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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

9170097516	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
9170097517	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
9170097518	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
9170097519	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
9170097520	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
9170097521	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
9170097522	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
9170097523	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
9170097524	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
9170097525	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
9170097526	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
9170097527	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
9170097528	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
9170097529	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
9170097530	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
9170097531	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
9170097532	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
9170097533	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
9170097534	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
9170097535	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
9170097536	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
9170097537	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
9170097538	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
9170097539	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
9170097540	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
9170097541	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
9170097542	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
9170097543	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
9170097544	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
9170097545	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
9170097546	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
9170097547	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
9170097548	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
9170097549	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
9170097550	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
9170097551	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
9170097552	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
9170097553	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
9170097554	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
9170097555	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
9170097556	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
9170097557	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
9170097558	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
9170097559	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
9170097560	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
9170097561	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
9170097562	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
9170097563	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
9170097564	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
9170097565	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
9170097566	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
9170097567	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
9170097568	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
9170097569	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
9170097570	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
9170097571	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
9170097572	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
9170097573	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
9170097574	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
9170097575	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
9170097576	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
9170097577	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
9170097578	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
9170097579	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
9170097580	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
9170097581	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
9170097582	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
9170097583	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
9170097584	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
9170097585	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
9170097586	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
9170097587	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
9170097588	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
9170097589	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
9170097590	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
9170097591	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
9170097592	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
9170097593	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
9170097594	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
9170097595	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
9170097596	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
9170097597	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
9170097598	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
9170097599	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
9170097600	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
9170097601	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
9170097602	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
9170097603	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
9170097604	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
9170097605	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
9170097606	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
9170097607	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
9170097608	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
9170097609	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
9170097610	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
9170097611	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
9170097612	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
9170097613	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
9170097614	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
9170097615	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
9170097616	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
9170097617	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
9170097618	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
9170097619	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
9170097620	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
9170097621	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
9170097622	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
9170097623	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
9170097624	Silk Road Trade system		108
9170097625	Kingdom of Mali		109
9170097626	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
9170097627	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
9170097628	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
9170097629	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
9170097630	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
9170097631	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
9170097632	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
9170097633	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
9170097634	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
9170097635	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
9170097636	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
9170097637	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
9170097638	Bantu Migrations		122
9170097639	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
9170097640	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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5 Themes of AP World History Flashcards

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4966977396	Social	The theme that is the development and transition of social structures	0
4966981805	social	gender roles and relations	1
4966984788	social	family and kinship	2
4966986497	social	racial and ethnic constructions	3
4966986498	social	social and economic classes	4
4966989612	Political	The theme that is state building, expansion and conflict	5
4966994025	political	political structures and forms of governance	6
4966995904	political	empires	7
4966997963	political	nations and nationalism	8
4966997964	political	revolts and revolutions	9
4966999467	political	regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations	10
4967015600	Interaction	interaction between humans and the enviroment	11
4967018208	interaction	demography and disease	12
4967022628	interaction	migration	13
4967025099	interaction	patterns of settlement	14
4967025123	interaction	technology	15
4967026964	Cultural	The theme that is development and interaction of culutres	16
4967030589	cultural	religions	17
4967030590	cultural	belief systems, philosophies and ideologies	18
4967034959	cultural	science and technology	19
4967036988	cultural	the arts and architecture	20
4967041215	Economic	The theme that is the creation, expansion and interaction of economic system	21
4967043625	economic	agricultural and pastoral production	22
4967046376	economic	trade and commerce	23
4967046377	economic	labor systems	24
4967048317	economic	industralization	25
4967048318	economic	capitalism and socialism	26

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AP World History Chapter 12 Terms Flashcards

