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AP English Literature and Composition Crash Course Ch 6 Literary Terms Flashcards

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7427996405allusiona reference to something in previous literature, history, or culture that adds to or emphasizes a theme of the work0
7427996406allegorya narrative or description with a secondary or symbolic meaning underlying the literal meaning (ex Animal Farm)1
7427996407anecdotea clever little story; a short account of an interesting situation2
7427996408anti heroa protagonist whose attributes are opposite of what is expected of heroes3
7427996409archetypea symbol the recurs often enough in literature over time to be easily recognizable; character types that are common4
7427996410atmospherethe emotional quality of a setting5
7427996411epiphanya moment of insight, spiritual or personal; a character's sudden revelation about life or his or her own circumstances6
7427996412eulogya speech given at the memorial or funeral service in remembrance of one who has died7
7427996413extended metaphora detailed or complex metaphor that is evident throughout a work8
7427996414foila character who posses traits that emphasize the characteristics and qualities of another character, either by being similar to or opposite from that character9
7427996415imagerylanguage that appeals to the senses; 7 types10
7427996416invocationa prayer or statement that calls for help from a god or goddess11
7427996417ironya discrepancy between appearance and reality; 3 types12
7427996418metaphorcompares two generally dissimilar things in order to show something new or to help readers see something in a new way13
7427996419moodthe dominant tone in a piece of literature; typically the emotional quality of a scene or setting14
7427996420motifa recurring element, an image or idea, in a work of literature, whose repetition emphasizes some aspect of the work15
7427996421parablea short tale that teaches through example; often teach a moral lesson16
7427996422paradoxa situation or statement containing contradictory elements which nonetheless seem plausible or true17
7427996423parodya work of satire where the author imitates the language and form of another work to ridicule the author or work18
7427996424soliloquy(primarily found in Shakespeare's plays) a monologue, one character on stage, or in the spotlight, who relates his/her plight19
7427996425symbola person, place, thing, or idea that represents something else20
7427996426syntaxthe order of words in a sentence that results in various sentence types used for a variety of rhetorical effects21
7427996427tonethe speaker or narrator's attitude towards someting or the emotional quality of a passage22
7427996428verisimilitudethe quality in literature of being true to life; details seem realistic and believable, even if the setting is supernatural23
7427996429vernacularthe ordinary, everyday speech of a region24
7427996430catharsisa purging of emotion, experienced by audiences especially through the pity they feel when witnessing the tragic heroe's fall from grace25
7427996431chorusa group of characters in a play who comment on, but do not participate in, the action26
7427996432hamartiaa tragic flaw; an unwitting error in judgment27
7427996433hubrisexcessive pride28
7427996434tragedytypically a drama in which a tragic hero experiences a fall from noble stature29
7427996435tragic heroa person of greater than normal stature who falls from grace due to a tragic flaw or pride30
7427996436Bildungsroman or coming-of-age novelthe protagonist is a child whose experiences teach him or her about the realities of the adult world31
7427996437dystopian novelpresents readers with an apparent perfect (Utopian) society where human life is somehow diminished32
7427996438gothic novelcharacterized by dark, mysterious setting; has supernatural elements, especially ghosts33
7427996439historical novelstory is immersed in historical events; characters interact with history34
7427996440novellaprose fiction longer than a short story, but shorter than a novel35
7427996441novel of mannersthe author details the social customs of an era and/or the social behaviors of a particular social group36
7427996442picaresque novelan episodic novel starring a picaro or rogue (a person of low social status) who wanders or has adventures37
7427996443social novel / social commentaryconcerned with the effect of societal institutions and social conditions of humanity38
7427996444utopian novelpresents an ideal (perfect) society free from typical social problems39
7427996445epistolary novelconsists of letters written by one or more characters40

