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AP Psych - Language Flashcards

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9265493644CognitionThe process of taking in information, processing and storing it, and applying it.0
9265493645SchemaA conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world; a folder or category in someone's mind.1
9265493646ObjectsEverything in a schema.2
9265493647PrototypeThe thing that most accurately represents your schema.3
9265493648PropositionsA declarative sentence about your schema or something in it.4
9265493649AssimulationAssuming something belongs in a schema based on prior knowledge. (All birds have feathers so every creature with feathers must belong in the birds schema.)5
9265493650AccommodationAdding something new to a schema and changing the definition of that schema based on new knowledge. (Believing only fish swim and then seeing a penguin swim and learning it's a bird so changing your definition of bird and fish.)6
9265493651HueristicsProblem solving method that usually gives us a reasonably correct answer quickly, such as a rule of thumb.7
9265493652Insight ThinkingWhen you stop focusing on a problem and the answer suddenly pops into your head.8
9265493653AlgorithmsMethods of answering a question that guarantees you'll get the right answer.9
9265493654Representative HeuristicHelps us make decisions based on how closely something resembles a prototype.10
9265493655Availibility HeuristicMaking decisions based on what's most available or vivid in your mind.11
9265493656Inductive ReasoningA type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.12
9265493657Deductive ReasoningA type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.13
9265493658Confirmation BiasA tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.14
9265493659Mental SetThe tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem.15
9265493660Functional FixednessThe tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.16
9265493661FramingThe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.17
9265493662OverconfidenceTendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions.18
9265493663Belief BiasThe tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.19
9265493664Hindsight BiasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.20
9265493665Belief PerseveranceTendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.21
9265493666PhonemesIn language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.22
9265493667MorphemesThe smallest units of meaning in a language.23
9265493668SyntaxSentence structure24
9265493669GrammarA set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.25
9265493670SemanticsMeaning of words and sentences.26
9265493671PragmaticsWays of communicating meaning other than words. (Body language, tone, etc.)27
92654936723 Stages of Baby SpeechBabbling (sounds without meaning) from 2 - 6 months, one word speech from 6 - 18 months, telegraphic speech (2 words, grammatically correct) from 18 months to 3 years.28
9265493673Surface StructureIn language, the sound and order of words.29
9265493674Deep StructureThe underlying meaning of a sentence.30
9265493675Critical Period for Human Language LearningFirst three years of a person's life; if language isn't learned during this period, it will never be learned.31
9265493676Whorf's Linguistic Determinism TheoryThe language(s) you speak determine how you think, because you think in the same structure you speak in.32
9265493677ChomskyDeveloped the theory of innate grammar.33
9265493678EbbinghausDeveloped the forgetting curve and learning curve.34
9265493679KohlerContributed to Gestalt theory.35
9265493680LoftusResearched malleability of the human brain.36
9265493681MillerThe magic number 7; our short term memory can only store 7 pieces of information at a time.37
9265493682IntelligenceAll of the things that we do when we're thinking, planning, judging, and deciding, AND how well we do it. The ability to take in information, process it, and produce an output (ex: a decision, an idea, a paper, etc).38
9265493683BinetDeveloped the idea of an intelligence quotient, using your mental and chronological age.39
9265493684TermanAmericanized Binet's IQ test, creating the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Creates bell curve with the mean at 100 and a standard deviation of 15.40
9277736174Spearman's G FactorThe general intelligence underlying someone's ability to perform or do a wide variety of tasks.41
9277736175SavantsPeople of low intelligence who have an extraordinary ability. Spearman's G Factor doesn't apply to them.42
9277736176Gardner's Multiple IntelligencesLinguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Spatial-Visual, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal.43
9277736177Linguistic IntelligenceAbility to understand words and language.44
9277736178Logical-Mathematical IntelligenceAbility to understand logical reasoning and problem solving; math, science, patterns, sequences.45
9277736179Musical IntelligenceAbility to create, synthesize, or perform music.46
9277736180Bodily-Kinesthetic IntelligenceAbility to control one's body movements and handle objects skillfully.47
9277736181Spatial-Visual IntelligenceAbility to perceive or create things spatially or visually.48
9277736182Interpersonal IntelligenceAbility to understand and interact effectively with others.49
9277736183Intrapersonal IntelligenceAbility to be aware of and understand yourself.50
9277736184Components of Sternberg's Conception of IntelligenceAnalytical, creative, and practical.51
9277736185Conception of Intelligence: AnalyticalThe intelligence we use to solve problems that have a single correct answer.52
9277736186Conception of Intelligence: CreativeThe intelligence we use to look for multiple correct answers to solve problems.53
9277736187Conception of Intelligence: PracticalThe intelligence we use to solve the problems of every day life.54
9277736188Cattell's 2 Kinds of IntelligenceFluid intelligence and concrete intelligence.55
9277736189Fluid IntelligenceThe ability to take in information really quickly and make decisions based off of what information you're getting. Works quickly. Younger people are much better at working with their fluid intelligence.56
9277736190Concrete IntelligenceThe accumulated knowledge that you've gained over your lifetime. Older people are much better at working with their concrete intelligence.57
92777361914 Components of Emotional IntelligenceAbility to percieve emotions (in ourselves & in others), to understand emotions, to manage one's emotions, and to use emotions.58
9277736192Divergent ThinkingSearching for new ways to solve a problem.59
9277736193Convergent ThinkingNarrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer.60
9277736194Five Preconditions of CreativityExpertise (skill in your field), imagination, personality (contentiousness and openness), intrinsic motivation (self motivation), and an encouraging and providing environment.61
9278182801Perceptual SpeedHow quickly you can take in information.62
9278182802Neurological SpeedHow quickly you process information.63
9278182803WechslerCreated WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Skill) - study personal strengths and weaknesses in 11 different subjects.64
9278182804Aptitude TestA test designed to determine one's capacity to learn.65
9278182805Achievement TestA test designed to assess what a person has learned.66
9278182806Normed TestA test scored on a bell/normal curve.67
9278182807Renorming/Restandardizing a TestAdjusting the bell curve to follow any changes in the mean of a test.68
9278182808Reliability in a TestConsistency. If you give two groups of similar students the same test, they should get very similar scores; if you give one group of students two similar tests, they should get very similar scores. If they do, your test is reliable.69
9278182809Content ValidityThe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. (Testing what it is reported to test; a written driving test wouldn't have content validity because it doesn't test your actual skills at driving.)70
9278182810Predictive ValidityThe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. (The SAT is supposed to predict your success in college.)71
9278182811Concurrent ValidityA way of measuring the validity of one test through comparison of another test that has validity; if they are similar, the test has concurrent validity.72
9278182812GaltonDarwin's cousin who believed intelligence is inherited and was interested in individual differences.73
9278182813GardnerDeveloped theory of multiple intelligences.74
9278182814SpearmanDeveloped g factor75
9278182815SternbergCreated his three conceptions of intelligences (analytical, creative, and practical).76

AP Literature Vocab. Unit 13 Flashcards

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5501342661Accolade(n.) praise or approval; a ceremonial embrace or greeting syn: kudos, acclaim, cheers, plaudits ant: boos, disapproval, censure0
5501344773Acerbity(n.) sourness or bitterness of taste; harshness or severity of manner or expression syn: acidity, astringency, mordancy, asperity ant: blandness, mellowness, mildness1
5501347554Attrition(n.) the process of wearing down by friction or gradual impairment syn: abrasion, erosion, reduction ant: augmentation, proliferation, enlargement2
5501349974Bromide(n.) a trite or commonplace remark; a tiresome or boring person; a sedative syn: platitude3
5501352258Chauvinist(adj.) extravagantly patriotic; blindly devoted to a cause; (n.) such a person syn: superpatriot, flag-waver, jingoist4
5501357703Chronic(adj.) continuing over a long period of time or recurring often syn: recurrent, persistent, inveterate, habitual ant: transitory, transient, sporadic5
5501360800Expound(v.) to explain in detail syn: elucidate, delineate6
5501361793Factionalism(n.) party strife and intrigue syn: infighting ant: unanimity, harmony, agreement, consensus7
5501367814Immaculate(adj.) spotless; without blemish or fault syn: unsoiled ant: blemished, tarnished, stained, sullied8
