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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

Rhetorical Terms and Definitions for Ms. Kiley's AP Language and Composition Class.

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5566149913AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.0
5566149914AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not used in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, and/or supply a musical sound.1
5566149915AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical (like referring to Hitler), literary (like referring to Kurtz in Heart of Darkness), religious (like referring to Noah and the flood), or mythical (like referring to Atlas). There are, of course, many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
5566149916AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence or passage.3
5566149917AnadiplosisThe repetition of a key word, especially the last one, at the beginning of the next sentence or clause. For example, "He gave his life; life was all he could give."4
5566149918AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.5
5566149920AnaphoraThe rhetorical device of repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis and rhythm.6
5566149921AnathemaA thing or person accursed or damned; a thing or person greatly detested; a formal curse or condemnation excommunicating a person from a church or damning something; any strong curse.7
5566149922AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long complex sentence or in a group of sentences.8
5566149923AnticlimaxUsing a sequence of ideas that abruptly diminish in dignity or importance at the end of a sentence, generally for satirical effect.9
5566149924AntimetaboleRepeating words in reverse order for surprise and emphasis. Same as Chiasmus.10
5566149925AntithesisA contrast or opposition of thoughts, usually in two phrases, clauses, or sentences. For example, You are going; I am staying. The exact opposite (Joy is the antithesis of sorrow).11
5566149926AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb). An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.12
5566149927ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee.13
5566149928ArchetypeThe original pattern, or model from which all other things of the same kind of thing are made; a perfect example of a type or group.14
5566149929AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words; e.g., the words "cry and "side" have the same vowel sound and so are said to be in assonance.15
5566149930AsyndetonThe practice of leaving out the usual conjunctions between coordinate sentence elements. For example: see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil.16
5566149931AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of the literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently, atmosphere foreshadows events.17
5566149932AttitudeThe position or posture assumed in connection with an action, feeling, mood. For example, to kneel in an attitude of prayer. Also a manner of acting, feeling or thinking that shows one's disposition, opinion or mental set, etc.18
5566149933Balanced SentenceThe phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness in structure, meaning, or length: e.g., He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters.19
5566149934BathosAn abrupt change from the lofty to the ordinary or trivial in writing or speech; anticlimax.20
5566149935Blank VerseBlank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. An iamb is a poetic foot consisting of one weak stress followed by one strong stress. A pentameter line is a line of five poetic feet.21
5566149936CacophonyHarsh sounding, jarring sound; dissonance.22
5566149937CaesuraA pause or break in the middle of a line of poetry23
5566149938ChiasmusSimilar to antimetabole, but reversing the grammatical elements rather than just words, for emphasis.24
5566149939ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate, clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. Examine this sample sentence: "Because I practiced hard, my AP scores were high." In this sentence, the independent clause is "my AP scores were high," and the dependent clause is "Because I practiced hard."25
5566149940ClicheAn overused, worn-out, hackneyed expression that used to be fresh but is no more. "Blushing bride" and "clinging vine" are clichés used to describe people.26
5566149941ClimaxArranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of their importance, the least forcible coming first and the others rising in poser until the last.27
5566149942ColloquialThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local and regional dialects.28
5566149943Complex SentenceA complex sentence contains two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses: e.g., You said that you would tell the truth.29
5566149944Compound SentenceA compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or) or by a semicolon: e.g., The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores.30
5566149945Compound-Complex SentenceA compound-complex sentence contains two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses: e.g., The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores.31
5566149946ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness due to the unusual comparison made.32
5566149947ConnotationThe nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.33
5566149948ConsonanceThe repetition of a constant sound within a series of words to produce a harmonious effect: e.g., And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds. The "d" sound is in consonance. The "s" sound is also in consonance.34
5566149949Cumulative sentenceAn independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea35
5566149950DactylicA foot in poetry with one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.36
5566149951Declarative SentenceA sentence that makes a statement: e.g., The king is sick.37
5566149952DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.38
5566149953DeviceA plan. Something used to gain an artistic effect.39
5566149954DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices etc., creates the author's style.40
5566149955DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.41
5566149956DimeterA verse written in two-foot lines.42
5566149957DirgeA funeral hymn; a slow, sad song, poem, or musical composition expressing grief or mourning.43
5566149958ElegyA poem or song of lament and praise for the dead.44
