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AP World History Period 6 Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present

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9951961848Western Frontwar line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants0
9951961849Eastern Frontwar zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought1
9951961850Archduke Franz FerdinandAustro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I2
9951961852GallipoliWorld War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardenelles3
9951961858David Lloyd GeorgeBritish prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson4
9951961859Woodrow WilsonAmerican president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations5
9951961860Treaty of Versaillesended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories6
9951961861League of Nationsinternational organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined7
9951961862Indian National Congresspolitical party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence8
9951961866M. K. GandhiWestern-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence9
9951961871Mandatesgovernments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers10
9951961872Balfour Declaration1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine11
9951961873ZionismEuropean Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine12
9951961874Theodor HertzlAustrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was unsympathetic to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state13
9951961875Alfred DreyfusFrench Jew, falsely accused of treason in 1894; acquitted 1906; his false conviction fueled Zionism14
9951961878Negritudeliterary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements15
9951961881Fascismpolitical ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs16
9951961883Mexican Revolution1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections17
9951961886Mexican Constitution of 1917promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and proprerty ownership; never fully implemented18
9951961887Lazaro CardenasMexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education19
9951961890Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; rued for the rest of the 20th century20
9951961891Sovietcouncil of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution21
9951961893Russian Communist PartyBolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution22
9951961896New Economic Policy (NEP)initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover23
9951961899Joseph StalinLenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 195324
9951961903May Fourth Movementacceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy25
9951961909Spanish Civil Warcivil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed26
9951961911Corporatismconservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups27
9951961914National Socialist (Nazi) Partyfounded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany28
9951961917Winston ChurchillBritish prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany29
9951961918HolocaustGermany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died30
9951961919United Nationsglobal organization, founded by the Allies following World War II31
9951961921Yalta Conference1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union32
9951961925Muslim LeagueIndian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war33
9951961926Muhammad Ali JinnahMuslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan34
9951961928National Liberation Front (FLN)Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 196235
9951961930Cold Warstruggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia36
9951961932Iron Curtainterm coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations37
9951961933Marshall Plan1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements38
9951961934North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets39
9951961935Warsaw Pactthe Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites40
9951961936Welfare stateGreat Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy41
9951961939Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reaganconservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors42
9951961940European Unionbegan by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward43
9951961941New feminisma wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes44
9951961943Socialist realismSoviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses45
9951961945North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers46
9951961946Liberation theologycombination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor47
9951961948Good Neighbor Policyintroduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states48
9951961950Indira GandhiPrime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades49
9951961953Gamal Abdul Nassermember of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful50
9951961958African National Congress (ANC)South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections51
9951961959Nelson MandelaANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 199452
9951961961Douglas MacArthurAmerican commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War53
9951961962Liberal Democratic Partymoderate political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s54
9951961963Republic of Koreasouthern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s55
9951961964Democratic People's Republic of Koreanorthern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War56
9951961966Great Leap Forwardeconomic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 196057