5501369467Imprecation(n.) a curse; the act of cursing syn: execration ant: benediction9
5501370907Ineluctable(adj.) not able to be avoided, changed, or overcome syn: unavoidable, inevitable ant: avoidable, escapable, reversible, revocable10
5501388911Mercurial(adj.) characterized by rapid and unpredictable changes of mood; fickle or inconstant syn: erratic, capricious, volatile ant: phlegmatic, sluggish, constant, steady11
5501391775Palliate(v.) to make less serious or severe by glossing over; to relieve without actually curing, mitigate syn: alleviate, extenuate ant: intensify, magnify, aggravate12
5501397167Protocol(n.) customs and regulations dealing with official behavior and etiquette, as in a court or among diplomats; a type of international agreement; a memorandum, official account, or record syn: code of conduct, minutes13
5501406492Respendent(adj.) shining or gleaming brilliantly; splendid or magnificent syn: radiant, dazzling, glorious ant: dull, lusterless14
5501409462Stigmatize(v.) to brand or mark as in some way discreditable, disgraceful, or ignominious syn: sully, taint ant: whitewash, laud, extol15
5501412081Sub Rosa(adv.) in secret; confidentially; privately; (adj.) secretive syn: secretly, covertly, stealthily, furtively ant: overtly, openly16
5501415982Vainglory(n.) excessive pride in and boastfulness about one's own accomplishments or qualities; a vain show or display syn: vanity, conceit, swagger, pretentiousness ant: humility, modesty, diffidence17
5501420219Vestige(n.) a trace or visible evidence of something that once existed but now is lost or vanished syn: artifact, remains18
5501421959Volition(n.) the power to choose, will, or decide; the act of choosing, willing, or deciding syn: free will, choice ant: coercion, compulsion, duress19

AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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7767416554Ad Hominem ArgumentLatin for "to or against the person," this fallacy involves switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker0
7767416555Ad Populum (bandwagon appeal)This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."1
7767416556AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning2
7767416557AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something that is commonly known. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical.3
7767416558AmbiguityThe multiple meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.4
7767416559AnalogyA similarity or relationship between two things. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with something more familiar.5
7767416560antecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun6
7767416561AntithesisA figure of speech that involves an opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.7
7767416562Appeal to False AuthorityThis fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise on a subject is cited as an authority.8
7767416563ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.9
7767416564Archaic DictionOld-fashioned or outdated choice of words10
7767416565AsyndentonOmission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.11
7767416566AttitudeA writer's position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing.12
7767416567CaricatureA representation in which the subject's features are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect.13
7767416568ConcessionAn acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.14
7767416569ConnotationsMeanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition. Connotations are positive or negative.15
7767416570ContextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.16
7767416571CounterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward17
7767416572ChiasmusA figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of terms.18
7767416573AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order. Antimetabole is a type of chiasmus, but not all chiasmus are a type of antimetabole.19
7767416574ColloquialismSlang or informality in speech or writing20
7767416575ClaimAlso called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.21
7767416576Claim of FactA claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. Ex. Test scores accurately measure a student's success!22
7767416577Claim of ValueA claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. Ex. Video games are corrupting today's youth.23
7767416578Claim of PolicyA claim of policy proposes a change. Ex. Legalize marijuana!24
7767416579Closed ThesisA closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews major points the writer intends to make. Ex. The three-dimensional characters, exciting plot, and complex themes of the Harry Potter series makes them legendary children's books.25
7767416580conceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between two dissimilar objects.26
7767416581Concrete detailSpecific details, facts, or examples used to support the main idea of a text.27
7767416582denotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word.28
7767416583dictionrelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices. Examples of diction include, formal or informal, ornate or plain.29
7767416584didacticdidactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially teaching moral or ethical principals30
7767416585ethosA speaker's expertise, knowledge, experience, sincerity, and common purpose with the audience are examples of how a speaker demonstrates they are credible and trustworthy.31
7767416586euphemisma more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts32
7767416587extended metaphora metaphor developed at great length33
7767416588homilyThis term literally means, "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.34
7767416589hyperbolea figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement35
7767416590imagerythe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions36
7767416591inferto draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. Inferences are not directly stated.37
7767416592ironythe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.38
7767416593juxtapositionplacing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas closely together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.39
7767416594logical fallacyA mistake in verbal reasoning. The reasoning must be potentially deceptive.40
7767416595metaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of unlike things. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought-provoking, and meaningful.41
7767416596mode of discourse: expositionwriting that intends to inform and demonstrate a point42
7767416597mode of discourse: narrationwriting that tells a story or relates a series of events43
7767416598mode of discourse: descriptionwriting that creates sensory images, often evoking a mood or atmosphere44
7767416599mode of discourse: argumentationwriting that takes a stand on an issue and supports it with evidence and logical reasoning45
7767416600onomatopoeiaa figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sound of words46
7767416601parallelism/parallel construction/parallel structurethe grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs to give structural similarity47
7767416602parodya work that closely imitates the style or content of another work with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule48
7767416603pathosa speaker's intent to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience49
7767416604personificationa figure of speech in which the author endows an inanimate object with human qualities or characteristics50
7767416605point of view--first personThe perspective from which a story is told. 1st person--tells the story with the pronoun "I" and is a character in the story.51
7767416606point of view--third person limited omniscientUses "he," "she," and "it." Limited omniscient--the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character52
7767416607proseProse refers to fiction and nonfiction. Prose is written in ordinary language and most closely resembles everyday speech.53
7767416608repetitionThe duplication of any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, sentence, or grammatical pattern.54
7767416609rhetoricGreek for "orator" describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively55
7767416610logosemploys logical reasoning, combining a clear idea with well-thought-out and appropriate examples and details56
7767416611rhetorical appealsThe persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to a given work.57
7767416612oxymorona paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words58
7767416613personathe face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience59
7767416614polemicAn aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Ex. No concession to other arguments.60
7767416615polysyndetonThe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.61
7767416616propagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause62
7767416617Qualifierwords used to temper a claim, making it less absolute Ex. usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely63
7767416618schemeartful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words64
7767416619second-hand evidenceevidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation65
7767416620tropeartful diction; a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche66
7767416621metonymya figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it.67
7767416622synecdochefigure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. Ex. "All hands on deck!"68
7767416623ZeugmaThe use of a word to modify two or more words when it is appropriate to use only one of them or is appropriate to use each but in a different way. Ex. "To wage war and peace" or "On his fishing trip he caught three trout and a cold."69
7767416624rhetorical questiona question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply70
7767416625satirea work that targets human vices and follies, or societal institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule71