5566149959EllipsisThe omission of a word or words necessary for complete grammatical construction but understood in the context. For example, "if possible" for "if it is possible." Also an intentional omission of words or letters or an abrupt change of thought, lapse of time, incomplete statement, etc.45
5566149960EnjambmentIn poetry, the running on of a sentence from one line or couplet to the next with little or no pause.46
5566149961EpanalepsisOpening and closing a sentence with the same word or praise for surprise and emphasis. For example, Buster is deeply concerned to promote the health and well being of Buster.47
5566149962EpicA long narrative poem in a dignified style about the deeds of a tradition or historical hero or heroes.48
5566149963EpigramA short poem with a witty or satirical point; any terse, witty, pointed statement, often antithetical. For example: "Experience is the name everyone gives to his mistakes."49
5566149964EpistlesAn epistle, or literary letter, is a formal composition written in the form of a letter addressed to a distant person or group of people. Unlike common personal letters, which tend to be conversational and private compositions, epistles are carefully-crafted works of literature, intended for a general audience.50
5566149965EpitaphAn inscription on a tomb or gravestone in memory of the person buried there; short composition in prose or verse, written in attribute to a person.51
5566149966EuphemismForm the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of euphemism.52
5566149967EuphonyThe quality of having a pleasant sound; pleasant combination of agreeable sounds.53
5566149968Extended ParallelismThe repetition of words or grammatical elements to achieve cumulative force and rhythm. For example, in a single sentence: I photographed the living things of the Mojave Desert: cactus flowers in yellow bloom , an indigo bush with dark blue flowers, kangaroo rats hopping frantically over the sand, a vulture circling overhead, a rattlesnake basking in the sun.54
5566149969Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length , occurring frequently in or throughout a work.55
5566149970FableA brief history, usually with animal characters, that teaches a lesson or moral.56
5566149971Figurative LanguageA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include, for example, apostrophe, hyperbole. Irony, metaphor, metonymy, onomatopoeia etc.57
5566149972GenreKinds of types of literature. For example, poetry, drama, novel, short story, nonfiction, etc.58
5566149973HomilyA solemn, moralizing talk or writing; a sermon ( especially a long, boring one.)59
5566149974Hortative SentenceA sentence meant to encourage60
5566149975HyperboleAn overstatement or exaggerated way of saying something. Example: "This book weighs a ton." In literature, hyperbole is classified a s a figure of speech.61
5566149976IambicA foot in poetry with one unstressed syllable, followed by one stressed syllable.62
5566149977ImageryAnything in a literary work that calls up sensations of sight, taste, smell, touch, heat, pressure. In the expression, "My heart is like a singing bird", both the singing bird and the heart are images63
5566149978Infer/InferenceTo conclude or decide from something known or assumed; derive by reasoning.64
5566149979InvectiveA violent verbal attack; strong criticism, curses; an abusive term.65
5566149980Inverted order of a sentenceThis involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject: e.g., In California grow oranges. This is a device in which normal sentence patterns are reversed to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect.66
5566149981Imperative sentenceA sentence that commands67
5566149982IronyGeneral, irony is an implied contrast. In verbal irony the contrast is between what is said and what is intended, as when one says in disgust, "That's just great." In dramatic irony, a character in a play, short story, or novel expects one outcome of a situation that the audience knows will end a different way. In situational irony the opposite or something very different happens than what is expected.68
5566149983Juxtapositiona poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit: e.g., "The apparition of these face sin the crowd;/petals on a wet, black bough."69
5566149984LanguageThe entire body of words used in a text, not simply bits of isolated diction; for example: an invitation to a graduation might use formal language, where as a biology text would use scientific and clinical language.70
5566149985Literal/ FigurativeLiteral is based on the actual words in the ordinary meaning. Figurative gives a more symbolic meaning or representing one concept in terms of another that may be thought of as analogous within sense of reference. In the words "screaming headlines," screaming is a figurative use. Litotes- Understatement employed for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the ideas expressed. Contains a negative.71
5566149986LitotesIronical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary72
5566149987Loose Sentencea loose sentence makes sense if brought to a close before the actual ending: e.g., We reached Edmonton/ that morning/ after a turbulent flight/ and some exciting experiences73
5566149988LyricA melodic poem that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, a lyric focuses on a single, united effect. Types of lyrics include elegy, the ode, and the sonnet. Among contemporary American poets, the lyrics is the most common poetic form.74
5566149989MetaphorA comparison, like a simile but usually implied and without a comparative word such as like or as. Example: "My heart is a singing bird"; "He wolfed his food"75
5566149990MetonymyThe use of the name of one thing for that of another associated with or suggested by it. For example "the White House" of the "President."76
5566149991Mock Heroicburlesquing or mocking heroic manner, action, or character.77
5566149992MonometerA verse written in one-foot lines.78
5566149993MoodThe atmosphere of the literary work. In verbs, an expression of the manner in which the action is done. The three moods in English are indicative, the most common, which states the action is an actual fact ("Tony hit the ball"), imperative, stating a command ("Tony, hit the ball!"). A third mood, the subjunctive, is now rare in English. It is used to express a wish or a conditional statement: "If I were you...", "It is required that the applicant be under twenty-one."79
5566149994MotifA main theme or subject.80
5566149995MythA fictional tale that explains the actions of gods or heroes or the causes of natural phenomena. Some myths are a kind of primitive science, explaining how and why natural phenomena came about. Other myths express the central values of the people who created them.81
