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AP Language Vocab Unit 3 Flashcards

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5164135341SolemnityState of being serious.0
5164135342Warilycautiously, carefully, prudently.1
5164135343CatharsisThe process of expunging or purging emotions causing stress.2
5164135344AuditA formal, thorough investigation (usually into someone's financial account)3
5164135345SagacityCleverness, astuteness.4
5164135346GregariousSociable, likeable.5
5164135347PulchritudinousOf great physical beauty; appealing to the eye.6
5164135348CorpulentLarge, hefty body type.7
5164135349GauntSkinny, malnourished, sickly8
5164135350CarpTo complain of something of little relevance.9
5164135351FiscalAnything pertaining to money or currency.10
5164135352MendicantA beggar; poor, usually homeless person.11
5164135353MiserA penny-pincher; someone who hoards their money; overly fugal.12
5164135354DeclaimTo speak confidently or bombastically.13
5164135355DastardA person who is conniving and treacherous; usually an internal informant.14
5164135356TyroBeginner, neophyte.15
5164135357LacklusterDescription of someone's unenthusiastic approach or attitude to a particular topic or task.16
5164135358SenescentAging, becoming elderly.17
5164135359NewfangledModern, innovative, newly-implemented.18
5164135360AcclaimTo praise or demonstrate great approval.19
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AP World History Chapter 1 Flashcards

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10341674167Venus FigurinesPaleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance0
10341674168DreamtimeA complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal peopel that held that current humans live in an echo of ancestral happenings1
10341674169Clovis CultureThe earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point2
10341674170Megafaunal ExtinctionThe dying-out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels; occured around 11,000-10,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing of climate of the era3
10341674171Austronesian MigrationsThe last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago4
10341674172shamansIn many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs5
10341674173trance danceIn San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's innter spiritual potency [n/um] to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Jo/'hoansi are a surviving remnant6
10341674174Paleolithic settling downThe process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods, as well as growing inequalities in society7
10341674175Gobekli Tepeoldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture8
10341674176Fertile CrescentA geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates9
10341674177Teosintea wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize10
10341674178DiffusionIs the process by which a characterictic spreads11
10341674179Bantu Migrations(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.12
10341674180IshiThe last the Yali people found in northern California in 1951. He is a good example of how the growth of agricultural societies led to the collapse of gathering and hunting communities.13
10341674181"secondary products revolution"A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began c.a. 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. Examples: milk, transportation, wool, hunting help, glue, muscle power, eggs, blood, feathers, bones, ivory, manure/fertilizer, and hides/fur.14
10341674182Pastoral SocietiesBased on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.15
10341674183CatalhuyukGood example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.16
10341674184ChiefdomsA society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.17
10341678117"The Original Affluent Society"Paleolithic status in South Africa where the first group of people who could sustain themselves were.18
10341682790Banpoancient city 7000 years ago in Xian where the remains showed a civilization with domesticated animals19
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Chapter 5 Vocabulary- AP World History Flashcards

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5806766770Aspasia and PericlesA foreign woman resident in Athens (ca. 470-400 B.C.E.) who was famed for her learning and wit. She was the partner of the statesman Pericles, who worked to extend the rights of Athenian citizens.0
5806770647Caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes (varna), with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation (jatis), which became the main cell of social life in India. (pron.VAR-nah /JAH-tee)1
5806771948China's scholar-gentry classA term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.2
5806772827Empress WuThe only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.), Empress Wu patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective.3
5806774010Greek and Roman slaveryIn the Greek and Roman worlds, slaves were captives (and their descendants) from war and piracy, abandoned children, and the victims of long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greeks, household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman state, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations.4
5806878845helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society5
5806883913PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.), he presided over Athens's Golden Age. (pron. PEAR-ih-klees)6