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7192473653	Value added	An economist's term for the increase in value from the cost of raw materials to the cost of finished products. It is the value added to the raw material by processing, manufacture, and marketing	0
7192478503	Free market economy	An economic system in which the means of production are largely privately owned and there is little or no government control over the markets	1
7192479582	Supply and demand	In economics, the relationship between the amount of a commodity that producers are able and willing to sell (supply) and the quantity that consumers can afford and wish to buy (demand)	2
7192484223	Moral Economy	An economy whose goal is providing basic necessities for all members of a society before allowing any particular members to take profits; in contrast to a free market economy	3
7192489032	Trade diaspora	A dispersion over far-flung territories of a group of people who have a common bond. Usually this is an ancestral bond, such as in the Jewish diaspora and the African diaspora. A trade diaspora refers to the network of international traders who relate to one another through the bonds of their trade	4
7192493177	Silk route	The set of rough roads, transportation links, across central Asia carrying trade and cultural exchange as far as China, India, and the eastern Mediterranean. The routes flourished only when governments were strong from enough to protect them and keep them safe	5
7192497860	Lateen salt	A triangular sail affixed to a long yard or crossbar at an angle of about 45 degrees to the mast, with the other free corners secured near the stern. The sail was capable of tacking against the wind on either side. So named when they appeared in the Mediterranean, where they were associated with Latin culture, although their origin was actually far away	6
7192506938	Transhumance	A pattern of seasonal migration	7
7192506939	Yurt	A portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of central Asia, consisting of a tentlike structure of a skin, felt, or handwoven textiles arranged over wooden poles, simply furnished with rugs	8
8568453924	The early-fifteenth-century Incas:	engaged in a substantial amount of trade, but it was regulated by the government.	9
8568453925	Which of the following were networks of interconnected commercial communities throughout Africa, Europe and Asia?	trade diasporas	10
8568453926	During the height of the Roman Empire traders were usually:	Jews, Greek-speaking Egyptians, and Arabs	11
8568453927	In the early days of long-distance trade, the most common type of goods was:	luxury items	12
8568453928	True free market economies require all of the following, except:	benevolent government regulation.	13
8568453929	Of the following regions, which had the least extensive network of trade routes by 1500?	North America	14
8568453930	Before 1500 C.E., the greatest part of the exchange economy consisted of:	local transactions	15
8568453931	Muslim traders:	eventually ranged as far as China	16
8568453932	West African trade:	was dependent upon the camels	17
8568453933	The primary focus of Malay sailors was:	to establish sea routes from East Africa to China	18
8568453934	After the ninth century, Arabs provided the main trading link between East Africa and	The Indian Ocean	19
8568453935	The Jewish trading community linked the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean.	True	20
8568453936	Slaves were an important commodity in East Africa.	True	21
8568453937	Polynesian sailors explored:	the South Pacific	22
8568453938	In the 1300s, the majority of gold in circulation in the Middle East came from:	West Africa	23
8568453939	During which dynasty did China overthrow the Mongols?	Ming	24
8568453940	The Ming government prohibited private overseas trade by Chinese merchants.	True	25
8568453941	Chinese luxury products included tea, silk and	porcelain	26
8568453942	In 1500 internal Chinese trade was much more significant than its external trade.	True	27
8568453943	The Chinese ships described by Ibn Battuta had all of the following features EXCEPT	a complete separation from family life	28
8568453944	The Grand Canal connected the agricultural region in the west with the administrative centers in the south.	False	29
8568453945	Late in the Tang dynasty, Chinese trade activity decreased in:	The South China Sea and the Indian Ocean	30
8568453946	After the Mongols were overthrown, China's population:	increased	31
8568453947	Which of the following statements is NOT true about Rashid al-Din?	He is renowned for his exploits in battle	32
8568453948	The rule of the Mongols was relatively brief largely because:	their empire was too extensive for them to rule it effectively	33
8568453949	Under the leadership of Chinggis, the Mongols developed a new legal code which called for high moral standards.	True	34
8568453950	Marco Polo supposedly did all of the following, except:	travel to southern Africa	35
8568453951	Which dynasty developed the waterway system for China?	Song	36
8568453952	At its height, the Mongol Empire was the largest empire the world has ever known.	True	37
8568453953	During years of Mongol control China experienced a population increase of 50%.	False	38
8568453954	Before 1200ce (ad), the Mongols:	were divided into several warring tribes	39
8568453955	Chinggis Khan:	adopted Chinese siege methods	40
8568453956	Chinggis and his successors were NOT able to conquer:	Japan	41