AP Literature & Composition List 8 Flashcards

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8856708403acquiesceto give in, to comply0
8856716185amityfriendship1
8856720386arduoushard to do, requiring much effort2
8856723351gestaltan organized whole3
8856727668inundate(v.) to flood, overflow; to overwhelm by numbers or size4
8856730282perjuryfalse testimony under oath5
8856735943perspicuityclearness of expression; freedom from ambiguity6
8856735944preposterousridiculous, senseless7
8856738799trepidation(n.) fear, fright, trembling8
8856742640volubletalkative9

AP Literature Vocab Week 2 Flashcards

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3604843373admonishwarn or reprimand someone firmly0
3604843374akimbowith hands on the hips and elbows turned outward1
3604844122lassitudea state of physical or mental weariness; lack of energy2
3604844123licentiouspromiscuous and unprincipled in sexual matters3
3604845059muse (noun and verb)verb. reflect deeply on a subject noun. the source of an artist's inspiration4
3604845920pecuniaryof, relating to, or consisting of money5
3604845921plighta dangerous, difficult, or otherwise unfortunate situation6
3604845922presumptuous(of a person or their behavior) failing to observe the limits of what is permitted or appropriate7
3604846896subversiveseeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution8
3604846897vacuoushaving or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; mindless9

AP Literature Terms Neal V.2 Flashcards

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4315327835alliterationrepetition of two or more consonant sounds0
4315327836allusionreference to something assumed to be well known1
4315327837assonancerepetition of two or more vowel sounds2
4315327838cacophonyharsh sound; opposite of euphony3
4315327839colloquial englishcasual/informal, but correct language of ordinary native speakers4
4315327840connotationassociations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word5
4315327841consonancewords share similar consonant sounds but different vowel sounds; slant rhyme6
4315327842couplettwo line stanza in poetry, usually rhymes and has equal length; usually at the end7
4315327843denotationliteral dictionary definition of a word8
4315327844dictionword choice or vocabulary9
4315327845didactic poetrypoetry that aims for education rather than art10
4315327846dramatic monologuepoem written as a speech/single speaker in a decisive moment11
4315327847end rhymerhyme that occurs at the end of a line12
4315327848epigraphbrief quote preceding a story or literary work13
4315327849euphonyharmonious effect, opposite cacophony14
4315327850exact rhymesounds following initial letters that are identical in sound15
4315327851expressionismdramatic style against realism; dreamlike subjective realm16
4315327852eye rhymespelling of two words looks the same, but they are pronounced differently (cough, though)17
4315327853feminine rhymerhyme of words containing more than one syllable where the rhyme lands on any syllable except the last18
4315327854formmeans by which a literary work conveys meaning19
4315327855formal englishheightened, impersonal language of educated speakers (see diction)20
4315327856general englishordinary language of educated native speakers (see diction)21
4315327857hyperboleexaggeration or overstatement22
4315327858iambunstressed, stressed (meter; type of foot)23
4315327859iambic pentameterfive iambic feet per line (meter)24
4315327860imagereference to a sensory experience in literature25
4315327861imagerycollective set of images in a literary work26
4315327862impressionismwhen a literary work centers on a character's mental life rather than surrounding reality; emphasizes external events rather than impression they leave27
4315327863internal refrainrefrain within a stanza28
4315327864internal rhymerhyme occurs within a line of poetry29
4315327865ironya discrepancy in meaning/ meaning is masked (dramatic, verbal, situational)30
4315327866levels of dictionFormal English (highest) General English Colloquial English Vulgate (lowest)31
4315327867lyricshort poem expressing thoughts, feelings of a single speaker32
4315327868masculine rhymerhyme of one syllable words OR rhyme of stressed final syllable33
4315327869metaphorcomparison by stating that one thing IS another34