9951961975Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French58
9951961976Communist Party of Vietnamthe primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh59
9951961977Ho Chi Minhshifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam60
9951961983Globalizationthe increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups61
9951961984Multinational corporationsbusiness organizations with connections across political borders62
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AMSCO AP World History Chapter 15 Vocab Flashcards

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8231799920Henry IVSanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvanists, converted to Catholicism for the sake of solidifying his power. His rule saw increasing emphasis on national sovereignty.0
8231799921Henry VIIIA king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. (1491-1547)1
8231799922Anne BoleynQueen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII, and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.2
8231799923Charles V, Holy Roman EmpireWas ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1506.3
8231799924Philip IIKing of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) ... king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)4
8231799925Queen Isabella and King FerdinandA king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus.5
8231799926James IKing of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England.6
8231799927Charles IKing of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated.7
8231799928Oliver CromwellWas an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was born into the middle gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell.8
8231799929Charles IIKing of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism.9
8231799930James IIKing of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary (later, Mary II) and her husband, William of Orange.10
8231799931William and MaryRuled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II.11
8231799932Jean BodinWas a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology.12
8231799933Cardinal RichelieuWas the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants.13
8231799934Louis XIVRuled 1643-1715, King of France, his reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies.14
8231799935Prince Henry the NavigatorWas a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself.15
8231799936Thirty Years WarA war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.16
8231799937War of the Spanish SuccessionA war (1701-14) fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain.17
8231799938Maritime EmpiresA state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea (such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities) or a sea-borne empire.18
8231799939SepoysAn Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.19
8231799940HuguenotsA French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.20
8231799941Clunaic ReformsWere a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.21
8231799942SimonyThe buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.22
8231799943Reformed Church of ScotlandIs a Christian denomination. It is the original church of the Reformed Presbyterian tradition (commonly known as the RP's). The RPCS formed in 1690 when its members declined to be part of the establishment.23
8231799944Anglican ChurchThe Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury.24
8231799945Johannes KeplerWas a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.25
8231799946Francis BaconWas an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England.26
8231799947GalileoItalian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)27
8231799948Sir Isaac NewtonEnglish mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727).28
8231799949MichaelangeloWas an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.29
8231799950Leonardo da Vinci1452-1519. Italian painter, engineer, and scientist.30
8231799951John LockeA seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it.31
8231799952Adam SmithIs one of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.32
8231799953Edict of NatesSigned probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.33
8231799954Peace of WestaphiliaWas a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence.34
8231799955Vasco da GamaPortuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.35
8231799956spanish armadathe great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 158836
8231799957schmalkaldic leagueprotestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire37
8231799958peace of augsburg1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler38
8231799959English civil warcivil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I39
8231799960puritan revolutionEngland goes from a monarchy to puritan republic under Cromwell40
8231799961petition of righta written document asking for a limit to the king's power41
8231799962glorious revolutionthe revolution against James II42
8231799963English bill of rights1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament43
8231799964divine right of the monarchythe claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God44
8231799965intendantsFrench government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.45
8231799966versaillesPalace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.46
8231799967parlementsFrench noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king47
8231799968reformationa movement for religious reform48
8231799969huldrych zwingliswiss priest who led the protestant movement in switzerland49
8231799970Martin lutherGerman monk who started the Protestant Reformation50