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AP World History : Chapter 11 Flashcards

The Americas on the Eve of Invasion
AP World Civilizations Third Edition

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5872215192	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".; The most significant pre-Columbian Meso-american city.; its collapse along with the abandonment of Mayan cities in 8th century signaled a significant political and cultural change in Mesoamerica	0
5872215193	Toltecs	Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization.; est. capital at Tula in 968; strong militaristic ethnic; adopted sedentary lifestyle; cult of sacrifice and war; aztecs thought of them as the givers of civilization	1
5872215194	Aztecs	(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.	2
5872215195	Topiltzin	Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power; went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula; his legend influenced the Aztec response to the arrival of the Europeans	3
5872215196	Quetzalcotl	the supreme got of the Aztecs; "the feathered serpent"	4
5872215197	Chichen Itza	Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl).	5
5872215198	Anasazi	adobe town at Chacho Canyon in New Mexico; it is suggested that it was abandoned by the Toltecs when the Toltec empire fell and the trade in local turquise ended	6
5872215199	Hopewell	A mound builder society that was centered in the Ohio River Valley from about 200 B.C to AD 400	7
5872215200	Missisipian	an important mound building culture that thrived between 800 and 1500 CE in a territory that extended from the missisippi river to the appalachian mountains. largest mound: Cahokia illisnois	8
5872215201	Mexica	What the Aztecs called themselves, they migrated from the north, reaching the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s AD.	9
5872215202	Nahuatl	The language of both the Toltecs and the Aztecs	10
5872215203	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire (founded about 1325), located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	11
5872215204	Tlatelolco	Originally a separate island city in Lake Texcoco; later incorporated into Tenochtitlan; Market remained the most important in combined city.	12
5872215205	Tlacaelel	advisor to Aztec rulers (1427-1480; had histories of Mexico rewritten; expanded cult of human sacrifice as effective means of political terror.	13
5872215206	Tlaloc	Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain	14
5872215207	Huitzilopochtli	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god	15
5872215208	Nezhualcoyotl	King of Texcoco. Wrote hymns to the "lord of the close vicinity" (an invisible creative force that supported the gods) that survived in oral form until being written down in the 16th century. His poetry wondered about life after death and the existence of the gods. Believed in a monotheistic concept.	16
5872215209	calpulli	name for a kin group within the Aztec empire	17
5872215210	chinampas	a floating garden on which the Aztec grew crops	18
5872215211	Inca Socialism	An interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	19
5872215212	Tihuanaco	Along with Huari, large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 CE; located in southern Peru; featured large ceremonial center supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; established widely diffused religious and artistic symbols all over Andean zone	20
5872215213	Huari	Along with Tihuanaco, large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 CE; located in southern Peru; featured large ceremonial center supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; established widely diffused religious and artistic symbols spread all over Andean zone	21
5872215214	cannibal kingdom	Modern interpretation of Aztec society created by Marvin Harris; based on observation that Mesoamerica lacked cattle and sheep that replaced human sacrifice in the Old World.	22
5872215215	Inca	Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco (founded 1350).	23
5872215216	Pachacuti	Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca	24
5872215217	Twantinsuyu	Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina	25
5872215218	split inheritance	Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy.	26
5872215219	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas	27
5872215220	huacas	holy shrines; mountains, stones, caves, rivers, tombs, temples, etc; places of worship and prayer	28
5872215221	mitmaq	Inca colonists in new regions; could be Quechua-speakers; used to pacify new conquest or conquered population moved to new home.	29
5872215222	mita	Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.	30
5872215223	ayllu	in Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples.	31
5872215224	yanas	A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility.	32
5872215225	quipu	knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the inca to keep financial records	33

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AP World History Chapter Eighteen Notecards Flashcards

