or primary effect of the statute must not advance nor inhibit religion. (Also known as the Effect Prong) 3. The statute must not result in an "excessive government entanglement" with religion. (Also known as the Entanglement Prong)1
9701542087Reynolds v U.S.First Amendment/Free Exercise Clause - the statute can punish criminal activity without regard to religious belief. The First Amendment protected religious belief, but it did not protect religious practices that were judged to be criminal such as bigamy. Those who practice polygamy could no more be exempt from the law than those who may wish to practice human sacrifice as part of their religious belief.2
9701542088Baker v. Carr1962 in Tennessee, federal government has the ability to intervene in a state's redistricting to ensure fairness because redistricting is not just a political question3
9701542089NY Times v. U.S.First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - New York Times and Washington Post could print the Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment4
9701542090Hazelwood v. KuhlmeierFirst Amendment/Freedom of the Press - school newspaper articles withheld from publication, court ruled schools can exercise editorial concern over the content of student speech so long as they related to school concerns.5
9701542091Schenck v. U.S.First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - The circulars urged "Do not submit to intimidation" but advised only peaceful action such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished. Clear and present danger test.6
9701542092Gitlow v. New YorkFirst Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue, which made it a crime to advocate the duty, need, or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence, selective incorporation of 14th amendment.7
9701542093Buckley v. ValeoFirst Amendment/Freedom of Speech/protected - campaign finance - upheld federal limits on campaign spending and identified spending money to influence elections is a form of free speech8
9701542094Tinker v. Des MoinesFirst Amendment/Freedom of Speech/symbolic speech - students' wearing of armbands in support of Vietnam truce did not interrupt school activities, pure speech9
9701542095U.S. v. LopezSecond Amendment - gun laws about schools not related to interstate commerce and not under federal authority10
9701542096Mapp v. OhioFourth Amendment/Exclusionary Rule - evidence taken in unreasonable searches and seizures may not be used in court.11
9701542097NJ v. TLOFourth Amendment/reasonable suspicion, schools have the ability to search students as they must maintain a safe school environment12
9701542098Miranda v. ArizonaFifth and Sixth Amendment - unless the accused is notified of the reason for their arrest, the ability to consult with an attorney, the ability to not self-incriminate their testimony is not permissible in court.13
9701542099Korematsu v. U.S.Fifth and Sixth Amendment - internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII was Constitutional, justified during times of emergency and peril14
9701542100Griswold v. ConnecticutNinth Amendment - state ban on use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy15
9701542101Roe v. WadeNinth & Fourteenth Amendments/privacy Abortion is a private matter16
9701542102Plessy v. FergusonFourteenth Amendment/Separate is Equal - ruled that railway cars provided were essentially equal so no violation of equal protection.17
9701542103Brown v. Board of EducationFourteenth Amendment/Separate not Equal - Integration of Schools - racial segregation violates the equal protection clause18
9701542104Regents of California v. BakkeFourteenth Amendment/Upheld Affirmative Action - race may be one of several factors in college admission policies.19
9701542105Marbury v. MadisonEstablishes the Supreme Court as having the power of Judicial Review/interpret the Constitution20
9701542106McCulloch v. MarylandImplied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause - Creation of the bank was implied based upon the enumerated power of Congress to tax. State of Maryland could not tax federal bank due to Supremacy Clause21
9701542107Gibbons v. OgdenSupreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation22
9701542108Shaw v. Reno1993 case in NC with majority-minority districts, court ruled it was an example of racial gerrymandering and thus these districts were unconstitutional. The case was a problem of reverse discrimination. (Redistricting cannot be based on race!)23
9701542109New York times v. Sullivan1964 - public official may not win a libel suit unless they can prove the statement was made knowing to be false or with reckless disregard of its truth24
9701542110Texas v. JohnsonA 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.25
9701542111Kelo v. New London (CT)"Eminent Domain" may be used to take private property for the public good even if this means giving it to private developers26
9701542112Barron v. BaltimoreRuled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states. (Before selective incorporation and the 14th amendment)27
9701542113Gideon v. WainwrightA landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.28
9701542114Obergefell v. HodgesUpholds same sex marriage via 14th amendment equal protection clause29
9701542115Wisconsin v. YoderAmish children are not required to attend compulsory education past 8th grade.30
9701542116Employment Division of Oregon v. SmithA state can deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote, even though the use of the drug was part of a religious ritual.31
9701542117Planned Parenthood v. CaseyA state can regulate abortions in the first trimester, or any point before the point of viability, and beyond as long as that regulation does not pose an undue burden on women's fundamental right to an abortion.32
9701542118Civil Rights Act 1964A landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.33
9701542119Voting Rights Act 1965Includes general provisions specifically outlaw literacy tests and similar devices that were historically used to disenfranchise racial minorities34
9701542120McDonald v. ChicagoFound that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" as protected under the Second Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against the states.35
9701542121Furman/Gregg v. GeorgiaCriminal punishments must fit the crime. Death penalty cannot be used as cruel and unusual.36
9701542122Miller v. CARedefined its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value".37
9701542123Citizens United V. FECFree speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions, and other associations38

AP German -- Key Terms Flashcards

These are the terms related to the major themes in the AP German course.