7767416626similean explicit comparison, using "like" or "as"72
7767416627styleAn evaluation of a sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.73
7767416628syllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents to premises--the first one called major and the second minor--that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.74
7767416629symbolAn object, action, character, scene, or idea that represents something more abstract.75
7767416630syntaxthe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences76
7767416631themethe central idea or message of a work. Themes should be expressed in complete sentences by combining the topic with a verb. Ex. Forgiveness is earned through sacrifice.77
7767416632thesisThe thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly express the author's opinion, purpose, meaning or proposition.78
7767416633tonetone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.79
7767416634moodThe dominant impression or emotional atmosphere evoked by a text. Ex. Mood is how "you" feel after reading a text.80
7767416635transitiona word or phrase that links different ideas or effectively signals a shift from one idea to another.81
7767416636rhetorical strategiesA global term that refers to all the strategies an author can use. Ex. structure, purpose, style82
7767416637begging the questionA fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.83
7767416638Either/Or (false dilemma)In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.84
7767416639First-hand evidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience or observations.85
7767416640Hasty generalizationA fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate information. Ex. Smoking isn't bad for you; my aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90.86
7767416641Hortative SentenceSentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. Ex. "Let both sides explore what problem unite us..."87
7767416642occasionthe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written88
7767416643open thesisan open thesis is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Ex. The popularity of the Harry Potter books demonstrates that both young and old readers value the fanciful world of wizardry.89

AP Literature Style Flashcards

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7734595811ApostropheA figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed0
7734595812AntithesisUsing opposite phrases in close conjunction. Examples might be, "I burn and I freeze," or "Her character is white as sunlight, black as midnight." It can be a contrast of opposites: "Evil men fear authority; good men cherish it." Alternatively, it can be a contrast of degree: "One small step for a man, one giant leap for all mankind."1
7734595813AsyndetonThe artistic elimination of conjunctions in a sentence to create a particular effect. "He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac." (Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957)2
7734595814ChiasmusAn author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed order to achieve particular effects. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out. For example: "By day the frolic, and the dance by night." "I lead the life I love; I love the life I lead." "Naked I rose from the earth; to the grave I fall clothed."3
7734595815ConnotationWhat a word suggests beyond its basic definition; a word's overtones of meaning4
7734595816DenotationThe basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word5
7734595817EkphrasisThe poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words6
7734595818Epigram(1) A short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation. (2) A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement.7
7734595819Extended Figure(AKA sustained figure) A figure of speech (usually metaphor, simile, personification, or apostrophe) sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem8
7734595820Figurative LanguageLanguage employing figures of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or only literally9
7734595821Figure of SpeechBroadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another10
7734595822InversionCreated by alteration of the standard English word order S-V-O in a sentence. Often used to call attention to something, perhaps to emphasize a point or an idea by placing it in the initial position, or to slow the pace with unusual order; common in Shakespeare as he 'inverts' sentence order for rhythmic effect as in Twelfth Night when Orsino says "...so full of shapes is fancy."11
7734595823JuxtapositionPositioning opposites next to each other to heighten the contrast12
7734595824MetaphorA figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike13
7734595825MetonymyA figure of speech in which some significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the whole experience14
7734595826OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that supposedly mimic their meaning in their sound (for example, boom, click, plop).15
7734595827PersonificationA figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal, an object, or a concept16
7734595828RhythmAny wavelike recurrence of motion or sound17
7734595829SentimentalityUnmerited or contrived tender feeling; that quality in a story that elicits or seeks to elicit tears through an oversimplification or falsification of reality18
7734595830SimileA figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The comparison is made explicit by the use of some such word or phrase as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems19
7734595831SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole. In this class it is subsumed under the term Metonymy.20
7734595832SyntaxWord organization and order21

AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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7292969818belabor (v) (e.g., a point)to excessively explain or work out Ex. The students had a strong disdain for the professor who ________________ rudimentary literature.0
7292969819denote (v)to indicate Ex. The creation of the telegraph _____________ the end of the typographical era and beggining of an entertainment based one1
7292969820eschew (v)to avoid Ex. Cities throughout America __________ their Confederate pasts through the removal of historical statues.2
7292971241taciturn (adj.)always silent The shy and ___________ student always had trouble with public speaking.3
7292971242credence (n)belief that something is true Ex. The theory of Natural Selection gained ____________ amongst many scientists after the publication of "On The Origin of Species".4
7292972585evince (v)to show clearly Ex. Despite being incarcerated for manslaughter, the criminal _________ no remorse or regret.5
7292972586nefarious (adj.)wicked Ex. Scam callers hatch _________ schemes in order to chear people out of their money.6
7292974341ostensibly (adv)supposedly not actually ex. _________ many criminals are normal, however they actually possess psychological problems.7
7292978114bastion (n) (use w/ "of")fortress Ex. Obi won believed Princess Leia was his last ___________ of hope.8
7293069806jettison (v)to discard Ex.The editor ______ the verbiage in the novel because it digressed from the main point of the passage.9
7326776911euphemism (n)substituted word used to decrease the effect of the original Ex. Many middle aged women who romantically target young men are addressed by the __________ known as "Cougars".10
7326743215emulate (v)to imitate (to excel) Ex. When the man was five he extolled Tom Brady, _______ the football star throughout high school and in college.11
7326815293innate (adj.)inborn or natural Ex. Weaknesses of robots are typically technological, however the ________ weakness of humans is emotions.12
7326800431gainsay (v)to declare untrue or invalid Ex. The president _________ the reporrted size of his inauguration throng despite statistical and photographic evidence presented to citizens.13
7326830228felicity (n)great happiness Ex. Marriage had brought the man a ___________ he had never known before.14
7326857340onerous (adj.)burdensome Ex. Many American have a strong disdain for the ___________ student debt they are obligated to repay.15
7326867129robust (adj.)strong and healthy Ex. The formerly _______ economy began to weaken after the large stock market crash.16
7326877046dolt (n)a stupid person Although George called Lennie a __________ for his childish ways, George still had respect for Lennie.17
7326892707attenuate (v)reduce the force, the effect, the value Ex. Radio waves __________ as they move out the transmitting antennas.18
7326843592elucidate (v)to clarify Ex. The teacher _________ the old shakespearean text into modern english so the students could assimilate the story.19
7401675487placate (v)to pacify Ex. The administrators _______ protesters by giving into demands regarding the removal of statues.20
7401685214abject (adj.)of the lowest kind Ex.The _________ coward deserted his family and responsibilities upon the arrival of financial crisis precipitated by his own misjudgments.21
7401706143nascent (adj.)recently formed or beginning to form Ex. The actress is currently focusing on her ________ singing career to expand her fanbase.22
7401716745abide (v)to act in accordance w/ Ex. Under the feudal system, medieval knights _____ the decisions of their lords.23
7401740912ameliorate (v)to make something bad better ex. Civil rights activists __________ the condition of minority groups.24
7401754452nadir (n)the lowest point (literally and figuratively) ex. the relationship between the United States and the USSR reached its _________ during the cold war.25
7401768913pungent (adj.)sharp to the senses ex. A ____________ odor is released by a sunk upon feeling threatened.26
7401777033rife (adj.) (use with "with")adundant ex. A govt ________ with political corruption and malfeasance is bound to fall.27