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8528466163	Atlantic System	The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Basin. 18.519	0
8528466532	Chartered Companies	Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. 18.520	1
8528468747	Dutch West India Company	Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. 18.520	2
8528469080	Plantocracy	In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. 18.524	3
8528471716	Driver	A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. 18.524	4
8528497017	Seasoning	An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. 18.526	5
8528498837	Manumission	A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. 18.526	6
8528499184	Maroon	A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. 18.529	7
8528499185	Capitalism	18.529	8
8528499729	Mercantilism	European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious met- als by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. 18.530	9
8528500643	Royal African Company	A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. 18.530	10
8528501080	Atlantic Circuit	The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. 18.530	11
8528521919	Middle Passage	The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. 18.530	12
8528526617	Songhai	A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. 18.537	13
8528526829	Hausa	An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Caliphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century. 18.538	14
8528528229	Bornu	A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. 18.538	15

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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9226471280	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
9226471281	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	1
9226471282	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	2
9226471284	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	3
9226471286	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	4
9226471287	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	5
9226471288	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	6
9226471290	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	7
9226471291	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.	8
9226471293	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	9
9226471294	Nation	A clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	10
9226471295	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	11
9226471296	North American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	12
9226471298	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference	13
9226471299	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).	14
9226471300	the Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	15
9226471301	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.	16
9226471302	Tupac Amaru	The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.	17
9226471303	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	18
9226471305	Caudillo	A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America.	19
9226471306	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	20
9226471308	Porfirio Diaz	Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.	21
9226471315	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	22
9226471316	Mexican Revolution	Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.	23
9226471318	Model T	The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.	24
9226471320	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	25
9226471322	Progressivism	American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.	26
9226471325	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	27
9226471326	Abd al-Hamid II	Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.	28
9226471327	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	29
9226471328	China 1911	The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.	30
9226471329	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	31
9226471331	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	32
9226471332	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	33
9226471333	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	34
9226471334	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	35
9226471335	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	36
9226471336	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	37
9226471337	Selim III	Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.	38
9226471338	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	39
9226471339	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	40
9226471340	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	41
9226471341	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	42
9226471342	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	43
9226471344	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	44
9226471345	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	45
9226471350	Colonial tribalism	A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive.	46
9226471351	Leopold II	his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.	47
9226471353	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	48
9226471356	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	49

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AP World History Final 2017 Review Part 2 Flashcards