5806885152"ritual purity"In Indian social practice, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods7
5806885167SpartacusA Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history (73-71B.C.E.).8
5806886854the "three obediences"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son.9
5806799788Wang MangA Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E.-23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. (pron. wahng mahng)10
5806888873Yellow Turban RebellionA massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.11
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AP World History ch 18 Renaissance Flashcards

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6548400447heliocentricBy Copernicus who said that the Sun is in the center & the Earth & planets revolves around it.0
6548400448indulgenceThe forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins by the Catholic Church to reduce one's time in purgatory after death. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.1
6548400449theocracyA government that is based on religion (divine authority).2
6548400450caravelA small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries. Had triangular sails & established Portugal in Africa.3
6548400451conquistador16th century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America & Peru.4
6548400452Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America & the West Indies. Middle portion of triangular trade.5
6548400453MercantilismA set of principles that dominated economic in the 17th century. The prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold & silver.6
6548400454humanismIntellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the studies of humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy and history.7
6548400456astrolabeAn instrument used by sailors to determine their location in sea by observing the positions of the stars.8
6548400457cartographerA person who creates maps.9
6548400458circumnavigateTo go sail around the entire Earth.10
6548400459triangular tradeA pattern of trade that connected Europe, Asia, Africa & the Americas. Manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe. 1st: Good to Africa in exchanges for slaves, 2nd: (Middle Passage) Slaves to New World in exchange for molasses, tobacco, silver & sugar, 3rd: Products shipped to Europe11
6548400460Colombian ExchangeEurope conquests the New World. It was a movement of goods and ideas between the New & Old World that impacted both sides. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases & technology transformed European & Native American ways of life.12
6548400461John CalvinConverted to Protestantism & believed in the doctrine of justification of faith to explain how humans achieve salvation, like Luther. Emphasized God's powerful nature & predestination-God already knows who will be saved & who will be damned. (Swiss)13
6548400462Henry VIIIFound the Angilican Church because he wanted to end papal control over the English Church & wanted to divorce his wife (Catherine of Argon) because the Pope wouldn't let him.14
6548400463Leonardo da VinciItalian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, as a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).15
6548400464Christopher ColumbusPersuaded Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage. In 1492, he sailed to the west & reached the New World on October 12, 1492 & claimed the land for Spain. He encountered the Native Americans & started the Columbian Exchange.16
6548400465Hernando CortezIn 1519, he conquered the Aztec in Mexico with guns, horses & diseases.17
6548400466Martin LutherStarted the Protestant Reformation18
6548400468Council of TrentReaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, condemned Protestantism, faith & good works leads to salvation, 7 sacraments, clerical celibacy & outlawed indulgences. New doctrine gave Catholic Church new confidence.19
6548400469Niccolo MachiavelliItalian Renaissance writer who wrote The Prince. Said monarchs should maintain their power by vague moral tenants & should be selfish (the end justifies the mean).20
6548400471Ferdinand MagellanSailed all the way west from Spain & circumnavigated the globe. Died in the Philippines.21
6548400472Henry the NavigatorImportant figure in 15th century politics & started the profitable long distance sea trade routes for Portugal. Set up a school for sailors.22
6548400473MoctezumaAztec emperor.23
6548400474CopernicusDiscovered that the Earth & the planets revolve around the Sun (heliocentric).24
6548400477Explain the importance of the explorations and ideas of Christopher Columbus.Christopher Columbus' discovery of the New World resulted in the Columbian exchange which was a movement of goods and ideas between the New & Old World that impacted both sides. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases & technology transformed European & Native American ways of life.25
6548400478Explain the effects the development of printing had on the spread of knowledge. Give specific examplesPrinting made ideas spread quickly & improved literary of the common people. For example, Martin Luther used the printing press to publish his ideas for the people & translated the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it for themselves.26