7401804192adept (adj.) (use with "at")very skilled Ex. It was an aberration that Achilles,a man ________ at warfare, would fall due to a measly arrow.28
7401852658surreptitiously (adv.)done in a secret way Ex. The man was a reporter adept at ________________ taking pictures of political scandals.29
7473450207eviscerate (v)to disembowel or deprive something of its central context Ex. Ancient Egyptians _______ their dead during the mummification process.30
7473501599copious (adj.)very large in amount or number ex. The _________ amount of hurricanes are the result of enviornmental repercussions precipitated through the use of fossil fuels.31
7473562909Parsimoniousstingy Ex. The __________ consumers were suffering from the recession and could not afford to indulge in materialistic luxuries.32
7473572785propensity (n)an inclination or natural tendency ex. The student's _____________ to bite her nails precipitates when she feels anxiety.33
7473585460garner (v)to gather ex. The school comitee members ________ criticism after their failure to properly create a district budget.34
7473705536foible (n)a minor characteristic flaw Ex. In the novel, the hero was considered idealistic, however, their greed was the ___________that caused their downfall.35
7473727455Sacrosanct (adj.)Sacred ex. According to the current divorce rates, marriage is no longer considered a ___________ institution.36
7473735532ignominious (adj.)shameful or disgraceful in the highest extent Ex. The ________ marital union btwn the commoner and lady was disdained by the woman's royal family.37
7473748331portend (v)to indicate in advance Ex. Superstitious individuals believe the shattering of a mirror ___________ bad luck in the near future.38
7473761059deftly (adv)skillfully or cleverly Ex.The surgeon ________ performed the high-risk heart transplant and ultimatly saved the life of the patient.39
7524064917abrogate (v)to abolish officially Ex. The 15th amendment __________ slavery in the United States after the Civil War and gave African Americans their weekend.40
7524087369affable (adj.)friendly Ex. He is an _______ man, always willing to stop and talk41
7524123681charlatan (n)academic fraud Ex.The __________ boasted that he could charm off any disease through potions.42
7524163976Irrefragable (adj.)indesputable Ex.The court often assumes that a federal agency acted properly unless an employee offers " __________ proof to the contrary ."43
7524199719vacillate (v)to go back and forth Ex. The commitee ______ their budget for so long so the mayor had to intervene and make a decision.44
7524230878Stellar (adj.)outstanding, of the stars Ex. The Titanic's ________ cast of stars is what essentially earned the movie 10 oscars.45
7524245430circumvent (v)to go around Ex. Big companies _______ American tax laws by opening offices abroad46
7524272221precipitous (adj.)dangerously steep Ex.The ________ decline in glucose can lead to more hunger after a carbohydrate-rich meal.47
7524281463sordid (adj.)dirty Ex. The man managed to rise above the _____ streets upon which he grew up.48
7524296234incidentally (adv)by the way Ex. _______________, I wanted to have a word with you about your expenses claim.49
7622184304protract (v)To prolong Ex. Disagreements between the divorced couple _________ the custody case regarding their child.50
7622184305effervescent (adj.)bubbly, lively Ex. ____________ CO2 floats to surface of a carbonated drink. Ex. The student's _____________ personality can be compared to that of a game show host.51
7631812014Caveat (n)A stipulation to warn or bring awareness Ex. Those buying second hand cars are subject to ___________ emptor principle, meaning as a buyer they must beware.52
7631812015gregarious (adj)sociable Ex. ___________ dolphins are commonly found in pods of 12 and are entertained by human interaction.53
7631812016exacerbate (v)To worse. Ex. Complex military alliances ___________ political tension in Europe after the assassination of Duke Ferdinand.54
7631812017Recalcitrant (adj)Stubborn towards authority Ex. Ghandi was a ___________ figure who followed peaceful protest to defy the British crown.55
7631812018vindicate (v)To clear from guilt To justify Ex. The judge was not presented strong evidence to substantiate the lawsuit against the man and thus __________ him. Ex. The fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and genetics are pieces of evidence ______________ evolution.56
7631812019harbinger (n)Something that foreshadows Ex. The cumulonimbus clouds were a ___________ of an upcoming thunderstorm.57
7631821737Circumspect (adj)Careful in decision making Ex. The ____________ social worker surreptitiously investigates charges of child abuse.58
7631821738Untenable (adj)Impossible to defend w/ logic or reason Ex. The Monica-Lewinsky scandal put President Clinton in an ____________ position in the public's eye.59
7705057191embellish (v)to enhance with detail Ex. Martin Luther King _______________ his sppech with pathos persuasive arguments in an attempt to appeal to the audience's emotions.60
7705059802placid (adj.)peaceful Ex. Yoga and meditation are techniques which could be used to provide an individual a _________ state of mind.61
7705066007mollify (v)to sooth someone's anger of dispositions Ex. The CEO _____________ his workers by taking a pay cut as opposed to laying off a countless number of employees.62
7705077927indelible (adj.)incapable of being erased (literally and figuratively) Ex. The murder left an ____________ stain of blood on the white carpet and could be used by detectives to find the criminal responsible. Ex.The _________ legacy of slavery is the root cause of many modern day American racial tensions.63
7705093281purveyor (n) (use w/ "of")a person or group that promotes or spreads an idea Ex. ____________ of Buddhism fostered the spread of the religion from India to all of east and southeast Asia.64
7705097923explicate (v)to explain in detail Ex. In order for a doctoral student to get their PhD they must ___________ a research project to their superiors.65
7705103524sophomoric (adj)immature or juvenile Ex. The _____________ artile regarding gender norms was rife with fallacies.66
7705106316frivolous (adj.)lacking seriousness Ex. The latest Kardashian pregnancy was a ___________ matter if juxtaposed to the various natural disasters occuring at the same time.67
7705109998assuage (v)to make less painful Ex. The man __________ his friend's greif by buying her flowers after the death of her beloved pet dog.68
7705117029truncate (v)to shorten by cutting Ex. Breaking news regarding an upcoming natural disaster ____________ the regularly scheduled programming.69
7778895105pensive (adj.)deeply thoughtful (in sense of contemplation) ex. The recent death of the woman's mother often put her in a ________ mood as seh recollected joyous memories of the two together.70
7778914694extrapolate (v)to infer based on known facts (stats & data) ex.Biologists ___________ the percent of a population with a specific phenotype using the hardy-weinburg equation.71
7778941629ruse (n)action designed to deceive Ex. Pete's generosity was just a _________ to corrupt Maggie of her innocence.72
7778970176germane (adj.)relevant *X is/is not relevant to y Ex. The lawyer failed to substantiate his evidence because it was not __________ to the case.73
7778985964penchant (n)natural inclination *synonymous to propensity The student's _______ for procrastination was slowly turning into a liability which jeopardized their grades.74
7779005015augment (v)to increase (in size,amount,or degree) *opposite of attenuate Ex.Hormonal problems such as hyperthyroidism can increase blood glucose and thus _______ risk of diabetes.75
7779020795ubiquitous (adj.)existing everywhere all @ once, omnipresent (literal & figurative) Ex. A _____ process that starts immediately after death is decay, which in small animals progresses very quickly.76
7779055721erudite (adj.)scholarly Ex. The most ______ individuals in medical research are located on Longwood ave in Boston.77
7779069062assiduously (adv.)diligently Ex. The students ______ searched for reliable facts and figures which could be utilized in their research project.78
7779076812imbue (v)to inspire Ex. Buddha's encounter with a poor, sick, and dead man _____ him with a sense of purpose he would not have otherwise experienced in the luxurious palace.79
7824852466resonate (v)to echo to evoke emotion Ex. The killing of the unarmed youth ___________ with millions of people and sparked protest. Ex.After a confrontation between patriots and loyalists, The Shot heard around the world __________ throughout Concord and Lexington.80
7824855670pejorative (adj.)belittling Ex. For hard-line Republicans, the word 'liberal' had become a ___________ term.81
7824855671cogent (adj.)convincing Ex. The results of the DNA fingerprinting were the most __________ pieces of evidence for acquittal.82
7824858954codify (v)to arrange systematically Ex. Hammurabi ____________ court cases presented to him in order to equalize judicial verdict for all living in the Babylonian empire.83
7824861592decry (v)to publicly denounce Ex. Violence on television is generally __________ as harmful to children.84
7824861593enjoin (v)to direct or order someone to do something Ex. Islam ________ it's followers to follow five pillars of faith including shahada, salat, zakat, sawn, haaj.85
7824866093perfunctory (adj.)lacking interest or enthusiasm Ex. When we went out to dinner the bored waitress gave us a ___________ hello.86
7824871097tantamount (adj) (with "to")Equivalent in value,significance, or effect Ex. Fox news sees any criticism to the president as ___________ to treason.87
7824871098espouse (v)to express support for (a cause, belief, etc.) Ex. People __________ their support for breast cancer by wearing a pink ribbon.88
7824971284cognizant (adj)knowledgeable of something especially through personal experience Ex.Because I have been on a tight budget for two years, I am very ________ of the importance of using coupons to get the best deals.89