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8397067358	What was a polis	A city state in Ancient Greece. Greece was made up of independent city-states. Think of the North vs South (Completely different even though all are part of USA)	0
8397067359	Who is Pericles?	thinker who allowed democracy to thrive in Athens and become a successful society with the growth of arts, literature, and buildings.	1
8397067360	Which polis was a monarchy?	Sparta	2
8397067361	Which polis was a democracy?	Athens	3
8397067362	Which polis treated women the best?	Sparta	4
8397067363	What was a result of Alexander the Great's exhibitions to acquire?	He spread Greek culture throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. (Hellenism)	5
8397067364	Which city was named after Alexander the Great's exhibition?	Alexandria	6
8397067365	What did Augustus accomplish as emperor?	Thrust Rome into the Pax Romana	7
8397067366	What is the Pax Romana?	207 period of peace in the Roman Empire. Over due after lasting tensions between previous leaders.	8
8397067367	Who is Socrates?	A philosopher that wanted people to question "why" rather than accept things at face value. He was forced to commit suicide by hemlock.	9
8397067368	How did Hellenism mostly spread?	Through trade! Also by Alexander the Great conquering lands	10
8397067369	What monotheistic religions did Rome convert to?	Christianity	11
8397067370	What language was spoken in the Ancient Roman Empire?	Latin	12
8397067371	What was the legal code of Rome called?	Twelve Tables	13
8397067372	What technological invention was the MOST useful during the high middle ages?	heavy plow	14
8397067373	Who had the the most political influence in Europe during the medieval times?	lords and the vassals who work for them. Society was based on this relationship; if it fell a part, so would the economy.	15
8397067374	What was the missi dominici?	royal officials under Charlemagne that imposed the churches ideas. Meant to control others	16
8397067375	What is Feudalism?	Feudalism is the political and social idea during the Middle Ages.	17
8397067376	What is a manor?	a large self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant villages and surrounding lands	18
8397067377	How did Charlemagne rule the Frankish kingdom?	As a monarchy heavily influenced by the Catholic Church.	19
8397067378	What is an Emporia?	main clearinghouse of trade & became cosmopolitan centers. The walmart of history. Increase in trade with varied goods led to the rise of these stores.	20
8397067379	What is the the place of worship for Christians called?	Cathedral	21
8397067380	What is the place of worship for Muslims called?	Mosque	22
8397067381	What religion started in India then spread to China, Korea, other parts of Asia?	Buddhism	23
8397067382	What religion was primarily in southern India?	Hinduism	24
8397067383	What was the Cyrillic alphabet?	Alphabet named after Saint Cyril who used it to help convert Slavs to Orthodox Christianity. invented by Saint Cyril	25
8397067384	Major impacts of the Byzantine?	establishes Christianity as a major global religion. Creates the trade capital of the world.	26
8397067385	What is the Hanseatic League?	An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.	27
8397067386	What was the impact of the reconquista?	Spain was recaptured, Muslims were eradicated as Catholicism became the dominant religion.	28
8397067387	Describe Rome after the fall of the west?	Regionally divided areas that had their own armies and taxes. This was for protection, collecting wealth, and expanding their land(power).	29
8397067388	What was an impact of the Crusades?	increase in trade	30
8397067389	What was the Investiture Controversy?	Conflict between the church and state. Conflict was over who could appoint state officials	31
8397067390	What is a guild?	Pre-industiral associations of businessmen and producers two work for their collective interest. (Basically like a manager)	32
8397067391	Agricultural production in the Middle Ages lead to a growth in...	urbanization	33
8397067392	Why did regions emerge in Europe after Rome?	They wanted to become powerful. Taxes and their own armies allowed them to become powerful without joining another state.	34
8397067393	How did Islam spread?	Mostly through trade routes. Specifically from the Middle East to north Africa due to Ibn Battuta and Mansa Musa.	35
8397067394	Describe Islam in North Africa?	Became dominant religion. Mansa Musa brought educational buildings and hospitals here to entice the world's greatest minds. Islamic kingdoms had a vast wealth and appealed to those in many places.	36
8397067395	What was the major trade route of the Mongolian kingdom?	The Silk Road	37
8397067396	The emporia in India was the most important due to its...	central location	38
8397067397	What did Hindu temples allow?	agriculture development	39
8397067398	What was the legal code of the Islamic kingdoms?	Sharia law-laws and daily actions that were influenced by the Quran	40
8397067399	Why did south India suffer less invasions than north India?	South India was harder to reach. There were geographical boundaries.	41
8397067400	What was the main trade route of China?	Grand Canal-used for trade and military movements	42
8397067401	What practice was used in India to enhance a woman's quality of beauty?	Foot-binding	43
8397067402	Which Chinese empire used civil service exams in period 2?	Tang	44
8397067403	What was the main good sold and traded in the Middle East?	Cotton. It breathed well in the hot, humid climate of the Middle East	45
8397067404	What was the major religion of China under the Tang?	Buddhism-shown in art and poetry.	46
8397067405	What were civil service exams used for?	to allow the most intellectual and loyal to become officials in the government.	47
8397067406	What is caesaropapism?	the idea that the leader is the head of the state, as well as the head of the church. Named after Julius Caesar. He made himself a God and controlled religions during his rule of dictator.	48
8397067407	What did Justinian accomplish as leader of Byzantine?	Codifying Roman law, creating an strong empire economically, erecting good architecture. Created a HIGHLY centralized state under one leader	49
8397067408	Who was the longest surviving empire?	Byzantine, fell in 1453 when it was sacked by the Ottomans	50
8397067409	What were the results of the bubonic plague?	massive amounts of deaths. Decrease in agricultural production. However, workers wages went up due to lack of workers to use.	51
8397067410	Which empire had the most land EVER in existence?	MONGOLS	52
8397067411	Which explorer was well versed in Islamic knowledge?	Ibn Battuta	53
8397067412	What happened when the Mexica went to Mesoamerica?	cultural diffussion	54
8397067415	Which explorer was responsible for working with Khubali Khan and telling Europe what is happening in Asia?	Marco Polo	55
8397067416	Who dominated trade in east Africa?	Swahili speaking countires	56
8397067417	Who was the richest man to ever exist?	Mansa Musa	57

