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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

6820843601	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	0
6820843602	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	1
6820843603	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	2
6820843604	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	3
6820843605	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	4
6820843606	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	5
6820843607	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	6
6820843608	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	7
6820843609	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	8
6820843610	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	9
6820843611	Jihad	Islamic holy war	10
6820843612	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	11
6820843613	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	12
6820843616	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	13
6820843617	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	14
6820843620	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	15
6820843621	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	16
6820843623	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	17
6820843624	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	18
6820843625	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	19
6820843628	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	20
6820843630	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	21
6820843633	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	22
6820843635	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	23
6820843639	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	24
6820843641	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	25
6820843642	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	26
6820843644	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	27
6820843645	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	28
6820843647	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	29
6820843649	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	30
6820843650	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	31
6820843651	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	32
6820843652	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	33
6820843655	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	34
6820843656	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	35
6820843657	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	36
6820843658	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	37
6820843659	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	38
6820843660	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	39
6820843661	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	40
6820843662	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	41
6820843663	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	42
6820843664	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	43
6820843665	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	44
6820843666	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	45
6820843670	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	46
6820843671	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	47
6820843674	Mahayana Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	48
6820843676	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	49
6820843680	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	50
6820843684	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	51
6820843685	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	52
6820843688	Shogunate	military leaders in Japan	53
6820843690	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	54
6820843691	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	55
6820843694	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	56
6820843695	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	57
6820843698	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	58
6820843699	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	59
6820843700	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	60
6820843702	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	61
6820843704	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	62
6820843705	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	63
6820843709	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	64
6820843713	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	65
6820843714	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	66
6820843715	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	67
6820843716	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	68
6820843717	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	69
6820843718	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	70
6820843719	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	71
6820843722	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	72
6820843723	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	73
6820843725	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	74
6820843726	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	75

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AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