4315327870metonymywhen the name of something is substituted in for something similar (i.e White House for President) A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").35
4315327871narrative poempoem that tells a story36
4315327872onomatopoeiaword imitating a sound37
4315327873personificationnon-human object is given human characteristics38
4315327874poetic dictionelevated language/specialized vocabulary39
4315327875quatrainstanza consisting of four lines40
4315327876refrainlines repeated at intervals in a song or poem41
4315327877rhymetwo or more words that contain identical or similar vowel sound42
4315327878rhyme schemerecurrent pattern of rhyme43
4315327879similecomparison of two things using like, as, resembles44
4315327880sonnetpoem of fourteen lines, usually with ten syllables per line45
4315327881synechdochefigure of speech in which a part of something is made to represent the whole, or vice versa46
4315327882terminal refraingroup of repeated lines following a stanza47
4315327883themethe central topic a text writes to; what the work SAYS about the subject48
4315327884toneattitude of a writer towards a subject or audience49
4315327885understatementthe presentation of something as smaller or less important than it actually is50
4315327886vulgatelowest level of diction; common/casual51
4315327887slant rhymealmost rhyme; either assonance or consonance in place of true rhyme52
4315327888stream of consciousnessstyle of writing that portrays the inner workings of a character's mind53
4315327889surrealismallowing subconscious or dream-like imagery to lead the poem54
4315327890symbola person, place, or thing which has meaning for itself but also stands for something more than itself55
4315333101animismThe belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits56
4315333102idiosyncratic(adj.) peculiar to one person; highly individualized57
4315335543quasiresembling but not actually being; seemingly but not actually or completely58
4315335544bulwark(n.) a strong defense or protection, a solid wall-like structure for defense; (v.) to provide such defense or protection59
4315337236circumspectCareful, cautious60
4315337237reparteeQuick, witty conversation61
4315337238pathosAppeal to emotion62
4315338716ethosAppeal to credibility63
4315338717logosAppeal to logic64
4315340768mendaciousgiven to lying65
4315480039eruditionLearning; knowledge; enlightenment.66
4315519416eruditeLearned, scholarly, bookish67
4315480040convalescencegradual return to health and strength after an illness or other problem68
4315481912haughtyArrogantly superior and disdainful69
4315483210garrulousExcessively talkative70
4315486643terseConcise, brief and to the point (sometimes to the point of rudeness)71
4315486644vexannoy to annoy; irritate; puzzle; confuse72
4315486645perplexto confuse or trouble with uncertainty or doubt73
4315490086caesuraA strong pause within a line of verse.74
4315490087expedient(n.) a means to an end; (adj.) advantageous, useful75
4315490088beguileTo deceive; to charm; to enchant76
4315495698satiricalAttacking human vice or foolishness through irony or wit77
4315508120subsistanceIs self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.78
4315510607extricatefree from an entanglement or difficulty; disentangle79
4315510608laudatoryfull of praise80
4315512016reverentialdeeply respectful81
4315512017siegethe surrounding of a place in order to force it to surrender82
4315512018besiegedto surround someone in an overwhelming way surrounded by enemies83
4316170772elegyA lyric poem that laments the dead.84
4316170773elegaicmournful, grieving in tone85
4316170774subjunctive mooda mood that represents an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible; wishful thinking--if I were you, if he were honest86
4316178347deferentialrespectful and polite in a submissive way87
4316178348piousDevoutly religious88
4316178349pietyreligious devotion89
4316182351sundryVarious; miscellaneous90
4316182352hedonismself indulgence; pleasure-seeking91
4316182353forlorn(adj.) totally abandoned and helpless; sad and lonely; wretched or pitiful; almost hopeless92
4316186428didacticIntended to teach Intended to instruct93
4316186429wherewithalthe necessary means (especially financial means)94
4316188728substantiveessential95