823179997195 thesesArguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.51
8231799972indulgencespardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment52
8231799973John calvinBelieved in predestination53
8231799974the electCalvinistic belief that this is the group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven.54
8231799975predestineddestiny; fate; decided beforehand55
8231799976puritansa group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways56
8231799977jesuitsmembers of the society of jesus57
8231799978council of TrentA meeting held to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church.58
8231799979index of prohibited bookslist of books forbidden for Catholics to read. issued by holy office59
8231799980social contractAn agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed60
8231799981empiricismthe belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation61
8231799982scholasticisma medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason62
8231799983joint-stock companiesbusinesses in which a group of people invest together63
8231799984mercantilismbelief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.64
8231799985capitalAn economic system based on private ownership of capital65
8231799986cottage industriessmall-scale industries based in the home66
8231799987physiocratesphilosophe who wrote about economics; attacked economy in Europe67
8231799988the wealth of nationswritten by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics68
8231799989commercial revolutionexpansion of trade and business69
8231799990east India companyBenefitted from tea act70
8231799991manilaa strong paper or thin cardboard with a smooth light brown finish made from e.g. Manila hemp the strong fiber of a Philippine plant, used for rope, matting, paper, etc.71
8231799992factorsNumbers that are multiplied together to get a product72
8231799993cartographythe science of making maps73
8231799994Bartholomew Diaz(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.74
8231799995Ferdinand magellanPortuguese navigator in the service of Spain75
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AP World History-Chapter 25 Flashcards

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6543016196Sunni AliSonghay ruler who embarked on a campaign to conquer his neighbors and consolidated the Songhay empire.0
6543016197King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I)King of Kongo who converted to Christianity1
6543016198Queen NzingaQueen of Angola who led a resistance movement against the Portuguese.2
6543016199maniocAn American crop that became popular in Africa3
6543016200Triangle TradeEuropean manufactured goods were traded in Africa for slaves, and slaves were traded for sugar from the New World.4
6543016201Middle PassageThe trans-Atlantic journey that slaves made on crowded ships.5
6543016202Atlantic Slave TradeThe forced removal of millions of Africans who were sent to work on plantations in the Americas.6
6543016203Saint DomingueThe French colony that later became known as Haiti7
6543016204Voudou, Santeria, and CandombleWere all syncretic religions between African religions and Christianity that developed in the Americas.8
6543016205creoleA mix of African and European languages9
6543016206Olaudah EquianoMan who was an African slave, gained his freedom, and wrote about the horrors of the slave trade.10
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AP World History, Semester 1 Review Flashcards

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8156004292Neolithic Eraalso called the New Stone Age; classified by people beginning to establish villages and civilizations through farming0
8156004293cuneiformfirst written language; originated in Mesopotamia1
8156004296Hammurabi's Codestrict Babylonian law that was used to enforce order in society; ex. an eye for an eye, a hand for a hand2
8156004297Buddhismancient religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama; goal is to reach Enlightenment or nirvana3
8156004301Judaismmonotheistic religion founded by Abraham4
8156004302Confucianismreligion/way of life that emphasizes respect for elders and traditional values; began in China5
8156004303hunter-gathererearliest way of life in which people would search and kill animals for their food6
8156004304Agricultural Revolutionperiod of time where people moved from hunting and gathering to permanent villages where they would farm for life7
8156004308democracygovernment by the people; first seen in Athens, Greece8
8156004314Alexander the Greatgreatest leader of Greek times; was able to conquer large area of the Mediterranean; gave way to the Hellenistic Period9
8156004316Hellenistic Periodtime where Greek ideas/culture was spread all over the Mediterranean10
8156004317Christianityreligion in which Jesus is said to be the Messiah; monotheistic11
8156004321Pax Romanatime period of Roman Peace; trade flourished and Christianity fled12
8156004327Byzantine Empirecontinued to exist in the East, even after the Roman Empire Fell; new name given to this empire13
8156004332Aztecsgroup located in central Mexico; sacrificed thousands of people to their gods and had floating gardens on the land that they lived14
8156004333Mayansearly society located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico; known for creating their own calendars and slash/burn farming; never fell, instead some of their culture has faded into the jungle15
8156004334Incasearly civilization located in the Andes mountains; is known for its extensive roads and quipu communication system16
8156004337dynastya line of hereditary rulers; mostly seen in China17
8156004339Shi Huangdiemperor during the Qin Dynasty; put into effect Legalism; Terra Cotta Army buried with him18