7900373559abate (v)to. make less intense Ex.Gang activity has __________ in the community making the streets safer for all.90
7900375846multifarious (adj.)various Ex. The _____________ life forms in the great barrier reefs create an ecosystem which supplies a large amount of O2.91
7900375847odious (adj.)repulsive, offensive Ex. The _________ treatment of eleven in Hawkin's laboratory precipitated their eventual downfall.92
7900379112dissemble (v)to conceal Ex. Ethan ____________ his sorrow when his wife Zeena told him that they were going to replace Mattie with another girl.93
7900381808aggrandize (v)to increase (negative connotation) Ex. The UN states that a country can not _________________ itself at the expense of it's neighbors.94
7900384719inexorably (adv)ceasleslly Ex. Civil rights activists ____________ protested and boycotted in an attempt to abolish segregation.95
7900386507urbane (adj.)sophisticated or refined Ex. The subway is part of Beijing's transformation to a more ___________ metropolis.96
7900386508ascertain (v)to find out for sure Ex. The denotation of unknown words can be _____________ through the use of a dictionary.97
7900394088deride (v)to ridicule Ex. Before the wright brothers, people __________ the concept of flying.98
7900408157clandestinely (adv)done in a secretive manner Ex. Mike ______________ helped to hide Eleven in his basement because she was his last bastion of hope to find his lost friend Will.99
7940950340cogitate (v)to ponder Ex. He ___________ for many days on how to escape the prison safely. Elizabeth Bennet __________ on the marriage proposal from Mr.Darcy despite the fact that the two initially despised one another.100
7940951527fallacious (adj.)logically false Ex. Lawyers lose cases because of ___________ reasoning the jury doesn't believe.101
7940952526hubris (n)exaggerated pride Ex.Rumplestilskin's ___________ bested him and was the ultimate reason for the unveiling of his name and imminent downfall.102
7940953524intemperate (adj.)lacking moderation Ex. The man's ______________ anger episodes jeoprodized the safety of his young children.103
7940953551embody (v)to personify Ex. No particular religion can ever ___________ the perfection of Religion or lay claim to a monopoly of Truth.104
7940955258jocular (adj)playful Ex. Ellen Degeneres's ___________ personality is what appealed to her audiences and allowed her to prosper in the show buisness.105
7940955259malign (v)to speak harmfully about Ex. Taylor Swift's victim approach maligned Kanye West's name until Kim refuted the fallacies by sharing phonecalls between her husband and the pop singer.106
7940957227malediction (n)an evil curse Ex. The malediction bestowed upon the prince by the witch was due to his inhospitaility, lack of compassion, and greed.107
7940957228capitulate (v)to surrender. Ex. The british empire didn't capitulate the american colonies despite their deficit in funds after the French and Indian War.108
7940960696recapitulate (v)to summarize Ex. Darwin is explicitly taking each organism's ontogeny __________________ its phylogeny.109
8081704191Juxtapose (v)to place side by side to compare and contrast Ex. The art museum of Chicago has a display which ____________ modern art with classical art.110
8082156291feckless (adj.)senseless or lacking purpose Ex. The woman was married to a _____________ man and therfore had the sole responsibility for her large family.111
8082253498circumlocution (n)excessive words to be illusive or avoid Ex.The lawyer used __________ to confuse thr jury into beleving his client's innocence.112
8082282599verbose (adj.)wordy Ex. Time limitations in debates ensure debaters don't have ____________ responses.113
8082568951engender (v)to cause to exist or develop to evolve a feeling of sentiment Ex. Trump's tweets ___________ strong reactions of approval or disagreement from the Twitter World.114
8082679017pariah (n)social outcast Ex.In medeval times, those who defied the church were excommunicated and proclaimed a ____________ by the rest of society.115
8082720016expunge (v)to obliterate Ex. The veteran couldn't _________ the tormenting details from the battlefront and was thus diagnosed with PTSD.116
8082888668lethargy (n)lack of energy Ex.As dieting progresses, the feeling hardens into voracious hunger; restlessness gives way to energy conserving ____________.117
8083021927rarefied (adj.)distant from ordinary people Having a book published is not the ________ literary feat it once was.118
8083043086mordant (adj.)harshly or bitterly sarcastic Ex. The ________ news anchor lost his job after he made a racist joke on TV.119
8208747068obviate (v)To remove Ex. The new treatment _________ many of the risks associated with surgery.120
8208747069unequivocal (adj)Unambiguous Ex. Few political candidates have stated __________ positions oh hot-button issues.121
8208747070scrutinize (v)to examine closely Ex.college admissions offices _________ student applications to determine whether one should gain acceptance.122
8208772425malodorous (adj)Odoriferous Ex.__________ hydrogen sulfide is pungent in scent and toxicity.123
8208772426insolence (n)Disrespectfulness Ex.odysseus's _____________ infuriated Poseidon and caused to Greek god to attempt to murder the hero on many occasions.124
8208772427formulate (v)To create Ex. The doctor attempted ______ a good way to tell the patient they need surgery.125
8208772428paragon (n.) followed by "of"Perfect example Ex. As a paragon of purity, nuns are never to dress immodestly.126
8208772429largess (n)generosity Ex. The billionaire's _________ allowed students to pay tuition with scholarships.127
8208772430potentate (n)a powerful ruler Ex. Ceasar inherited title as _______ of Rome after taking control of its capital city.128
8208772431misnomer (n)Incorrect name or designation Ex. It's a misnomer to call the norovirus the stomach flu because one is respiratory while the other gastrointestinal.129
8266913454trenchant (adj)thoroughly inciteful Nelson Mandela's speech was a powerful _________ attack against apartheid. trenchant review of latest star wars movie130
8266913455equivocate (v)to deliberatly speak ambigiously Ex. The politician equivocated their position on their proposed healthcare plan.131
8266913456roustabout (n)unskilled laborer The _____________ worked long demanding days on the farm tending to crops.132
8266913457plausible (adj)seemingly believable Ex. The asteroid clashing onto earth's surface is a ___________ explanation for the fourth mass extinction.133
8266913458inane (adj)lacking sense, silly Ex. The inane young adult literature contributed no form of comprehensive skill development to its readers.134
8266913459posthumously (adv)done after death Ex. The author's novel was posthumously published 20 years after his death. Many veterans are posthumously given awards for their service to the nation.135
8266913460indomitable (adj)unconquerable Ex. The women's rights activists' indomitable attitude allowed them to vehemently protest for their suffrage. indomitable Arab forces136
8266913461furtive (adj)stealthy; secretive Ex. The spy cast furtive glances in the direction of their target to obtain any sort of intel.137
8266913462IllicitUnlawful Ex. The political scandal consisted of an illicit affair between the married politician and their secretary.138
8266913463Splendiferous (adj)Extraordinary Ex. Disney world's splendiferous display of lights and magic makes it the happiest place on earth.139
8427499613proscribe (v)to describe as harmful ex. Regulations _________ the use of electronic devices on board a plane while it is landing.140
8427504200generate (v)to give rise to ex. Windmills ___________ renewable wind energy, an alternate and prefferable source as oppossed to fossil fuels.141
8427511621disheveled (adj)untidy ex. The girl's _______________ apperance was prominent because she pulled an all-nighter studying.142
8427527784countenance (n)facial appearance ex. The mother's disappointed _______________ guilted the child and caused them to apoligize for stealing cookies from the cookie stars.143
8427534536countenance (v)to emit as acceptable ex. The school doesn't _____________ bullying in any form and places severe punishments on its offendors.144
8427560179prescribe (v)to describe as beneficial Ex. The doctor ___________ antibiotics to treat streptococcus bacteria in the throat.145
8427562472tawdry (adj.)showy but cheap Ex. The woman's tawdry jewelry was clearly made of glorified plastic and derided by high society women.146
8427568441virulent (adj.)extremely hateful ex.The _________ look on the woman's face warned me that she was about to say something unkind.147
8427571453galvanize (v)to motivate to action Ex. Increasing litter ___________ children to volunteer to clean their local park.148
8427577283prescient (adj.)having a sense of future events Ex. Her ________________ as an investor was impressive and resulted in her amassing a fortune.149
8553575567condone (v)to pardon or overlook Ex. By __________ her partner's abusive behavior the woman was jeprodizing both her mental and physical health.150
8553575568specious (adj)seemingly true but not Ex. Sophisticated statistical analysis can sometimes yield ______________ results. Ex.specious excuse151
8553575569crestfallen (adj)sad and disappointed Ex. The _________________ student weeped in their room upon receiving a rejected college acceptance letter.152
8637091065resplendent (adj.)dazzling in apperance Ex. Cinderella's ______________ blue gown was given to her by her fairygodmother so she can attend the ball.153
8553575570nonplus (v.)To puzzle To surprise someone so much that he or she does not know what to think; to confuse Ex. She expected him to ask for a scotch and rather _____________ when he asked her to mix him a martini and lemonade. Ex. X --> Y154
8553575571Skullduggery (n)underhanded trickery Ex. Jack Sparrow was known throughout the Caribbean for his ________________, decieting many, and aquirring great wealth.155