5566149996NarrativeThe telling of any story, or the story itself, the plot.82
5566149997Natural order of a sentenceThis involves constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate: e.g., Oranges grow in California.83
5566149998NovelA fictional prose narrative, usually long enough to be published in a book by itself.84
5566149999OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean. Buzz, clang, and hiss are onomatopoeia.85
5566150000OxymoronA figure of speech in which opposite or contradictory ideas or terms are combined; for example: thunderous silence, sweet sorrow and jumbo shrimp are oxymorons.86
5566150001ParableA parable is a brief story, usually with human characters, that teaches a moral lesson. The most famous parables are those told by Christ in the Bible.87
5566150002Paradoxa statement that seems contradictory, unbelievable, or absurd but that may actually be true in fact.88
5566150003Parellelismrefers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrase, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased: e.g., He was walking, running, and jumping for joy. I learned to swim, to play tennis, and to ride a horse.89
5566150004ParodyA literary work that imitates and makes fun of another type of work, or specific author.90
5566150005PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.91
5566150006PentameterA verse written in five-foot lines.92
5566150007Periodic SentenceA periodic sentence makes sense only hen the end of the sentence is reached. E.g., that morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton.93
5566150008PersonificationThe treatment of an object or an abstract idea as if it were a person, as in Tennyson's "Now sleeps the crimson petal, now the white," and Shakespeare's "Time's cruel hand."94
5566150009Point of ViewIn fiction, point of view is the person or intelligence the writer creates to tell the story to the reader. The point of view may be that of a character in the story or of an outside observer who is not part of the action.95
5566150010ProseThe ordinary form of written or spoken language, without rhyme or meter; speech or writing that is not poetry.96
5566150011ProsodyThe science or art of versification, including the study of metrical structure, rhyme, stanza forms, etc.97
5566150012Punplay on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings. Puns can have serious as well as humorous uses: e.g., When Mercutio is bleeding to death in Romeo and Juliet, he says to his friends, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man."98
5566150013RepetitionA device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once to enhance rhythm and create emphasis: e.g., "...government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall perish form the earth"99
5566150014RhetoricThe skill of using spoken or written communication effectively. It is the art of guiding the reader or listener to agreement with the writer or speaker. Spoken rhetoric is called oratory.100
5566150015Rhetorical ModesNarrative, descriptive, expository & argumentative.101
5566150016Rhetorical Questiona question that expects no answer. It is used to draw attention as a point and is generally stronger than the direct statement: e.g., "If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mr. Baldwing's arguments?"102
5566150017Rhyme SchemeA rhyme scheme is a regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem. To describe rhyme scheme, one uses a letter of the alphabet to represent each rhyming sound in a poem or stanza.103
5566150018RomanceA story that presents a remote or imaginative incidents rather than ordinary, commonplace experiences. Although the events in a romance are improbable or impossible, the characters still reflect "truth of heart."104
5566150019SarcasmA taunting, sneering, cutting or caustic remark; gibe or jeer.105
5566150020SatireA literary work that ridicules various aspects of human behavior. Its purpose is often to correct certain faults, but underneath the surface it is sometimes pure personal attack. Gulliver's Travels and Animal Farm and both satires.106
5566150021SchemeFigures of speech that deal with word order, syntax, letters, and sounds107
5566150022SemanticsThe nature, structure, development and changes of the meanings of speech forms with contextual meaning.108
5566150023Sentence Inversionany sentence in which the normal word order is reversed, with the verb coming before the subject or the complete subject and predicate coming after another clause.109
5566150024Sentence StructureHow a speaker or author constructs a sentence affects what the audience understands. The inverted order of an interrogative sentence cues the reader or listener to a question and creates a tension between speaker and listener. Similarly short sentences ar e often emphatic, passionate or flippant, whereas longer sentences suggest the writer's thoughtful response.110
5566150025ShiftA change of feelings by the speaker from the beginning to the end, paying particular attention to the conclusion of the literature. (Progression)111
5566150026SimileThe comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of words like or as. It is a definitely stated comparison in which the poet says one thing is like another; e,g,, The warrior fought like a lion.112
5566150027Simple Sentencea simple sentence contains one subject and one verb: e.g., The singer bowed to her adoring audience.113
5566150028SoliloquyLines in a drama in which a character reveals his thoughts to the audience, but not to the other characters, by speaking as if to himself.114
5566150029Sonneta fourteen-line lyric poem focused on a single theme. Sonnets have many variations, but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one or two traditional patterns. The Petrarchan, or Italian, or the Shakespearean, or English.115
5566150030Split order of a sentenceThis divides the predicate into two parts with the subject coming in the middle: e.g., In California oranges grow116
5566150031Stream of ConsciousnessA narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character's mind. Instead of being arranged in chronological order, the events of the story are presented from the character's point of view, mixed in character's feelings and memories just as they might spontaneously occur in the mind of a real person.117
5566150032Stylea group of different aspects of writing that have to do with the writer's way of saying something. Diction, sentence structure, figurative language, and various sound patterns all enter into style.118