2017 AP LANG VOCAB REVIEW Flashcards

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6806378291PASTAPurpose, Audience, Support, Tone, Authorial Bias0
6806387631Aristotelian TriangleThe relationship between the author/speaker, text, and audience1
6806394764PathosAppeal to the reader/listener's emotions, such as fear, anger, sentiment, patriotism2
6806403295LogosAppeal to the reader or listener's logic3
6806408692EthosAn appeal to the reader/audience by stressing the writer/speaker's trustworthiness4
6806428247Connotative languageWord choice that does more than denote--rather, this language elicits a positive or negative feeling from the reader/listener. Loaded language that encourages judgment..5
6806451581Denotative LanguageNeutral word choice that simply and objectively describes something. Definition.6
6806461785AntithesisIn rhetoric when 2 opposite ideas or objects are placed side by side to create contrast: "Give me liberty or give me death."7
6806490286Claim of valueJudgment Statement that involves taste or morality: something is either good or bad, useful or worthless, etc.8
6806505389Claim of factStatement based on factual, provable evidence. Objective.9
6806525357Claim of policyStatement wherein one plan or action is deemed more desirable or effective than another. Policy claims typically have the words "should" or "ought."10
6807801751AllusionBrief reference to a person, event, place, or work of art11
6807817023Hortative sentenceSentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action: let us ...12
6807825849Imperative sentenceA command: just do it! Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country!13
6807838629InversionAn inverted order of words in a sentence. Like Yoda talk. "Evil he is. Divided we are. Hungry I am."14
6807868173Juxtaposed, juxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences: justaposition of sweetness and saltiness in kettlecorn makes for a delicious treat.15
6807885504OxymoronParadoxical justaposition of words that seem to contradict one another: peaceful revolution, the blind can truly see, etc.16
6807899844ParallelismSimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.17
6807914118Periodic sentenceA sentence whose main clause (an independent clause) appears right before the period.18
6807926474Cumulative sentenceSentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.19
6807940587Rhetorical questionA figure of speech in the form of a question posed for effect rather than for actually getting an answer. What's in your wallet?20
6807953308Ad hominem attackA logical fallacy or weakness in an argument that occurs when the arguer resorts to character assassination rather than a legitimate debate of ideas.21
6807970909Ad populumThe fallacy known as the band wagon: come on! Everyone is doing it!22
6807982601Appeal to False AuthorityA fallacy in which someone famous who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.23
6808001294Either/orAnother fallacy in which the speaker or author argues that only two choices exist--and both are extreme24
6808015752Straw manA fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer deliberately chooses an oversimplified example to ridicule or refute an opponent's idea.m25
6808035219SOAPSSubject Occasion. Audience Purpose Speaker26
6808047769PolemicAn aggressive argument that refuses to concede that other arguments might have merit27
6808067809Compound sentenceA sentence that includes at least 2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction28
6808084211Complex sentenceA sentence that contains a Dependent and an independent clause: "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."29
6808105232AnalogyA comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things30
6808121274AnnotationTaking notes on a text31
6808128553AnecdoteA brief story used to illustrate a point32
6808138494DictionA speaker or writer's choice of words. Archaic diction is old-fashioned or obsolete words.33
6808158508Figurative LanguageNonliteral language that evokes strong imagery: similes, metaphors, personification, paradox, hyperbole (overstatement), understatement. Irony.34
6808181450HyperbolrDeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect. Nantucket!!!35
6808204600ToneA speaker's attitude towards her subject as conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices.36