8553575572taxonomy (n)science of classification Ex. By using the process of ______________, the evolutionary relationship of various organisms could be organized to show descent with modification.156
8553575573remiss (adj)negligent *to be Ex. The student had become so ___________ in his studies that he was now failing all of his classes.157
8553575575parlance (n)a particular manner of speaking Ex. Oral contraceptives are collectively referred to in common ____________ as 'the pill'.158
8553575574bellicose (adj)war-like Ex. The president's ____________ tweets regarding his nuclear button could be used to instigate his North Korean opponent.159
8553575576alleviate (v)make less severe Ex. Over the counter medication helped ___________ the symptoms of the common flu and allow a sick individual to be somewhat productive.160
8553575577conciliatory (adj)tending to reconcile Ex. The United Nations has a _______________ role in handling disputes between countries.161
8553575578moniker (n)a name or nickname Ex. Dwane Johnson's _____________ "the rock" was attained from his wrestiling days.162
8553575579insatiable (adj)incapable of being satisfied Ex.Like so many politicians, he had an __________ appetite/desire/hunger for power and position.163
8553575580delineate (v)to describe precisely ex. Using an electron microscope, a scientist can clearly ______________ the organelles of a cell.164
8553575581indubitable (adj)certain, without doubt Ex. The ____________ benefit of using coupons is the ability to save money.165
8553575582raze (v)to tear down completely; to destroy ex. The mongols _________ the city of Baghdad as well as the Abbasid dynasty through slaughter and brute force.166
8553575583minutiae (n)trivial details Ex. Most people are not interested in the ___________ of the research, just its conclusions.167
8553575584carp (v)to complain pettily Ex. WB entertainment was tired of critics ___________ their DCEU movies and thus decided a different approach with Wonder Woman.168
8553575585enigma (n)a mystery Ex. Much of the brain remains an _____________ to neurologists, such as gray matter.169
8787099393glean (v)to gather bit by bit; to gather with patient labor followed by *from ex) In his research paper the student _________ From several library resources, Sara was able to glean enough information to write her research paper.170
8787099394fraught (adj)filled with *to be ex)since the couple's marriage had been__________ with issues for years, it came as no surprise to anyone when they filed for divorce.171
8787099395diatribe (n)a bitter and prolonged verbal attack ex)Since the essay contained no objectivity at all, everyone assumed it was simply the critic's personal ___________.172
8787099396frenetic (adj)frantic, wildly energetic ex) After keeping up a ___________ pace trying to keep up with classes, work, and family, the student felt like she was on the brink of a nervous breakdown.173
8787099397allay (v)to reduce (fear, concern) ex) The teacher ________ the concerns of her students regarding the low scores on their recent test, by deciding to scale it.174
8787099398nuance (n)a slight or subtle difference ex) As a teacher, I would like to see some __________ among the many essays I have to read this week.175
8787099399recant (v)to formally withdraw something spoken ex)Rather than be considered crazy, the man ___________ his statement of an alien abduction.176
8787099400benefactor (n)one who does good to others ex)After the university received ten million dollars from a ________________, it was able to add a new branch to the library.177
8787099401impeccable (adj)flawless ex)Your _______________ work ethic and great attention to detail are reasons enough for hiring you.178
8787099402pedantic (adj)making mountains outside of a molehill ex) The _________ rubric for the essay focuses orimarily on grammer not development of idea.179
8888105841assertion (n)Confident and forceful statement ex)The manager was pleased with the _______ handshake from the interviewee.180
8888105842coherent (adj)logically held together ex)If you can't explain this concept in a more _______ way, I will never be able to understand it.181
8888105843Didactic (adj)intended to teach ex)The purpose of the ________ presentation was to teach us all about the dangers of cigarette smoking.182
8888105844exculpate (v)to clear from guilt or blame Although the student's explanation clarifies the reasoning behind why he didn't complete the project, his excuse doesn't _________ him from responsibility for its failure.183
8888105845incontrovertible (adj)indisputable Debating that aliens exist cannot be deemed an ________________ truth as we have yet to see proof of their existence.184
8888105846listless (adj)lacking energy, lacking enthusiasm Because Las Vegas is always open and active, it cannot be described as a ____________ tourist destination.185
8888105847convoluted (adj)extremly complex & difficult to follow My head began to hurt as I listened to the professor's ___________ speech.186
8888105848obscure (adj)not known well Because the millionaire was a shy man, he enjoyed living an ___________ life in the country.187
8888105849impede (v)to obstruct The new beverage laws are designed to impede the actions of people who drive under the influence of alcohol.188
8888105850quandary (n.)a puzzling situation; a dilemma Hopefully my doctor can clear up my medical quandary about which brand of vitamins to take.189
9092850673discourse (n)written or spoken communication or debate Stranded on the deserted island, the castaway (tom Hanks) longed for discourse with another human being.190
9092850674Cryptic (adj)mysterious or obscure Younger children will find it hard to understand the cryptic directions that go along with the chemistry set.- cryptic message191
9092850675Indolent (adj)lazy Millenials are viewed as indolent individuals who only want handouts.192
9092850676coup (n)violent political takeover During the coup, the king and his queen fled to the safety of a neighboring kingdom. Aeneas was the only trojan who survived the siege of Troy in the illiad.193
9092850677Proliferate (v)to spread rapidly in numbers The U.S. seems to be the top watchdog to ensure that weapons of mass destruction do not proliferate in any nation. When the country was threatened by foreign nations they proliferated warnings to their citizens.194
9092850678vilify (v)to slander Because the celebrity felt the magazine editor tried to vilify her as a bad mother, she sued him for slander.195
9092850679malfeasancewrongdoing by a public official A govt rife with political corruption and __________ is bound to fall.196
9092850680timorous (adj)fearful The timorous witness refuses to testify because of the defendant's murderous reputation197
9092850681Corroborate (v)Confirm with evidence My coworkers can corroborate the fact I was at work all day.198
9092850682cajole (v)to persuade by flattery In order to cajole the man off the ledge, the police showed him a picture of his wife.199
9176886870penitent (adj)feeling regret/ remorseful Emma was a ___________ gossip who had come to ask Mr.Knightly for forgiveness.200
9176886871disparity (n)a great difference The ___________ in healthcare treatment was an issue many public health majors intend to address.201
9176886872frenetic (adj)frantic; frenzied202
9176886873Tenuous (adj)very weak (can't use to describe a person) The local theater has had a ____________ existence in recent years due to television and cinema.203
9176886874impinge (v)to negatively affect (x on) Hail was noisily ___________ upon the car's exterior, causing minor dents.204
9176886875hegemony (n)dominant leadership European intellectuals have long debated the consequences of the _____________ of American popular culture around the world . , Hussan's __________ on Iraq.205
9176886876schism (n)a great division . (btwn/in) Ex. Islam's schism into Sunni and Shia occured because Mohammad did not officially proclaim his succesor.206
9176886877Watershed (n)event marking a turning point (followed by event/moment) A watershed moment in her life came when she inherited a reasonable sum of money and was able to start her own coffee shop207
9176886878Parochial (adj)narrow or limited in scope Because of the woman's parochial upbringing in the country, she knows nothing about living in a large city.208
9176886879Squander (v)to waste in a reckless manner Many dynastic rules end due to their ruler's squandering, causing economic and social unrest in their nation.209
9363150620Opulent (adj)wealthy, lavish Even though the evil king knew many of his people were dying of starvation, he continued to spend money decorating his opulent castle.210
9363150621Imperious (adj)domineering The principal is an imperious man who expects his students and faculty to obey him.211
9363150622auspicious (adj)Promising success After his boss praised him for his work on the big project, Sam felt it was an auspicious time to ask for a promotion.212
9363150623proximity (n.)nearness, closeness In isolated communities, families who live within close proximity of each other usually arrange marriages for their children.213
9363150624dispargeto belittle It is never right to disparage people based on ethnicity.214
9363150625prognosticateuse data to predict or foretell a future event Today your doctor will be performing your annual physical in order to prognosticate your future health. ex) meteorologist/ wall street ppl215
9363150626confoundto confuse; puzzle The kidnappers covered their victim's head with a black bag to confound him about the location of their secret hideaway.216
9363150627parity (n)equality, as in amount, status, or value Because both playoff teams are great, the parity of the championship games is going to make for exciting television.217
9363150628Fatuous (adj)Silly and pointless Because of your nausea, you should feel fatuous for competing in the eating contest.218
9363150629expiate (v)to make amends Because Bill lacks an income source, he can only expiate for his crime by collecting trash on the side of the roads.219
9686924511ebullience (n)cheerfullness On the day of her wedding, nothing could stop the bride from feeling Ebullience.220