5566150033SyllogismAn argument or form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical conclusion drawn form them. Example: All mammals are warm blooded. Whales are mammals. Therefore whales are warm blooded.119
5566150034Symbol/SymbolismA thing or action that is made to mean more than itself. A rose, for instance, is used to symbolize love. Writers of ten use symbols to express ideas that are too complicated, too elusive, or too deep for words.120
5566150035SynecdocheA from of a metaphor, In synecdoche , a part of something is used to signify the whole: e.g., All hands on deck. Also, the reverse, whereby the whole can represent a part, is synecdoche: e.g., Canada played the United States in the Olympic hockey finals. Another form of synecdoche involves the container representing the thing be contained: e.g., The pot is boiling. In one last form of synecdoche, the material from which an objects is made stands for the object itself: e.g., The quarterback tossed the pigskin. In metonymy, the name of one thing is applied to another thing with which is closely associated: e.g., I love Shakespeare.121
5566150036Synesthetic ImageryDetail that moves from the simulation of one sense to a response by another sense, as a certain odor induces the visualization of a certain color. Here the act of reading, a visual stimulus, produces sound. e.g., "the cinnamon beat of the music," "yellow cocktail music," "the sparkling odor of jonquils," etc.122
5566150037SyntaxAt its simplest level, syntax consists of sentence structure and word order, but analysis of style and meaning never relies on one concept alone. Syntax should not be studied in isolation, but rather it should be examined in conjunction with other stylistic techniques that work together to develop meaning.123
5566150038TetrameterA verse written in four lines.124
5566150039ThemeWhat the author is saying bout the subjects in his work.125
5566150040ToneThe writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject and the audience.126
5566150041TragedyA serious play typically dealing with the problems of a central character, leading to an unhappy or disastrous ending brought on as in ancient drama, by fate and a tragic flaw in this character, or, in modern drama, usually by moral weakness, psychological maladjustment, or social pressures.127
5566150042TrimeterA verse written in three-foot lines.128
5566150043Triteis applied to something, especially a n expression or idea which through repeated use or application has lost its origin freshness.129
5566150044TropeA figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression130
5566150045TrochaicA foot in poetry with one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.131
5566150046Understatement (meiosis)The opposite of hyperbole. It is a king of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is: e.g., I could probably manage to survive on a salary of two million dollars a year.132
5566150047VernacularUsing the native language of a country or place; commonly spoken by the people of a particular country or place.133
5566150048VignetteA short, delicate literary sketch.134
5566150049ZeugmaFigure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses135
5566150050Rhetorical Strategiesmethods of development136
5566150051Argument and persuasionstating opinions and proposals137
5566150052Cause and Effectasking why138
5566150053Classificationsorting into kinds139
5566150054Definitiontracing boundaries140
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AP Literature and Composition Lit. Terms Flashcards

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6615047931AllegoryThe representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form.0
6615054538AnecdoteA short story or joke told at the beginning of a speech to gain the audience's attention.1
6615065744ConventionAn understanding between a reader and a writer about certain details of a story that does not need to be explained.2
6615074615DenouementThe final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot.3
6615079654ElegyA poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person.4
6615113099EuphonyA succession of words which are pleasing to the ear. These words may be alliterative, utilize consonance, or assonance and are often used in poetry but also seen in prose.5
6615128680DactylA dactylic foot has three syllables beginning with a stressed syllable; the other two unstressed.6
6615135408In medias resA story that begins in the middle of things.7
6615141169MeterThe measured arrangement of words in poetry, as by accentual rhythm, syllabic quantity, or the number of syllables in a line.8
6615144436NovellaA short novel usually under 100 pages.9
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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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4313970170audienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom text is addressed0
4313970171concessionAn argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point1
4313970173contextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning2
4313970174counterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward3
4313970177occasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written4
4313970179personaThe face or character that a speaker shows to his/her audience5
4313970180polemicControversial argument, esp. one attacking a specific idea6
4313970181propagandaIdeas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.7
4313970182purposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.8
4313970183refutationa denial of the validity of an opposing argument9
4313970184rhetoricThe art of using language effectively and persuasively10
4313970185rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion)11
4313970186rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)12
4313970187speakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a text13
4313970188subjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of text14
4313970189textAny cultural product that can be "read", meaning consumed, comprehended, and investigated. Fiction, Nonfiction, poetry, speeches, fine art, cartoons, cultural trends, performances, etc15
4313970190toneAttitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices)16
4313970195antithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses.17
4313970196archaic dictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.18
4313970198cumulative sentenceA sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (main clause is at the beginning).19