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9320840605	absolutism	concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France	0
9320840606	divine right	the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God	1
9320840607	Parliamentary monarchy	originated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	2
9320840608	ethnocentrism	regarding one's own race or cultural group as superior to others	3
9320840609	conquistador	the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century	4
9320840610	colonialism	control by one power over a dependent area or people	5
9320840611	Viceroy	member of the nobility appointed to rule a country or province as the deputy of the sovereign - means in place of the king	6
9320840612	Columbian Exchange	global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas	7
9320840613	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century	8
9320840614	Devshirme	in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers	9
9320840615	Shah	King, title of the Mughal and Safavid emperors	10
9320840616	Vizier	head of the Ottoman bureaucracy, after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan	11
9320840617	Sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	12
9320840618	Harem	the women in a Muslin household, including the mother, sisters, wives, concubines, daughters, entertainers, and servants - the Ottoman Sultans had large harems	13
9320840619	tsar, czar	Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)	14
9320840620	Cossacks	peasants recruited to migrate to lands in the southern parts of Russia, combined agriculture with military conquests	15
9320840621	Westernization	to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. of western Europe	16
9320840622	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased. Often led to the hoarding of wealth, for because it could be needed unexpectedly for war.	17
9320840623	Joint-Stock Company	A commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. Started by the Dutch East Indian Trading Co. A significant part of mercantilism, in bringing raw materials from colonies.	18
9320840624	encomienda	a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance	19
9320840625	Mita (aka repartimiento)	forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year	20
9320840626	Silver in Colonial Latin America	mining in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish coerced (forced) natives to work in the mines. Spain became very wealthly and powerful from silver profits, using it to trade around the world, especially in China.	21
9320840627	haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy	22
9320840628	plantations/plantation systems	a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery)	23
9320840629	peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World. (Born on the Iberian Peninsula.)	24
9320840630	creoles/criollos	in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents	25
9320840631	mestizo	mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry	26
9320840632	mulattoes	mixed Spanish and African ancestry	27
9320840633	zambos	those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry	28
9320840634	galleons	large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of silver bullion	29
9320840635	triangular trade	the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America	30
9320840636	middle passage	the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade	31
9320840637	Chattel slavery	concept of believing that slaves were merely objects, not humans	32
9320840638	Secular	concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	33
9320840639	Protestant	a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation	34
9320840640	indulgences	a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, sold by the Catholic Church to help raise $$	35
9320840641	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 and discovered the Cape of Good Hope	36
9320840642	Christopher Columbus	explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean opened up the Americas to European exploration. Sailed for the Spanish crown in an attempt to find a new trade route to the East Indies	37
9320840643	Martin Luther	wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation	38
9320840644	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire	39
9320840645	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire	40
9320840646	Vasco de Gama	Portuguese explorer. Commanded the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India	41
9320840647	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, First to circumnavigate the globe.	42
9320840648	Akbar	Ruler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire.	43
9320840649	Shah Jahan	Akbar's Grandson and king. ruled 1628-1658, built the Taj Majhal	44
9320840650	Atahualpa	Last Inca emperor before the Spanish conquest; was in the middle of a civil war with his brother when Francisco Pizarro arrived.	45
9320840651	Montezuma II	Aztec ruler during the Spanish conquest of modern day Mexico. Expanded the empire's boundaries and was killed during an attack on the capital city, Tenochtitlan	46
9320840652	Elizabeth I	last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign was called the "Golden Age of England," known for the flourishing of English drama and the skilled adventurers	47
9320840653	Louis XIV	AKA Sun King. Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there.	48
9320840654	Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)	Grand Prince of Moscow - first ruler to be crowned as Czar of all the Russias and managed many changes that allowed Russia to become an empire	49
9320840655	Peter the Great	Russian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg and changed the social and political systems of Russia into more modern, scientific and European-oriented systems	50
9320840656	King Nzinga/Afonso I	ruler of the Kingdom of the Kongo during the height of the Portuguese slave trade in the region. Converted to Christianity and adopted some European ideas during his reign	51
9320840657	Tokugawa Ieyasu	last of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism	52
9320840658	Shah Ismail I	founder of the Safavid dynasty, Persia, modern-day Iran.	53
9320840659	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors	54
9320840660	Suleyman the Magnificent	Ottoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power	55
9320840661	John Calvin	pastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination	56
9320840662	Scientific Revolution	a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700. Renaissance -> Scientific Revolution -> Enlightenment.	57
9320840663	Galileo Galilei	Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory.	58
9320840664	Nicolaus Copernicus	Renaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church	59
9320840665	Sir Issac Newton	combined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish a work on gravitational force called Principia	60
9320840666	Thomas Hobbes	English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government	61
9320840667	King Henry VIII	Ruled 1509-1547. Major figure of the Protestant reformation who married women to try and have a male heir to succeed him	62
9320840668	Anglican Church	Church of England (Protestant Church established by Henry VIII)	63
9320840669	maritime empires	empires based on sea travel	64
9320840670	Prince Henry the Navigator	the first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold	65
9320840671	caravel	a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships	66
9320840672	Hispaniola	the name Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic	67
9320840673	Treaty of Tordesillas	Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, Spain reserving all land to the west of a meridian and Portugal reserving all land to the east of that meridian	68
9320840674	Sikhism	blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs. a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.	69
9320840675	Little Ice Age	300-year mini-ice age from 1550 to 1850. Led to mass starvation and peasant rebellions in Ming Dynasty China.	70
9320840676	Ming Dynasty	1368-1644, Dynasty who sent Zheng He on a series of naval voyages. Built the majority of the parts of the Great Wall that still exists.	71
9320840677	Zheng He	• Chinese admiral and diplomat during Ming dynasty • explored as far as Africa • traded & collected tribute	72
9320840678	Qing Dynasty	AKA Manchus (ethnic group). TAfricanhe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries	73
9320840679	Astrolabe	A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars	74
9320840680	African Diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the Trans-Atlantic trade.	75
9320840681	Printing Press	1440. invented by Guttenberg; led to more literacy and spread of ideas	76
9320840682	Tokugawa Period	1603-1867 period of rule during which the Tokugawa family held power as Shoguns. Pax Tokugawa. Generally isolationist, but traded with the Portuguese, who brought the first guns to Japan.	77
9320840683	Songhay Empire	1464-1591. Became the dominate kingdom in West Africa after Mail collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. Islamic.	78
9320840684	Kingdom of Kongo	Central African kingdom that converted to Christianity via trade with the Portuguese.	79