6548400479Why did Luther criticize the Catholic Church?The Catholic Church became corrupt & wasn't following Biblical principles. Also, they were selling indulgences, which were unacceptable to Luther. He believed that the Pope & Church was not a direct path to heaven & people had to read the scriptures for themselves.27
6548400480What were the results of the Catholic Reformation?The Great Schism: the split between the Catholics & Protestants. Protestantism led to different interpretations of the Bible & denominations spin offs. There was religious mayhem, peasants revolutions & etc. It was considered to be a social & political movement that eventually led to religious tolerance.28
6548400481Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?Italian city states were wealthy from the commerce & trade of the Middle Ages. Venice was the conduit for silk & spice trade from India & China. There was more leisure time, scholars preserved classical Greek & Roman learning & Rome was capital of Catholic Church. Italy was less entrenched in feudalism & no single monarchy. It had thriving economic centers & had wealthy patricians.29
6548400482Why did the Renaissance begin much later in northern Europe?The Black Death delayed economic growth & they had less exposure to trade & new ideas. The printing press was a factor of why it eventually started in the north.30
6548400483How did Henry VIII react when the Pope refused to annul his first marriage?He created the Anglican Church just so he could divorce his first wife.31
6548400484Why did European kings and queens encourage ocean exploration?They wanted to find new trade routes (easier & cheaper way to get to the east), wanted more land & wealth32
6548400485In the 1600s, the Portuguese lost control of trade in the Indian Ocean to which nation?The Dutch33
6548400486Who took over control of the spice trade from the Portuguese?The Dutch34
6548400487Why did Spanish explorers travel to the Americas?To find gold & other riches35
6548400488How did the Native Americans influence Europe? (Hint: Columbian Exchange)Columbian exchange of new foods & ideas. Gave Europeans syphillis.36
6548400489By the 1500s, what was the most important element of African trade with Europe?Enslaved Africans.37
6548400490Explain three reasons why the Spanish were able to conquer the Aztec and Incan empiresThe Spanish brought diseases that the Aztecs & Incas had no immunity to. The weapons of the Spanish were much more advanced. Strong armies & government.38
6548400491List several ways the Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages.Renaissance was the awakening or rebirth of culture. The Middle Ages was a time of feudalism because of political instability.39
6548400492Explain the trade operations in existence from 1450 and 1750, between Europe, Russia, Asia, the Middle East and China. How did the discovery of America and a route around Africa affect those trades?Triangular Trade & Columbian Exchange.40
6548400493Explain the difference between Reformation and Protestant. What were the reasons that so many Protestant churches were created during the Renaissance? Think political, social and economic here.Luther believed that if people just return to the scripture, they would see the one single truth & the church would be restored to its original simplicity. The problem was that this led to different interpretations of the Bible, leading to the formation of many Protestant churches. Catholic: Council of Trent reformed the Catholic Church to attract back followers. Protestants: Protestant Reformation to be separate from the corruption of the Catholic Church.41
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AP World History - Ch. 15 Flashcards

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8090570364TrinidadMagellan's flagship0
8090576678Thor Heyerdahl, Kon TikiIn 1947 one energetic amateur historian of the sea, ... , argued that Easter Island and Hawaii were actually settled from the Americas. He sought to prove his theory by sailing his balsa-wood raft, ... , westward from Peru.1
8090597673Hokuleaa 62 feet long double canoe patterned after old oceangoing canoes, powered by an inverted triangular sail and steered by paddles. It was able to sail across the winds at a sharp enough angle to make the difficult voyage.2
8090614847Polynesian, PacificThe ... people explored and settled lands over vast distances across the ... Ocean are one of the most impressive feats in maritime history before 1450.3
8090760564Malayo-Indonesians, Indian, Madagascar... were sailing westward across the ... Ocean and colonizing the large island of ... off the southeastern coast of Africa.4
8090852538Ming, MongolIn 1368, the ... dynasty overthrew ... rule and began expansionist policies to reestablish China's predominance and prestige abroad. During their expedition, they filled their ships with great luxuries which represented China's wealth as well as weapons such as cannons and arrows.5
8090885646Zheng He(1371-1435). commander of the Ming expedition. A Chinese Muslim with ancestral connections to the Persian Gulf, he was a fitting emissary to the increasingly Muslim-dominated Indian Ocean basin.6
8116681860ArawakAmerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.7
8116683378Henry the Navigator(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.8
8116683379caravelA small, highly maneuverable three=masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.9
8116686157Gold Coast(Africa) Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.10