4313970199hortative sentenceA sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.20
4313970200imperative sentenceA sentence that requests or commands.21
4313970201inversionThe reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase.22
4313970202juxtapositionPlacing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast.23
4313970203metaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared, does not use like or as.24
4313970205parallelismSimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.25
4313970206periodic sentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.26
4313970208rhetorical questionA figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer27
4313970209synecdocheA rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part.28
4313970212ad populumLatin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true. Bandwagon appeal.29
4313970214argumentA process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.30
4313970215assumptionA fact or statement that is taken for granted rather than tested or proved.31
4313970216backingSupport or evidence for a claim in an argument.32
4313970217begging the questionA fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.33
4313970223the classical orationA five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion.34
4313970224introduction (exordium)Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.35
4313970225narration (narratio)Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.36
4313970226confirmation (confirmatio)Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.37
4313970227refutation (refutatio)Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.38
4313970228conclusion (peroratio)Brings the essay to a satisfying close.39
4313970230deductionA logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.40
4313970231either/or (false dilemma)A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.41
4313970233first-hand evidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.42
4313970235inductionA method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.43
4313970239qualifierWords like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute.44
4313970241rebuttalrefutation; opposing response to an argument45
4313970242reservationAn unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly.46
4313970243Rogerian argumentsDeveloped by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.47
4313970244second-hand evidenceEvidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.48
4313970245straw manA fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.49
4313970246syllogismA form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. A syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.50
4313970247Toulmin modelAn approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosphopher Stephen T in his book the Uses of Argument; "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of its waterproof material, unless, of course, there is a hole in it."51
4313970248warrantThe warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.52
4313970249personificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.53
4313970250oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.54
4313970251allusionA reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.55
4313970252pathosAppeal to emotion; Achieved by evoking feelings like sympathy, anger, pity, or compassion.56
4313970253ethosAppeal to an audience's sense of morality/trust or ethics; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position57
4313970254logosAppeal to an audience's sense of intellect or logic; Achieved by providing valid and relevant facts which support the speaker's position58
4313970255asyndetonCommas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y and Z59
4313970256anaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.60
4313970257antimetaboleFigure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause; a chiasmus on the level of words (A-B, B-A). For example, "And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" (JFK).61
4313970258alliterationRepetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables; it is used to emphasize meaning or to improve flow through rhythm.62
4313970259connotationAn implied meaning of the word.63
4313970260denotationA literal meaning or dictionary definition of a word.64
4313970261hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor65
4313970263zeugmaThe use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.66
4313970264ad hominemAn argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.67
4313970265red herringAn argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery.68
4313970266hasty generalizationA fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence.69
4313970267circular reasoningA fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.70
4313970268anecdoteA brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.71
4313970269bandwagon appealA claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it.72
4313970270post hoc ergo propter hocThis fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation.73
4313970271claim of factA claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable.74
4313970272claim of policyA claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems.75
4313970273claimAn assertion or a proposition that states the argument's main idea or position.76
4313970274faulty analogyAn illogical, misleading comparison between two things.77
4313970275straw man fallacyThis fallacy involves changing or exaggerating an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to refute.78
4313970276either/or fallacyA statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted79
4313970277second hand evidenceEvidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation. (Facts and quantitative data).80
4313970278first hand evidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether its from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.81
4313970279appeal to false authorityThis fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.82
4313970280logical fallacyAn error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. Generally occurs in arguments that fail to make concrete, logical claims for support.83
4313970281quantitative evidenceEvidence that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers (surveys, census information, polls, statistics, etc.)84
4313970282open thesisA statement of the main idea of the argument that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover.85