9686924512inverteratehabitual William is an inveterate art collector who never misses an art show.221
9686924513ingrate (n)an ungrateful person After the singer refused to accept the award, she was called an ingrate by many of her peers.222
9686924514efficacyeffectiveness Even after conducting the study, the scientist was not able to prove the cancer drug's efficacy.223
9686924515arbiter (n)one who settles a dispute The teacher acted as an arbiter when she tried to mediate a disagreement between two students224
9686924516Ostentatious (adj)pretentiously showy The little girl's birthday party was an ostentatious affair with live ponies, a chocolate fountain, and a six-tier cake225
9686924517denigratebelittling to attack the reputation of During the election, the crooked politician did everything in his power to denigrate his rival.226
9686924518efface(v.) to wipe out Lester tried to efface his wife's presence in the apartment by removing all of her photographs.227
9686924519mercuricalprone to changes in mood and mind Ever since my daughter turned thirteen, she has been displaying a mercurial personality which alters from one minute to another.228
9686924520soporificsleep-inducing There is a soporific effect of eating that makes many people sleepy after every meal.229
9686924521indifferent"prefrenceless" My husband seemed indifferent to the food on his plate and ate it without comment.230
9686924522staid (adj)unemotional When people describe my boss, they describe him as a staid man who never smiles.231
9686924523nocturnalactive at night Owls232
9686924524diurnalactive during the day plants233
9686924525Florid (adj)excessively ornamented234
9686924526reclamationthe act of making something useful again ex) Carts at supermarkets are put back into reclamation centers to be used by other customers.235
9686924527moribund (adj)dying; near death Moribund junior year236
9686924528prosaicdull having qualities of Prose237
9686924529castigateto reprimand severely The author castigated the prime minister as an ineffective leader.238
9686924530flippantlacking in seriousness; disrespectful, saucy239

AP Literature Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7976358850AsyndetonDerived from a Greek word meaning unconnected. A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions0
7976372311BildungsromanA coming of age story1
7976383014Blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter2
7976383015CaesuraA natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.3
7976389281Jargonnonsensical talk; specialized language4
7976392522Juxapositionplacement of two things side by side for emphasis5
7976395865MalapropismA word humorously misused6
7976398659PanegyricAn expression of praise7
7976412855PolysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions8
7976484006EllipsesThe deliberate ommission of a word or words readily implied by context (...)9

Academic Vocabulary for AP Language and Composition LYBBERT Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8572524216ad hominemLatin for "to the man" this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.0
8572529265ad populum (bandwagon appeal)This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."1
8572532031AlliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.2
8572538172AllusionBrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.3
8572542202AnaphoraRepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.4
8572546511Appeal to false authorityThis fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as credible. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.5
8572550346Archaic dictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.6
8572556478ArgumentA process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.7
8572558876AssertionAn emphatic statement; declaration. When supported by evidence, this becomes an argument.8
8572565411AssumptionA belief or statement taken for granted without proof. (See Warrant)9
8572573960BackingIn the Toulmin model, this consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption (warrant) lacks authority.10
8572580622Begging the questionA fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt--where the writer or speaker assumes the statement under examination to be true.11
8572583294BiasPrejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.12
8572587788Circular reasoningCircular reasoning13
8572591947CiteIdentifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source14
8572596371ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence. It differs from a topic or a subject in that it must be arguable.15
8572600892Claim of factasserts that something is true or not true.16
8572605074Claim of policyproposes a change17
8572624764Claim of valueargues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.18
8572627791Classical orationFive-part argument structure, including (exordium, narratio, confirmatio, refutatio and peroratio)19
8572662433Closed thesisa statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.20
8572669327Close readingis attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.21
8572671750Colloquial/ismAn informal or conversational use of language.22
8574156476Common groundShared beliefs, values, or positions.23
8574156477A complex sentenceincludes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.24
8574156478ConnotationThat which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.25
8574156479ContextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.26
8574156480CounterargumentA challenge to a position; an opposing argument.27
8574156481cumulativeThis type of sentence completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.28
8574156482declarativeThis type of sentence makes a statement.29
8574156483DeductionReasoning from general to specific. A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). Usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism30
8574156487DenotationThe literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.31
8574156488DictionWord choice.32
8574156489Either/Or (false dilemma)A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.33
8574156490EthosA Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals. Usually thought of as credibility.34
8574156491Euphemisma mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. ("Passed away" for "died".)35
8574156492Faulty analogyA fallacy in which two things are compared that are not comparable. For instance to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore the significant and profound differences between animals and people.36
8574156493Figurative languageThe use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.37
8574156494Figure of speechAn expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.38
8574156495First-hand evidencebased on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.39
8574156496Hasty generalizationA fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.40
8574156497HortativeA sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.41
8574156498HyperboleExaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.42
8574156499ImageryVivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).43
8574156500Imperative sentenceA sentence that requests or commands.44
8574156501InductionReasoning from specific to general. From the Latin "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization: (Regular exercise promotes weight loss. It lowers stress levels, and improves mood and outlook. Therefore, exercise contributes to better health.)45
8574156502IronyA contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.46
8574156503JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis, with contrasting effect.47
8574156504LogosA Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals48
8574156505Logical fallacypotential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.49
8574156506MetaphorA figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.50
8574156507Open thesisdoes not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Instead, it summarizes the main idea or claim.51
8574156508OxymoronA figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.52
8574156509ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.53
8574156510ParallelismThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.54
8574156511ParodyA piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.55
8574156512PathosA Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals56
8574156513PersonaThe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.57
8574156514PersonificationAssigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.58
8574156515PolemicGreek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Generally does not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.59
8574156516Post hoc ergo propter hocOne may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation; it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier.60
8574156517PremiseTogether, a major and minor one of these make up a syllogism.61
8574156518PropagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.62
8574156519PurposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.63
8574156520QualifiersThese include words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.64
8574156521Quantitative evidenceincludes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers.65
8574156522RebuttalThis gives voice to possible objections.66
8574156523RefuteTo discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.67
8574156524Reservationhis explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.68
8574156525RhetoricThe study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."69
8574156526Rhetorical Appealstechniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major ones are ethos (character/credibility), logos (reason or logic), and pathos (emotion).70
8574156527Rhetorical modesPatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; these include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.71