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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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5065135332	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	0
5065135333	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
5065135334	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
5065135335	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
5065135336	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	4
5065135337	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
5065135338	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
5065135339	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
5065135340	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
5065135341	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
5065135342	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
5065135343	Greek Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics	11
5065135344	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	12
5065135345	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	13
5065135346	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	14
5065135347	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	15
5065135348	Islam	the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.	16
5065135349	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	17
5065135350	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	18
5065135351	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	19
5065135352	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	20
5065135353	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	21
5065135354	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	22
5065135355	Ancient Egypt	an empire that lasted for 3000 years	23
5065135356	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	24
5065135357	Maya	located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.	25
5065135358	State	A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority	26
5065135359	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	27
5065135360	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	28
5065135361	Assyrian Empire	this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.	29
5065135362	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.	30
5065135363	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	31
5065135364	Sanskrit Scriptures	An ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.	32
5065135365	Vedic Religions	Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.	33
5065135366	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	34
5065135367	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	35
5065135368	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	36
5065135369	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	37
5065135370	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	38
5065135371	Buddha		39
5065135372	Shiva		40
5065135373	Brahma		41
5065135374	Vishnu		42
5065135375	Darius I		43
5065135376	Alexander the Great		44
5065135377	Parthenon		45
5065135378	Agora at Corinth		46
5065135379	Hoplite Armor		47
5065135380	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	48
5065135381	Roman Columns		49
5065135382	Greek Columns		50
5065135383	Pantheon		51
5065135384	Aqueduct		52
5065135385	Colosseum		53
5065135386	Circus Maximus		54
5065135387	Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)	Religion?	55
5065135388	Indian Ocean Maritime System		56
5065135389	Silk Road		57
5065135390	Trans-Saharan Trade Route		58
5065135391	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	59
5065135392	monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	60
5065135393	shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.	61
5065135394	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	62
5065135395	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	63
5065135396	syncretic religion	Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both	64
5065135397	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	65
5065135398	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	66
5065135399	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	67
5065135400	Phoenicia	Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.	68
5065135401	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	69
5065135402	Teotihuacan	A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.	70
5065135403	Moche	civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	71
5065135404	Chaco	An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.	72
5065135405	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	73
5065135406	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	74
5065135407	Chang'an	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	75
5065135408	Pataliputra	The captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires	76
5065135409	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	77
5065135410	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	78
5065135411	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.	79
5065135412	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	80
5065135413	Silk Roads	trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	81
5065135414	Trans-Saharan Caravan Route	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.	82
5065135415	Indian Ocean Sea Lanes	lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China	83
5065135416	Mediterranean Sea Lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	84
5065135417	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	85
5065135418	Shaduf	a mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.	86
5065135419	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	87
5065135420	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	88
5065135421	Greco-Roman Philosophy	Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.	89
5065135422	Zoroastrianism	What religion?	90
5065135423	Christianity	What religion?	91
5065135424	corvee labor	unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government	92
5065135425	tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection	93

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AP World History Chapter 34 Flashcards

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9772724250	Bangladesh	Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan.	0
9773211939	Indira Gandhi	Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru; installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons.	1
9773214909	Corazon Aquino	First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of late 1980s; she served from 1986 to 1992; Aquino, who husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator.	2
9773214910	Jawaharlal Nehru	One of the Gandhi's disciples; governed India after independence; committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.	3
9773220380	Benazir Bhutto	Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power.	4
9773239487	religious revivalism	An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism.	5
9773243850	primary products	food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies.	6
9773243851	neocolonial economy	Industrialization nations' continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism.	7
9773252857	Gamal Abdul	Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal.	8
9773258642	Free Officers movement	Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Borhterhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.	9
9773258643	Muslim Brotherhood	Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalists movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots agaisnt the khedival government.	10
9773267562	Anwar Sadat	Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations.	11
9773267563	Hosni Mubarak	President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West.	12
9773271291	Green Revolution	Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particular important in the densely populated countries of Asia.	13
9773279880	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini	Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government.	14
9773279881	homelands	Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethno-linguistic groups with the black African population, such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.	15
9773285181	African National Congress	Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule, until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa.	16
9773289708	Walter Sisulu	Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa.	17
9773289709	Nelson Mandela	Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. de Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid 1990s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history.	18
9773293275	Steve Biko	An organizer of Black Consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid, murdered while in police custody.	19
9773293276	F.W. de Klerk	White South African prime minister in the late 1990s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time.	20

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AP World Chapter 25 Flashcards

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6247310990	Ghana	a major gold trader	0
6247314223	Sunni Ali	created an effective army/navy, [SONGHAY EMPIRE]	1
6247321053	Kongo	RELATIONS WITH PORTUGUESE, King Nzinga Mbemba- attempts to convert population at large, Roman Catholicism,	2
6247331477	Portuguese and Kongo relations	Portuguese had trouble finding slaves, decided to send Kongo in jungle to find them, relations deteriorated, Kongo coordinated slave trade, Portuguese attack	3
6247344330	Queen Nzinga	resisted Portuguese influence in Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola). Temporary alliance with Dutch to expel Portuguese	4
6247354071	Khoikhoi	"Hottentots", settled by Dutch in Cape Town	5
6247360064	African Islam	African traditions blended with Islam because they believed their own gods had failed them	6
6247364992	Fulani	observed a strict form of Islam, enforced Sharia law, strict adherence to Islamic norms	7
6247372542	Antonian Movement	founded by DONA BEATRIZ, claimed possession of Saint Anthony	8
6247376141	Manioc	staple bread flour	9
6247381650	Slavery in Africa	kinder, slaves assimilate into owner's clan	10
6247387807	Swahili coast	Arab slave traders	11
6247392083	Triangular Trade	Europe>> Africa= manufactured goods Africa>>> America= slaves (Middle Passage) America>>>Europe= raw goods	12
6247399975	Result of Diaspora	distorted sex ratios	13
6247403594	Dahomey	created army dedicated to slave trade	14
6247406573	Marooners	slaves who fled and hid in mountains, communities	15
6247692484	Haiti	controlled by French, Saint-Domique, only successful slave revolt	16
6247695336	Equiano	former slave, became educated, wrote about experiences	17