4313970283counterargument thesisA summary of the counterargument usually qualified by although or but precedes the writer's opinion. This type of thesis statement has the advantage of immediately addressing the counterargument.86
4313970284thesisIn an argument, an expression of the claim that the writer or speaker is trying to support. In an essay, an expression of the main idea or purpose of the piece of writing.87
4313970285closed thesisA statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.88
4313970286claim of valueA claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion.89
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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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6825330743Sumerfirst known civilization which existed in the southern half of mesopatamia0
6825330744Sumerian City-Statescities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture1
6825330745Sargon of AkkadThe creator of empire in Mesopatamia. ( a city near Kish and Babylon)2
6825330746Hammurabi and the Babylonian EmpireLeader (1792-1750 B.C.E.) who further organized the government by implementing laws and taxes3
6825330747Hammurabi's LawsA complete set of laws compiled from those of previous rulers4
6825330748The Assyrian EmpireThe empire proceeding the Babylonian Empire which was in northern Mesopotamia that used newly invented iron weapons5
6825330749Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian EmpireNext king of the Babylonian Empire who lavished wealth in his capital city6
6825330750Bronze MetallurgyAn advancement of metalworking by Mesopotamian metalworkers in order to create stronger tools and weapons (400 B.C.E.)7
6825330751Iron MetallurgyThe further advancement of metalworking by creating stronger tools using iron8
6825330752The WheelThis invention brought the advancement of transportation on land9
6825330753ShipbuildingThis technology/craft improved marine transportation to increase long distance trade10
6825330754Trade NetworksRoutes, at the time usually traveled by donkey caravan used to trade items or send messages over long or even short, local distances11
6825330755Social ClassesThis was primarily developed based on one's wealth even in the neolithic time period12
6825330756Temple CommunitiesThese were inhabited by priests and priestesses who received offerings such as food, drinks, and clothing for their interaction with the gods and goddesses13
6825330757SlavesThese were mainly prisoners of war, men or women who were in debt and criminals. They mostly served as house servants but some worked in fields and temple communities14
6825330758Patriarchal SocietyBecause of this most men in Mesopotamia ruled above all women. They were in charge of all important matters and were always in charge of their family15
6825330759Women's RolesAlthough they weren't stripped entirely of all power, women still served important roles in their society such as advising kings becoming priestesses, working as scribes but very rarely having great power16
6825330760Cuneiform WritingA a picture based writing system; used by Sumerians17
6825330761EducationUnlike today education in Mesopotamia was based on a specific craft the individual wanted to pursue such as architecture. The system was almost entirely vocal and had little written instruction18
6825330762Astronomy and MathematicsThis helped create accurate calendars and improve agricultural cylcles19
6825330763The Epic of GilgameshLiterature of Mesopotamia about a greedy king and a companion20
6825330764The Early Hebrewsnomads who inhabited land between Mesopotamia and egypt21
6825330765Moses and MonotheismMoses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations22
6825330766The Early PhoeniciansExisted solely as small city-states along the Mediterranean coast23
6825330767Phoenician Trade NetworksAt the time trade was primarily what they were known for. Early on they traded with neighbors through land but then added maritime trading to their main sources of income and fuel of their economy24
6825330768Alphabetic WritingThe Phoenicians developed a 22 character based system that made written communication much easier compared with cuneiform writing25
6825330769HorsesWere first used as a source of food but after domesticated they were used for riding/travel26
6825330770The Nature of Indo-European Migrationsexpanded very far out throughout the continent with the help of horses allowing quick transportation and diffusion of culture27
6825330771The HittitesA group of ancient Indo-Europeans who took over Anatolia28
6825330772War ChariotsA technological advancement to make battle easier developed by Hittites29
6825330773Iron MetallurgyThe refinement of metalworking by the Hitittes30
6825330774The Nile River ValleyA river that runs through East Africa that has served greatly in the development of several cultures and the trade of goods31
6825330775Early Agriculture in the Nile Valleygrains; animals included donkeys and cattle32
6825330776MenesAn Egyptian conqueror/ruler33
6825330777Cities of the Nile ValleyIn the Nile Valley, popultation clustered mostly in agricultural villages to trade with neighbors up and down the river. Cities emerged34
6825330778Patriarchal SocietyVested authority over public and private affairs in their men35
6825330779Bronze MetallurgyHyhsos relied on bronze weapons to impose their authority on the Nile Delta36
6825330780Iron MetallurgySouthern Nile societies mad up for their lack of bronze with the large scale production of iron37
6825330781TransportationCurrent take boats upper to lower Egypt on the Nile, while the winds can take boats from lower to upper Egypt38
6825330782Trade NetworksEfficient Transport = long distance trade39
6825330783Hieroglyphic WritingEgyptians supplemented pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas40
6825330784MummificationThe yearning for immortality explains the Egytian practice of mummifying the dead41
6825330785The BantuAmong the most influential people of Saharan Africa in ancient time were those who spoke Bantu languages42
6825330786Bantu MigrationsBy 3000 B.C.E. they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest, and after 2000 B.C.E. the expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River Basin and East toward the Great Lakes43
6825330787Iron and MigrationAfter about 1000 B.C.E., the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu people began to produce iron tools weapons44
6825330788The Indus RiverWater form rain & melted snow carried silt unpredictable agriculture suppliment to the harrapan society45
6825330789Harappan and Mohenjo-DaroTwo main cities societies that were well structured and advanced46