8116686159Bartolomeu Dias(1450?-1500) Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.11
8116688825(Vasco) da Gama(1460?-1524) Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.12
8116690942Christopher Columbus(1451-1506) Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.13
8116692293Ferdinand Magellan(1480?-1521) Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.14
8116701200conquistadorssoldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire of the Portuguese Empire.15
8116701201Hernan Cortes(1485-1547) Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.16
8116702407Moctezuma II(1466?-1520) Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.17
8116705387Atahualpa(1502?-1533) Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.18
8116732600Francisco Pizarro(1475?-1541) Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.19
8116735492astrolabea tool that was used to measure the tilt of an object.20
8116735493lateen sailA triangular sail that was crucial during medieval navigation.21
8116735494sextantAn instrument that was used to measure angular distances in between objects as well as taking altitudes in navigation.22
8116742696Indonesians, Indian Ocean & Africa23
8116742697Vikings, Atlantic Ocean24
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AP World History Terms Flashcards

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8058543396(chapter 9) Dhimmis-Term given to non-Muslims citizens in Islamic states -Means "Protected Person" -People of the Book: Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians0
8058546885(chapter 9) Jizya-Tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities but were non-believers -Tax allowed them to continue their own religion1
8058557461(chapter 9) Umayyad Caliphate-First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs -From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyad ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. -They were eventually overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.2
8058567401(chapter 9) Sunni-One of the two great religions divisions of Islam -A member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad. -They believed that the successors to Muhammad must be chosen by the Muslim community.3
8058587598(chapter 9) Shia-Followers of Islam who believe that leadership should stay in the family of Muhammad. -They support Imams as the leaders of Islam4
8058592101(chapter 9) Uluma-Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology -Ensured observance of Islamic traditions5
8058595734(chapter 9) Imams-Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors.6
8058608202(chapter 9) CaliphateA caliphate is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward known as a caliph7
8058613711(chapter 9) Abbasid Caliphate-Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258.8
8058621435(chapter 9) Sufism-Islamic mystics, many of whom were important missionaries of Islam, in conquered lands and who were revered as saints9
8058628124(chapter 9) Al-Ghazal-Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama10
8058633051(chapter 9) Hadiths-Traditions passed on about the collection of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad made after Muhammad's was dead.11
8058672590(chapter 9) Sikhismthe doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam12
8058680345(chapter 9) Madrassas-a school for the study of Muslim law and religion13
8058804406(chapter 9) Mansa Musa-Mali's greatest and most famous ruler, he was a devout Muslim. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca that helped spread Mali's fame14
8058864586(chapter 9) Shaykhs- Leader of tribes and clans within Bedouin society15
8058873941(chapter 9) Al-Andalus-A prince out of Umayyad that escaped to Spain -turned Southern Spain Muslim16
8058877976(chapter 9) House Of Wisdom-Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.17
8058890528(chapter 9) Mecca-City in west Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad ; Spiritual center of Islam18
8058896611(chapter 9) Kaaba-most revered religious shrine in pre Islamic Arabia, focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribe, later incorporated to an important shrine in Islam. enhanced the wealth and status of mecca and its merchant elite19
8058901478(chapter 9) Quaaysh-Umayyad clan founded in mecca20
8058905435(chapter 9) Muhammad Ibn Abdullah-Prophet of Islam that received revelations from Allah21
8059018950(chapter 9) Quran-Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam22
8059018951(chapter 9) 5 Pillars-The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj23
8059034329(chapter 9) Umma-Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity.24
8059034330(chapter 9) Ramadan-Ninth month of the Islamic calendar; month of fasting to commemorate the first revelation of the risen to Muhammad25
8059040091(chapter 9) Hajj-The Hajj is and Islamic practice that all adherents are expected to participate in. It is a physical journey which becomes a spiritual journey as adherents work on their relationship with Allah26
8059052492(chapter 9) Jihad-A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal27
8059055792(chapter 9) Hijra-The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam28
8059064655(chapter 9) Sharia-the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Muhammad29
8059077303(chapter 9) Ibn Battuta-Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.30
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