AP Spanish Literature and Culture Epoca/Moviemiento Flashcards

Obras, épocas, movimientos literarios

Terms : Hide Images
6789024910El Conde Lucanor Ejemplo XXXV (De lo que aconteció a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy brava y muy fuerte)La Edad Media/Mester de cortesia/Siglo XIV0
6789024911Romance del Rey moro que perdió AlhamaLa Edad Media/Juglaria1
6789024912Visión de los vencidos (Los presagios)Siglo de oro/La Conquista/Epoca colonial/Siglo XVL2
6789024913Visión de los vencidos (Se ha perdido el pueblo Mexica)Siglo de oro/La Conquista/Epoca colonial/Siglo XVL3
6789024914Lazarillo de Tormes (Prólogos,tratados 1,2,3 & 7)Siglo de oro/El Renacimiento Español/Novela picaresca4
6789024915Soneto XXIII (En tanto que de rosa y azucena)Siglo de Oro/Renacimiento/Siglo XVI5
6789024916Segunda carta de relación (Selecciones)Siglo de oro/La Conquista/Epoca colonial/Siglo XVL6
6789024917Sátira filosófica (Hombres necios que acusáis a la mujer sin razón)Siglo de Oro/Barroco/Siglo XVII7
6789024918El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la ManchaSiglo de Oro/Renacimiento/Siglo XVII/Novela de caballerías8
6789024919Mientras por competir con tu cabelloSiglo de Oro/Barroco-Culteranismo/Siglo XVII9
6789024920Miré los muros de la patria míaSiglo de Oro/Barroco/Siglo XVII10
6789024921El burlador de SevillaSiglo de Oro/Barroco-Conceptismo/Siglo XVII11
6789024922En una tempestadModernismo/Neoclasicismo/Siglo XIX12
6789024923Volverán las oscuras golondrinasModerna/Romanticismo/Siglo XIX13
6789024924Las medias rojasModerna/Naturalismo/Principios del siglo XX14
6789024925Nuestra AméricaModernismo/La guerra por la Independencia de Cuba/Fines del siglo XIX15
6789024926A RooseveltModernismo/Principios del siglo XX16
6789024927He andado muchos caminosModerna/La generación del 98/Principios del siglo XX17
6789024928San Manuel Bueno MártirModerna/La generación del 98/Siglo XX18
6789024929El hijoModernismo/Siglo XX19
6789024930Peso ancestralModerna/?/Siglo XX20
6789024931Walking AroundModerna/Surrealismo/Siglo XX21
6789024932Siglo de "Balada de los dos abuelosModerna/Vanguardismo / Poesía negra/Siglo XX22
6789024933A Julia de BurgosModerna/Pos-modernismo/Siglo XX23
6789024934Historia del hombre que se convirtió en perroModerna/Teatro del absurdo/Siglo XX24
6789024935La casa de Bernarda AlbaModerna/Siglo XX25
6789024936Prendimiento de Antoñito el Camborio en el camino de Sevilla?/Siglo XX26
6789024937EL SurBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX27
6789024938Borges y yoBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX28
6789024939Chac MoolBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX29
6789024940No oyes ladrar los perrosBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX30
6789024941La noche boca arribaBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX31
6789024942La siesta del martesBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX32
6789024943El ahogado más hermoso del mundoBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX33
6789024944Dos palabrasBoom literario latinoamericano/Siglo XX34
6789024945Mujer negraSiglo XX35
6789024946Mi caballo magoLiteratura chicana/Siglo XX36
6789024947Y no se lo tragó la tierraLiteratura chicana/Siglo XX37
6789024948Siglo de "Como la vida mismaNarrativa del siglo XX/Siglo XX38

AP Literature Vocabulary 4 Flashcards

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4959494786UnctuousSickening flattery; oily0
4959494787VeracityTruthfulness1
4959494788VoracityEating greedily2
4959494789BucolicRelated to the countryside3
4959494790IrascibleEasy to anger4
4959494791VitriolHarsh bitter criticism5
4959494792IndefatigableTireless6
4959494793AcerbicSharp and bitter7
4959494794DetritusOrganic waste8
4959494795IgnominyShame, disgrace9
4959494796EuphemismAn expression or saying that is substituted into an often harsh/offensive remark to make it sound nicer.10
4959494797CanardUnfounded gossip11