6825330790Specialized Labor & TradeAgriculture economy traded domestic and foreign pottery, tools, decorations, god,silver, copper traded by ships47
6825330791The VedasNumerous Poems collection of religious works that spoke of the Aryan gods48
6825330792Vedic AgeMainly a term that identifies a time period where Aryans were in conflict with many indigenous Indian societies49
6825330793Caste & Varnaidentities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes50
6825330794Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic AgeThe 4 main varnas are priests, warriors, artisans and merchants, landless peasants and serfs51
6825330795Subcastes and JatiThe subcastes that you are put in depending on your occupation.52
6825330796Caste and Social MobilityThe social mobility in the caste system means that it is flexible .53
6825330797Aryan GodsMany gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun54
6825330798Brahman, The Universal SoulFoundation for all things that exist55
6825330799Teachings of UpanishadsSouls temporarily go to heaven and are then reincarnated56
6825330800Religion and Vedic SocietyJust as Brahman theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 B.C.E.57
6825330801The Yellow Riverriver that begins in east china that carries yellow silt. It has been a very influential river in the development of Chinese dynasties and civilizations.58
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AP Literature: Level F Unit 2 Flashcards

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6681929685AmeliorateTo make better; to improve0
6681929686Aplomb(n.) poise, assurance, great self-confidence; perpendicularity1
6681929687Bombasticpompous; using inflated language2
6681929688Callowinexperienced and immature3
6681931794Drivelnonsense4
6681931795Epitome(n.) a summary, condensed account; an instance that represents a larger reality5
6681931796Exhort(v.) to urge strongly, advise earnestly6
6681933820Ex Officio(adj) by virtue of holding a certain office7
6681933821Infringe(v.) to violate, trespass, go beyond recognized bounds8
6681936434IngratiateTo establish (oneself) in the favor or good graces of others by deliberate effort9
6681936435Interloperone who moves in where he or she is not wanted or has no right to be, an intruder10
6681936436IntrinsicBelonging to or pertaining to the essential nature of a thing11
6681936437Inveighto disapprove; protest vehemently12
6681939093Lassitude(n.) weariness of body or mind, lack of energy13
6681939094Millennium(n.) a period of one thousand years; a period of great joy14
6681940800Occultrelating to practices connected with supernatural phenomena15
6681940801Permeate(v.) to spread through, penetrate, soak through16
6681946006Precipitateto throw violently or bring about abruptly; lacking deliberation17
6681946007Stringentstrict, severe; rigorously or urgently binding or compelling; sharp or bitter to the taste18
6681947388Surmisesuppose that something is true without having evidence to confirm it19
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Chapter 17 AP World History Flashcards

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5488263121American Revolution• North America, 1775-1787 • Revolution by British colonies in North American that resulted in the creation of the United States of America • Created new alliances between America and countries like France • Influenced other revolutions, both at the time, as in France, and in modern times0
5488264978Decclaration of Independence• North America, 1776 • Influential revolutionary document that justified the revolution • Shows influence of Enlightenment philosophy on revolutions • As a call to action, influenced other Atlantic revolutions (France, Haiti, Spanish America)1
5488264979French Revoultion• Europe (France), 1789-1815 • Political revolution in which lower class citizens overthrew the monarchy, establishing a republic • More violent and radical than America • Largely responsible for producing Napoleon and conquest of Europe • Spread Enlightenment philosophy throughout Europe2
5488266652Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen• Europe (France), 1789 • French revolutionary document that stated basic rights of citizens; compare to the American Bill of Rights • Radical expression of class equality • Challenged social hierarchies of ancien régime • Influential document for other revolutions3
5488269767Napoleon Bonaparte• Europe (France), 1799-1815 • French general who took over the country at the end of the French Revolution, proclaiming himself emperor before conquering much of Europe • Used conquest to spread ideas of Revolution • Created imperial hybrid of revolutionary ideas and despotism • His conquests planted seeds of nationalism in Europe4
5488271701Haitian Revolution• Caribbean (Haiti), 1791-1804 • Slave rebellion that overthrew French colonial government • Affected social structures in other slave-based economies • Transformed economy of Haiti with end of plantation system • Demonstrates influence of French and American revolutions5
5488273168Spanish American Revolutions• Latin America, 1810-1825 • Series of revolutions throughout Spanish colonies, resulting in many independent nations • Differed from Haiti- consisted of elites desiring to maintain influence • Sparked more by European politics than internal struggle • Bolivar's difficulties in uniting colonies shows diversity and regional identity compared to North America6
5488274396Simón Bolívar• Latin America, early 19th century • Latin American revolutionary leader who dreamed of a new state that unified the former Spanish American colonies • Supported policy of nativism as guiding social principle of the revolution • A unifying figure who was largely responsible for the success of the revolutions7
5488274397Abolitionist movement• Europe (Britain) and North America (United States), early 19th century • A trans-Atlantic movement to abolish the international slave trade and domestic slavery • Success challenged economic systems in colonies • Demonstrated economic inefficiency of slave system • Influenced other efforts to eliminate social equality8
5488276030Indentured Servants• Varies: Americas (Caribbean, Peru, Hawaii), Africa (South Africa), Southeast Asia (Malaya); 19th century • Migrant laborers from India and China who worked in mines, plantations, and construction projects following the abolition of slavery • Migration process accelerated trend of globalization, encouraging movement between cultures • Abolition of slavery did not have significant economic consequences; indentured servants filled role previously held by slaves9