8156004344Civil Service Examextremely difficult test given to those who wanted to serve in the government; based on Confucian thought19
8156004345LegalismChinese philosophy that emphasizes strict obedience to laws20
8156004346Daoismseeks harmony through nature and balance21
8156004349Ashokaunited India and the Maurya dynasty under the religion of Buddhism22
8156004350Genghis KhanMongolian leader whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227)23
8156004351Kublai KhanGrandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.24
8156004352Silk RoadA trade route that stretched from China to the Mediterranean Sea25
8156004353Pax MongolicaPeriod of Mongol Peace26
8156004354Marco PoloItalian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.27
8156004359Mansa MusaMali ruler who created a large kingdom and adopted Islam28
8156004360Islamreligion founded by the prophet Muhammad; monotheistic29
8156004362Muhammadfounder of Islam; known as the Islamic prophet/messenger of God30
8156004363Qur'anthe holy book of Islam31
8156004366Hagia Sophialarge church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian32
8156004367feudalismsystem of loyalty in which Kings, Nobles, Knights and Serfs worked together to protect each other and create a society of order33
8156004368Black DeathA plague that killed millions of people across Europe and Asia in the 14th century34
8156004370guilda medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power35
8156004374Great SchismSplit between the Christian Church into Eastern and Western Churches36
8156004375Crusadesa series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land37
8156004376Renaissancerebirth of art, culture, and intellect; started in Italy38
8156004380Martin Lutherled the Protestant Reformation by questioning the practices of the Catholic Church39
8156004382JustinianByzantine ruler who re-codified laws for all citizens40
8156004384Jesuitsreligious group who came out of the Reformation that followed the Bible strictly and set up schools of religious learning41
8156004385printing presscredited to be invented by Johannes Gutenberg; helped to spread religious thought because everyone could get the information42
815600438795 ThesesArguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church43
8156391182Caste SystemA rigid social class system in Hinduism44
8156399405Tang Dynastydynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 CE45
8156411974mitaRequirement for all Incan subjects to work for the state a certain number of days each year46
8156416530Ibn BattutaArab traveler who wrote about his journeys in the Islamic world47
8156423230Pope Urban IICalled for the First Crusade48
8156431435astrolabean instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars49
8156435653Columbian ExchangeThe transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 149250
8156438287Christopher ColumbusItalian explorer who sailed to the Caribbean trying to find a western route to Asia51
8156442169reconquistaThe effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain52
8156447381magnetic compassChinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north53
8156456223Indian Ocean TradeThe complex network of trade routes that spanned the Indian Ocean54
8156473519labor specializationthe division of jobs and skills in a society55
8156493711HumanismPhilosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics56
8156500624Five PillarsDeclaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage57
8156529969Ancient EgyptAncient civilization located primarily along the Nile River58
8156532467polytheismbelief in many gods59
8156550445Seleucid EmpireThe empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire60
8156557895Ptolemaic EmpireThe empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire61
8156587092VeniceAn Italian city that by 1000 C.E. emerged as a major center of Mediterranean trade62
8156656847champa riceQuick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season63
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AP World History Kaplan Flashcards period 1 Flashcards

Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E

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7280961111animismThis type of religious belief holds that everything--including animals and objects like rocks-- has an "anima" which is Latin for "soul" or "spirit." Animists believe that these spirits in the natural world along with various gods influence human events. Before 10,000 B.C.E., religious beliefs were likely animistic. Animistic religions are polytheistic and have been practiced almost every part of the world.0
7280961112hunting-foraging societiesThese societies were usually composed of small kinship groups that were nomadic and often self-sufficient. Typically, males hunted wild animals while females foraged for wild plants, such as nuts, vegetables, and fruits. Hunter-foragers moved from place to place to follow the migrations of wild game and locate better places to forage. Usually, they lived in temporary dwellings and had few possesions, making movement easier. However, hunter-foragers did develop tools that helped them adapt to different environments. People generally lived this way before 10,000 B.C.E.1
7280961113nomadic pastoralismThis type of agriculture refers to groups that herded domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, between grazing areas. Nomadic pastoralists often accumulated few possesions, making movement easier. As a result of their mobility, they were involved in trade and the spread of ideas and technology between settled agrarian populations.2