AP Literature Terms 2 Flashcards

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6758137515AntagonistA person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something : an adversary The main villian or character that opposes the protagonist Ex: the Grinch (How the Grinch Stole Christmas) Ex: Voldemort/ He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named (Harry Potter)0
6758137516ArchetypeA recurrent symbol or motif in literature, art, or mythology A character, a tion, or situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature Ex: the Hero generally is an archetype that symbolizes everything good, the light, the right, etc. (Hercules) Ex: the Motherly Figure generally symbolizes the emotional "nourishment" and tranquility/ safety (Fairy Godmother in Cinderella)1
6758137517BalladA poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas Ex: All the World's a Stage (Shakespeare) Ex: Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie (William Wadsworth Longfellow)2
6758137518Blank VerseAn un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, it has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter); where, unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones and five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. Ex: Something there is that doesn't love a wall. That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun (Mending Walls-Robert Frost) Ex:But, woe is me, you are so sick of late, So far from cheer and from your former state, That I distrust you. Yet, though I distrust, Discomfort you, my lord, it nothing must (Hamlet- William Shakespeare3
6758137519CaricatureUsed in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect -plastic illustration, derisive drawing or a portrayal based on exaggeration of the natural features, which gives a humorous touch to the subject Ex: Mr. Chadband is a large yellow man, with a fat smile, and a general appearance of having a good deal of train oil in his system. (In other words, he is obese.) Ex: Her eyes were lasers, boring a hole through me. Her ears were smoking, and her hair was on fire. Mom was mad4
6758137520Clichean expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novel -can be used as evidence a well known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no exceptions. Ex: lasted an eternity - to last for a very long time Ex: at the speed of light - to do something very quickly5
6758137521Colloquial/ ColloquialismOrdinary or familiar type of conversation -common or familiar type of saying Ex: wanna - want to Ex: y'all - you all6
6758137522Conceitkind of metaphor that compares two very unlike things in a surprising and clever way -generally is an extended metaphor Ex:Fit as a fiddle Ex: Spill the beans7
6758137523Direct Characterizationdirect approach towards building the character -another character, narrator or the protagonist himself to tell the audience about the subject. Ex: Jared is a kind, inspiring actor. Ex: Jane may have been short and innocent looking.8
6758137524Indirect Characterization(STEAL) audience has to deduce for themselves the characteristics of the character by observing his/her thought process, behavior, speech, way of talking, appearance, and way of communication with other characters and also by discerning the response of other characters. Ex: "Bill sighed as he looked at the offer of a gym membership. He really should join. But just thinking about it made beads of sweat collect at the top of his bald spot." Ex: "I yawned, trying to keep my eyes open in the meeting. I reached for my coffee cup and was disappointed to realize it was empty."9
6758137525ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. -an independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence -a dependent clause (subordinate clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause Ex: Other than baseball (dependent) Ex: Football is my favorite sport (independent)10

Syntax Study Guide AP Literature Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6678814176Plainnot decorated or elaborate0
6678815647Harshhaving a strong undesirable effect1
6678816512AustereSevere or strict in manner2
6678817924WhimsicalPlayfully quaint or fanciful3
6678821838Ornateusing unusual words or complicated structures4
6678824222AbruptBrief and to the point of rudeness5
6678826075ElegantPleasingly6
6678828719Chaoticdisorder7
6678830098Hortativesentence that advises/calls to action8

AP Language Vocabulary 2.7 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9371075488duress(n.) threats, violence, or constraints to pressure someone to do something against their will or better judgment0
9371081026eclectic(adj.) deriving ideas, taste, or style from a broad and diverse range of elements1
9371090141ecstatic(adj.) intensely and overpoweringly happy or joyful2
9371094236efface(v.) to wipe out, obliterate, eliminate3
9371117702efficacious(adj.) effective4
9371125994egregious(adj.) extremely bad, shocking5
9371128450elaborate(v.) develop or present (an idea) in detail6
9371130844elicit(v.) to bring forth, draw out, evoke a reaction from someone to one's own actions or questions7
9371135508elucidate(v.) to clarify, explain, make clear8
9371138098embellish(v.) to make (a statement or story) more interesting or entertaining by adding extra details, especially ones that are not true9
9371145300empathy(n.) the ability to understand and share the feelings of another10
9371147405empirical(adj.) based on or verified by observation or experience rather than theory or logic11
9371151883engender(v.) to cause or give rise to (a feeling, situation, or condition)12
9371159214enmity(n.) the state of feeling ill will, hatred, hostility to someone or something13
9371165529entail(v.) to include as a necessary step, part, or consequence14

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