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AP World History Strayer Chapter 9 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7860328946	Qur'an	Definition: Islamic sacred book of Muhammad's life and message. Significance: The word of God that the Muslims believe and follow.	0
7860328947	Umma	Definition: The entire community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion. Significance: Goal of creating a just and moral society where all believers are community (equality).	1
7860328948	Pillars of Islam	Definition: (1) Allah is the one true God. (2) 5 daily prayers. (3) Charitable. (4) Fast of Ramadan. (5) Hajj. Significance: Rules followed every day. The lifestyle to be good and responsible as a Muslim.	2
7860328949	Hijra	Definition: Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina. Significance: Other merchants didn't appreciate Muhammed, so he left to Medina (another holy place). He came back to Mecca to reconquer it later.	3
7860328950	Sharia	Definition: Islamic law based on teachings of the Qur'an. Significance: It's the foundation of Muslim Law and how Muslims live their lives (with the Ulama as the judge).	4
7860328951	Jizya	Definition: Poll tax paid by non-Muslims (minority groups) within Muslim empire. Significance: Allowed religious freedom through taxes. Christians and Jews were allowed within the empire because Muslims wanted more trading opportunities.	5
7860328952	Ulama	Definition: Doctors of Muslim religion and law. Significance: Religiously trained scholars and authorities to look to for Qur'an and Muslim faith.	6
7860328953	Umayyad Caliphate	Definition: 2nd of the 4 major caliphates (rule/reign of chief Muslim ruler). Significance: Construction of Mosques to symbolize imperial power. It was short lived because of the favor of Arabs.	7
7860328954	Abbasid Caliphate	Definition: 3rd of the 4 major caliphates. Significance: Founded the city of Baghdad, the capital of the "Golden Age" (enlightenment and prosperity).	8
7860328955	Sufism	Definition: Mystical system of Sufis, an ascetic Muslim sect. Significance: Belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find divine love and knowledge through a direct personal relationship with God. (Response to the materialism of leaders).	9
7860328956	Al-Ghazali	Definition: Islamic thinker who was a scholar. He argued for rationale. Significance: He believed that rational philosophy alone could never enable believers to know about Allah. They must know in their heart. (Caused Sufism).	10
7860328957	Ibn Battuta	Definition: Visited West Africa and criticized the Muslim practices there. Significance: Detailed account of visits to Islamic lands, and documented travels. He provided insight.	11
7860328958	Timbuktu	Definition: Port city of Mal by the Niger River. Significance: Contained library and university. It was the center of Islamic religious and intellectual life.	12
7860328959	Mansa Musa	Definition: Ruler of Kingdom of Mali (Muslim) sought to expand kingdom for gold. Significance: He showed pride and ignorance of Islamic law. He elevated Mali's status in the Islamic world.	13
7860328960	al-Andalus	Definition: Chief site of Islamic encounter with Christian Europe (conquered by Arab and Berber forces). Significance: Muslims, Christians, and Jews contributed to culture. A place of harmony and tolerance (75% converted to Islam).	14
7860328961	Madrassas	Definition: (11th century) Formal colleges, offered more advanced instructions in Qur'an and sayings of Muhammad. It was the informal teachings with text memorization. Significance: Another way Ulama passed on teachings of the faith, and important knowledge of the faith.	15
7860328962	House of Wisdom	Definition: Baghdad, the center for research and translation of scientific, medical, and philosophical texts. Significance: Islamic ideas circled the world, and Greek information was being translated into Arabic.	16
7860328963	Ibn Sina	Definition: Writer in almost all fields of science and philosophy. Significance: Set standards for medical practice in Islamic and Christian worlds. Accurately diagnosed many disease and found treatments, and revolutionary writings.	17