7280961114Neolithic RevolutionThis revolution took place around 8000 B.C.E., when human beings in some places discovered agriculture and began to settle in permanent communities. The switch from hunting-foraging to agriculture created a more reliable source of food, which in turn fostered population growth and more complex economic and social systems. The Neolithic Revolution is also called the "Agricultural revolution" and "Agrarian revolution."3
7280961115domesticationThis practice involves modifying animals and plants for human uses. Domesticated animals are tamed, trained, and bred so they become accustomed to living in captivity and helping human beings in some capacity such as serving as sources of food or goods (for example, pelts). Domesticated animals, such as dogs, may also perform work for human beings. Domesticated plants are cultivated and grown as crops, such as wheat. Domestication helped fuel the Neolithic Revolution.4
7280961116Neolithic technoligical innovationsThese innovations include pottery, plows, woven textiles, wheels, and metallurgy (using metals such as iron, bronze, and copper to create tools). Technological innovations during the Neolithic era helped foster improvements in agriculture, trade, and transportation. The term "Neolithic" means "New Stone Age" and generaly refers to a period of development that happened after 8000 B.C.E.5
7280961117job specialization (divisions of labor)This practice means that workers in a community perform different tasks. Job specialization divides the work of a community into specific jobs and assigns these jobs to different individuals. Specialization leads to greater proficiency as well as increases in efficiency and productivity. Job specialization took place as a result of the food surplus and populations increase brought about by the Neolithic Revolution.6
7280961118patriarchal societyThis kind of society is governed and dominated by men. Fathers are considered heads of the household, and everyone must submit to their authority. Women are excluded from positions of power and may not be able to own land, although they may have a few rights. Patriarchal societies first emerged as human beings organized themselves into families. In the Neolithic era, many cultures practiced patriarchy.7
7280961119social stratificationThis phenomena creates a hierarchy or tiered system in which different groups of individuals have varying amounts of power within a society. Social stratification means that certain individuals (elites) have more power and influence than other individuals, such as commoners and slaves. In Neolithic times, social stratification emerged when food surpluses allowed some members of society to do things other than farm. This led to job specialization and the beginnings of a class system featuring elites, merchants, artisans, farmers and slaves.8
7280961120egalitarian societyThis kind of society is organized so that all of its members have equal or similar rights and powers. An egalitarian society may contain little social stratification. By looking at modern-day hunter-forager societies, anthropologists infer that hunter-foragers during the Paleolithic era (before about 8000 B.C.E.) were relatively egalitarian.9
7280961121environmental adaptationThis phenomenon allowed certain peoples to interact with their environments in new ways as the climate shifted at the end of the Ice Age about 10,000 years ago. Some ancient peoples developed nomadic pastoralism, or migratory herding, while other began settled agriculture. These adaptations led to great and more reliable food production, which in turn created food surpluses, new types of specialized jobs, and the growth of hieracrchal social organization.10
7280961122Shang dynastyThe first Chinese river valley civilization flourished on the Yellow, or Huan He, River plain from about 1600 to 1045 B.C.E. Archaeologists have traced the Shang through oracle bones, which are bones or turtle shells inscribed with questions of predictions regarding the future. The Shang developed a pictographic language that became the basis of modern Chinese characters. Development of bronze metallurgy added to their military strength.11
7280961123food surplusPastoralism and agriculture led to greater and more reliable levels of food production and ultimately food surpluses. Surpluses freed some peopel from the task of food production, allowing them to take on specialized jobs such as artisan or warrior. In time, this division of labor contributed to the development of hierarchal social organization.12
7280961124ancient gender rolesIn ancient civilizations, men typically farmed or hunted outside the home while women performed domestic duties. As men's work outside the home gained social value, women's power declined. This divide grew as civilizations grew larger and more complex.13
7280961125ancient Mesopotamia civilizationThis civilization was located in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where early irrigation help agriculture emerge. Farming and access to resources such as iron led to the growth of civilizations, including the empires of the Babylonians, Sumerians, Hittites, and Akkadians. These civilizations developed complex cultures exemplified by social and political hierarchies centered on densly populated cities. Their achievements include monumental architecture such as pyramid-shaped temples called ziggurats, laws such as Hammurabi's Code, and literature such as the "Epic of Gilgamesh."14
7280961126Hammurabi's CodeThis code of laws was written by the Mesopotamian ruler Hammurabi during the early 18th century B.C.E. and is the first recorded system of laws and punishments. Under Hammurabi's Code, a criminal typically received a punishment equal to his or her offense, but could receive a harsher sentence if his or her social standing was low. The code also stated that government has a responsibility to help maintain law and order.15