Terms : Hide Images
6089517341globale Herausforderungenglobal challenges0
6089517342Globalisierungglobalization1
6089517343Kommunikationcommunication2
6089517344wirtschaftliche Herausforderungeneconomic challenges3
6089517345die Wirtschaftthe economy4
6089517346Umweltschutzenvironmental protection5
6089517347die Umweltthe environment6
6089517348die Geographiegeography7
6089517349die Erdkundegeography8
6089517350die Philosophiephilosophy9
6089517351die Religionreligion10
6089517352politische Herausforderungenpolitical challenges11
6089517353die Politikpolitics12
6089517354die Naturwissenschaftscience13
6089517355die Wissenschaft (-en)the knowledge, science14
6089517356die Technologie (-n)technology15
6089517357ethische Herausforderungenethical challenges16
6089517358Gesundheitswesenhealth care17
6089517359der Erfinder, die Erfinderininventor18
6089517360die Erfindung (-en)the invention19
6089517361der Entdecker, die Entdeckerinthe discoverer20
6089517362die Entdeckungthe discovery21
6089517363die Innovationthe innovation22
6089517364der Innovator, die Innovatorinthe innovator23
6089517365der Durchbruchthe breakthrough24
6089517366die soziale Folgenthe social consequences25
6089517367der Transporttransportation26
6089517368die Schönheitbeauty27
6089517369die Ästhetikaesthetics28
6089517370die Architekturarchitecture29
6089517371die kulturelle Perspektiventhe cultural perspectives30
6089517372die Kulturthe culture31
6089517373die Modefashion32
6089517374das Designdesign33
6089517375die Sprache (-n)the language34
6089517376die Literaturliterature35
6089517377die Musikmusic36
6089517378das Theaterthe theater; theater37
6089517379der Filmfilm, movie38
6089517380die Kunstart39
6089517381die Familie (-n)family40
6089517382die Gemeinschaft (-en)community41
6089517383die Gesellschaft (-en)society42
6089517384das Bürgerrechtcitizenship43
6089517385der Bürger, die Bürgerincitizen44
6089517386die gemeinnützige Arbeitcommunity service45
6089517387die Vielseitigkeitdiversity46
6089517388die Familienstrukturfamily structure47
6089517389die Beziehung (-en)relationship48
6089517390das Stadtlebencity life49
6089517391das Vorstadtlebensuburban life50
6089517392die Vorstadtsuburb51
6089517393das Landlebenrural life52
6089517394auf dem Land lebento live in rural area53
6089517395in der Stadt lebento live in the city54
6089517396in der Vorstadt lebento live in a suburb55
6089517397die persönliche Identitätpersonal identity56
6089517398die öffentliche Identitätpublic identity57
6089517399die Identität (-en)identity58
6089517400die Distanzierung (-en)alienation59
6089517401die Integrierung (-en)integration60
6089517402die geschlechtliche Identitätgender identity61
6089517403das Geschlecht (-er)gender62
6089517404die Generationsunterschiedegenerational differences63
6089517405die Generation (-en)generation64
6089517406die Unterschiededifference65
6089517407die nationale Identitätnational identity66
6089517408die Nation (-en)the nation67
6089517409das Selbstverständnis (-se)the self-perception, self-identification68
6089517410die Stereotype (-n)the stereotype69
6089517411der Alltag (-e)everyday life70
6089517412aktuellcontemporary, current71
6089517413die aktuelle Ereignisse/Aktuellescontemporary/current events72
6089517414das Ereignis (-e)event73
6089517415die Ausbildung (-en)education, training74
6089517416die Karriere (-n)career75
6089517417die Unterhaltung (-en)entertainment76
6089517418das Reisentravel77
6089517419die Freizeitfree time, leisure time78
6089517420die Gesundheithealth79
6089517421das Wohlbefindenwell-being, wellness80
6089517422die Gebräuchecustoms, practices81
6089517423die Wertevalues82
6089517424die Jugendkultureyouth culture83
6089517425die Jugend, Jugendlicheyouth84

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