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AP World History Summer Assignment Flashcards

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10376179731	absolutism	the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.	0
10376179732	agriculture	the cultivation and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.	1
10376179733	aristocracy	the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.	2
10376179734	bureaucracy	a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.	3
10376179735	chiefdom	is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'.	4
10376179736	city-state	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	5
10376179737	civilization	the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	6
10376179738	colonialism	the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.	7
10376179739	demography	the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.	8
10376179740	diaspora	the dispersion of any people from their original homeland.	9
10376179741	divine	of, from, or like God or a god.	10
10376179742	dynasty	a line of hereditary rulers of a country.	11
10376179743	empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.	12
10376179744	epidemic	a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.	13
10376179745	feudalism	the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.	14
10376179746	forager	The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	15
10376179747	genocide	the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.	16
10376179748	globalization	the act of globalizing, or extending to other or all parts of the world.	17
10376179749	imperialism	the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.	18
10376179750	indentured servant	a person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, usually seven years, especially during the 17th to 19th centuries. Generally, indentured servants included redemptioners, victims of religious or political persecution, persons kidnapped for the purpose, convicts, and paupers.	19
10376179751	interregional	relatinɡ to or occurring between different regions.	20
10376179752	kingdom	a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen.	21
10376179753	medieval	relating to the Middle Ages.	22
10376179754	merchant	a person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries or supplying merchandise to a particular trade.	23
10376179755	monotheism	the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.	24
10376179756	nation	a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.	25
10376179757	nation-state	a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.	26
10376179758	Neolithic	relating to or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.	27
10376179759	nobility	the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.	28
10376179760	nomad	a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.	29
10376179761	pandemic	(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.	30
10376179762	papacy	the office or authority of the Pope.	31
10376179763	pastoral	(especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle.	32
10376179764	patriarchal	relating to or characteristic of a system of society or government controlled by men.	33
10376179765	periodization	The study of categorizing the past into discrete quantified named blocks of time in order to facilitate the study and analysis of history.	34
10376179766	polytheism	the belief in or worship of more than one god.	35
10376179767	prehistoric	relating to or denoting the period before written records.	36
10376179768	primary source	is an artifact, a document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, a recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.	37
10376179769	revolution	an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.	38
10376179770	rural	of, relating to, or characteristic of the country, country life, or country people; rustic.	39
10376179771	scribe	a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies of manuscripts before the invention of printing.	40
10376179772	secondary source	is one that was created later by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching. For the purposes of a historical research project.	41
10376179773	serf	a person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another.	42
10376179774	shaman	(especially among certain tribal peoples) a person who acts as intermediary between the natural and supernatural worlds, using magic to cure illness, foretell the future, control spiritual forces, etc.	43
10376179775	slave	a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant.	44
10376179776	socialism	a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole	45
10376179777	state	An area in which there is political system, but are a part of a collection of states. These states form a country. Although these states have their own government, they still follow rules and judgement by the country's government.	46
10376179778	syncretism	the attempted reconciliation or union of different or opposing principles, practices, or parties, as in philosophy or religion.	47
10376179779	theocracy	a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities.	48
10376179780	urban	of, relating to, or designating a city or town.	49
10376179781	synthesis	the combining of the constituent elements of separate material or abstract entities into a single or unified entity (opposed to analysis, ) the separating of any material or abstract entity into its constituent elements.	50

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AP World History Chapter 19 Flashcards

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6361298050	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	0
6361306917	Informal Empires	Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence (e.g., Latin America and China).	1
6361314225	Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912	The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.	2
6361319965	Boxer Uprising	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.	3
6361326738	Meiji Restoration	The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan. The samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring to power the young emperor, Meiji. The new government was committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society.	4
6361334692	Commissioner Lin	Royal official (1785-1850) charged with ending the opium trade in Canton, his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars.	5
6361341531	Battle of Adowa	A battle between Italian and Ethiopian forces that took place in northern Ethiopia. A humiliating battle for the Italians, as the Ethiopian army defeated them and retained their independence against an era of rampant European empire building (at least, until Mussolini invaded in 1935).	6
6361349723	Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	7
6361357227	Sultan Abd al-Hamid II	Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.	8
6361364393	self-strengthening movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	9
6361373161	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	10
6361381387	"the sick man of Europe"	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it failed to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	11
6361388711	Tanzimat	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization."	12
6361396919	Tokugawa Japan	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	13
6361404117	unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	14
6361410883	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	15
6361416961	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.	16

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