7280961127ancient water control systemsThese systems emerged during the ancient time because most early civilization grew around river valleys. Flood control systems helped prevent disastrous river flooding, while irrigation sustems aided crop cultivation and thus contributed to population growth. The construction of such widespread projects encouraged the development of concentrated population centers, including the first cities.16
7280961128slash and burn agricultureThis technique for clearing land involves slashing the bark of trees and buring the trees to the ground. The ashes help fertilize the land. Many ancient civilization used this method to create fertile farmland. However, because the fertility of this kind of farmland decreases after several years, farmers traditionally move elsewhere and repeat the process.17
7280961129ancient Nile River valley civilizationThis civilization flourished along the banks of the NIle River in northeastern Africa and gave rise to the kingdom of Egypt. Led by divine rulers called pharaohs, the Egyptians made great technological and cultural advances in mathematics, medicine, science and writing. Egypt's culturewas highly religious, and preparation for the afterlife was quite extensive. Pharoahs wre entombed in massive pyramids and guided by "The Book of the Dead" on their journey through the afterlife. The Egyptians also developed trade relationship with neighboring societies such as Nubia to the south.18
7280961130hieroglyphicsAlso know as hieroglyphs, this pictographic form of writing emerged independently in Egypt around 3100 B.C.E. Hieroglyphics allowed ancient Egyptians to keep records and inscribe historical events on monuments.19
7280961131ancient sub-Saharan Africa civilizationThis civilization, located south of Africa's Sahara Desert, flourished as a independent site for the emergence of agriculture. The Bantu slowly migrated throughout sub-Saharan Africa beginning in 2000 B.C.E. By 1000 B.C.E., their language, agricultural methods, technology, and culture has spread throughout much of Africa.20
7280961132ancient Indus River valley civilizationThis far reaching civilization emerged along the Indus River between about 3000 B.C.E. and 2500 B.C.E. The independent development of agriculture and irrigation led to the growth of urban areas, including the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. These centers had large, socially and economically diverse populations, developed advanced technologies including a written language, and conducted trade with Mesopotamia.21
7280961133ancient Yellow River civilizationNamed for its light-colored loess soil, which made it appear yellow, the Yellow or Huang He, River plain was the site of China's earliest civilization, the Shang. The plain's fertile farmland sometimes suffered from such great flooding that the river became known as "China's Sorrow."22
7280961134ancient Mesoamerican civilizationThis civilization, located in what is Central America today, flourished as an independent site for the emergence of agriculture. By 1500 B.C.E., the Olmecs had settled along river banks near the Gulf of Mexico, and there built the city of San Lorenzo and later the city of La Venta. The Olmecs developed complex religous, political, and social structures that fostered a rich artistic and cultural life. Massive sculptures of colossal heads display the Olmecs' artistic talents.23
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AP Language Set G Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6339585689PENSIVEwistfully thoughtful, usually marked by sadness0
6339585690COLLOQUIALappropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing1
6339585691COLLUSIONa secret agreement between two parties to appear as adversaries as a way to defraud a third party2
6339585692CLANDESTINEcharacterized by or done in secrecy for the purpose of deception3
6339585693SURREPTITIOUSdone by stealth; secret actions4
6339585694PERFUNCTORYperformed merely as a routine; going through the motions only5
6339585695MYOPICnarrow-minded; lack of foresight6
6339585696COMPLACENTself-satisfied; pleased without awareness of some potential danger or defect7
6339585697VOLATILEtending or threatening to break out into open violence; explosive8
6339585698ENDEMICregularly found among a particular people or in a certain area9
6339585699GERMANEclosely or significantly related; relevant10
6339585700EFFACEto rub out; erase; to make inconspicuous11
6339585701EFFUSIVEunduly demonstrative; pouring out; overflowing12
6339585702LACONICexpressing much in few words; concise13
6339585703VERBOSEusing many or too many words14
6339585704COGENTconvincing or believable by virtue of clear or incisive presentation15
6339585705GRATUITOUSfree; being without apparent reason, cause or justification16
6339585706ELUCIDATEto make clear; explain17
6339585707VOLITIONa choice or decision made by one's own will18
6339585708PROXIMITYthe property of being close together19
6339585709HACKNEYEDcommonplace; the constant use of a phrase or word which dulls its significance or force20
6339585710DESPOTISMthe rule of someone with absolute authority, power, and control; tyranny21
6339585711RECTITUDErightness of principle or conduct; moral virtue22
6339585712NASCENTbeginning to exist or develop23
6339585713IMPETUSstimulus; the force that sets something in motion24
6339585714ENGENDERto produce, cause, or give rise to25
6339585715VICISSITUDEa change or variation occurring in the course of something26
6339585716RENEGEfail to fulfill a promise or obligation27
6339585717PROLIFERATEto grow or produce by multiplication of parts (cell division); spread rapidly28
6339585718ENERVATEto weaken; deprive of force or strength29
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