8574156528Rhetorical questionpurpose is more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.72
8574156529Rogerian argumentsThese are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. Aimed at compromise by ALL parties.73
8574156530SatireAn ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it. Driven by anger and a desire to create social change74
8574156531Second-hand evidenceaccessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.75
8574156532SimileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.76
8574156533Simple sentenceA statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.77
8574156534Chekov's view about how many words should be in a textconciseness is the sister of talent78
8574156535SpeakerA term used for the author or person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.79
8574156536Straw manA fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute and idea.80
8574156537StyleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.81
8574156538SubjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.82
8574156539SyllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise83
8574156540SynedocheFigure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.84
8574156541SyntaxSentence structure.85
8574156542SynthesizeCombining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex, not just the sum total.86
8574156543TextWhile this term generally means the written word, it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.87
8574156544Chekov's GunA principle which states that all objects in a text MUST be intentionally present. If a thing is not critically important to the text, take it out.88
8574156545ThesisA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.89
8574156546ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.90
8574156547Topic sentenceMost often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.91
8574156548Toulmin ModelAn approach to analyzing and constructing arguments that includes this template: Because (evidence as support, therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation.92
8574156549UnderstatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.93
8574156550VoiceIn grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.94
8574156551Warrantan assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.95
8574156552ZeugmaUse of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous meanings. "She broke his car and his heart."96
8574191336Relevant, sufficient, and accurateThis describes the minimum requirements for evidence in an intelligent argument97
8702054549Pragmaticdealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.98
8702056892Querulouscomplaining in a petulant or whining manner99
8702064303Didacticintended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive, often in a patronizing way.100
10311538411PeriodicA sentence which has the main clause or predicate at the end. This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made. It can also create suspense or interest for the reader.101
10336436875Jargonspecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.102
10336459661Circumlocution:the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.103
10336935247Synecdochesubstituting a part (literally... a part of the thing, not something associated with the thing) for the thing itself. "Wheels" to refer to a car.104
10336942515Metonymyreferring to something associated with a thing as if it's the whole thing. Example: boots on the ground to refer to soldiers.105
10349634151Antithesis:From Greek, meaning "to place against". two things that are polar opposites. In literature, often written with parallel grammatical structure.106
10349636280Vernacular:the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.107

Ap Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8291614468literatiliterary or scholarly people0
8291621938Modus Operandiprocedure, method of operating. used often when discerning criminals1
8291640204Kafkaesquemarked by a senseless, disorienting often menacing complexity2
8291649982Last Hurrahfinal attempt3
8291654643Parenthetical expressionword or phrase not part of the main idea and interrupts the main sentence.4
8291670070Semper Fedelisalways faithful5
8291673221leviathananything huge or monstrous6
8291677109lilliputiantrivial or very small7
8291682756Periodic sentenceA long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax8
8292533649idiot savanta person affected with a mental illness who exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field.9
8292545773Lochivarany handsome young heroic man in pursuit of a lady10
8292556389Machiavellionthe end justifies the means, any who is merciless, clever, unethical to obtain his goods11
8292573089ipso factoby that very fact or act: as an inevitable result12
8292578022hoi polloithe masses, the common people13
8292589068Moby Dicka monstrous thing someone obsessively pursues14
8292595899Munchkina small person or an ineffectual or unimportant15
8292604303Alphathe beginning16
8292607242Omegathe end17
8292612528Noble savagea term that refers to an uncivilized person who is really worthy and sensible than some of his civilized counterparts18
8292631356Gravitasseriousness, dignity or importance19
8292638730zeitgeistthe general cultural, intellectual, ethical, spiritual and or political climate of a nation or people group20
8292653780Peter Principalthe idea that people usually rise to the level of their incompetence21
8292659834Carte BlancheUnrestricted power to act at one's own discretion22
8292672419Coup de gracethe blow that kills23
8292674987Peyton placeA seemingly respectable community that actually isn't24
8292687363PlatonicRefers to a chaste and strong type of love that is non-sexual25
8292721885Creme de la cremethe best of the best26
8292727780Esprit de carpthe pride and honor shared b the members of a group27
8292744277Prometheandescribes someone who is independent, defies authority, and willing sacrifices for his/her beliefs28
8292763076Faux paxa violation of accepted social norms29
8292766895Female FataleA woman of seductive charm who leads men into bad situations30
8292780071QuixoticExtravagantly chivalrous or romantic; impractical impulsive and rashly unpredictable31
8292807131Shangri laAn imaginary paradise on Earth, remote and exotic32
8292822760Joie de vivreHearty or carefree enjoyment of life33
8292844839Noblesse obligewith wealth and or powers comes responsibility to others34
8292856657Rube Goldbergdescribes complex gadgets that perform simple task35
8292861430shot heard round the worldevents that have international significance36

AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

Terms : Hide Images
6678474878Hunting and GatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
6678474879CivilizationSocieties with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups1
6678474880NeolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished2
6678474881NomadsCattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies3
6678474882CultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction4
6678474883Agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture5
6678474884PastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies6
6678474885Catal HuyukEarly urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification7
6678474886Bronze AgeFrom 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing8
6678474887MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys9
6678474888Potter's wheelA technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products10
6678474889SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states11
6678474890CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets12
6678474891City-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king13
6678474892ZigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections14
6678474893Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.15
6678474894HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law16
6678474895PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs17
6678474896PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs18
6678474897HieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform19
6678474898KushAfrican state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries20
6678474899MonotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization21
6678474900PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean22
6678474901Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern23
6678474902AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization24
6678474903Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China25
6678474904Shang1st Chinese dynasty26
6678474905OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing27
6678474906Ideographic writingPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing28
6678474907Big GeographyA term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.29
6678474908PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.30
6678474909Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic eraFrom Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas31
6678474910EglitarianBelieving in the equality of all peoples32
6678474911Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundratools33
6678474912Neolithic RevolutionGlobal conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles34
6678474913PatriarchyFather based35
6678474914Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?climatic change36
6678474915Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizationsnew weapons modes of transportation37
6678474916name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralistsChariots Horseback riding38
6678474917Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____ and ____arts artisanship39
6678474918____ arose independently arose independently in all early civilization and subsequently were diffusedsystems of record keeping40
6678474919_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periodsNew religious beliefs41

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