5488277554Nationalism• Europe, 19th century • An individual's self-identification as a member of a nation rather than a smaller group • Contributed to solidification of nation-states in Europe • Intensified rivalry among European states- led to future conflicts • Concept of nationalism spread to Asia and Africa as well- would contribute to independence movements in the future10
5488277555Vindication of the Rights of Woman• Europe (England), 1792 • A document written by Mary Wollstonecraft that expressed the basic principles of the feminist movement • One of the earliest expressions of feminist thoughtinfluenced other feminist movements • Shows influence of revolutions and abolitionist movement on gender politics • Revolutionary ideas stimulated women to call for equality11
5488292308Elizabeth Cady Stanton• North America (United States), 1848 • Early feminist leader in the Americas who helped to draft the Seneca Falls Declaration, and early American feminist milestone • Used revolutionary ideology in service of feminist movement • Influenced future feminist leaders12
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!AP World History Postclassical Period Flashcards

Postclassical Period 600--1450 CE

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3186349443Ka'baMost revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam.0
3186349444IslamizationThe spread of the Islamic faith across the Middle East, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa.1
3186349445IconoclasmThe breaking of images; a religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress the veneration2
3186349446Romanesquea style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD3
3186349447Hierarchythe organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body4
3186349448Five Pillars of FaithBelief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca5
3186349449Sahela strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert"6
3186349450Body of Civil LawJustinian's codification of Roman law; made Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life.7
3186349451QuipuAn ancient Inca device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways.8
3186349452ImperialismA policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.9
3186349453Bantu Migrationthe movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 100010
3186349454Black DeathThe common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.11
3186349455Bureacracya system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials12
3186349456Alithe fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites13
3186349457Abu BakrCompanion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.14
3186349458UthmanThird caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan15
3186349459SunniA branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad16
3186349460Shi'aThe branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad17
3186349461Malawia landlocked republic in southern central Africa18
3186349462AllahMuslim name for the one and only God19
3186349463TsarsA Russian term for "Caesar" or ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution20
3186349464ClovisKing of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy; converted ruling area to Christianity21
3186349465Vassalslesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity22
3186349466Peter AbelardAuthor of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.23
3186349467Aztecs(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.24
3186349468PachacutiRuler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca25
3186349469Samuraia Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy; in Japanese, means "to serve"26
3186349470TairaPowerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars.27
3186349471Kublai KhanMongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China; he established the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)28
3186349472BuyidsPersian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads29
3186349473Seljuk Turksnomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly30
3186349474Saladin(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)31
3186349475Sufisa mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life32
3186349476Genghis KhanA Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia.33
3186349477MamluksUnder the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries; eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)34
3186349478MansaThe title for a ruler in the Mali Empire of western Africa35
3186349479Vikingsone of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.36
3186349480Charles Martelthe Frankish (Carolingian) commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.37
3186349481William the Conquerorduke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England (1027-1087)38
3186349482Thomas Aquinas(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274)39
3186349483CallpulliClans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.40
3186349484Hernan CortesSpanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.41
3186349485ShogunsMilitary leaders of the bakufu in Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration.42
3186349486MinamotoDefeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan43
3186349487White Lotus SocietySecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule44
3186349488Sundiatathe founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes45
3186349489Ibn BattutaMoroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.46
3186349490JustinianByzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as codifying Roman law (new law code)47
3186349491Cyril and Methodiusbrothers who were Slavic educators, inventors of the Slavic alphabet, Christian preachers, the first translators of religious texts from Greek into Slavic48
3186349492Vladimir IRuler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity49
3186349493ConstantineRoman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity50
3186349494HunsWarlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome51
3186349495Serfsa person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times52
3186349496CharlemagneKing of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.53
3186349497Pope Urban IILeader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades54
3186349498Ferdinand and IsabellaThis was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition; they also granted Columbus money to go to America55
3186349499IncasA Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.56
3186349500FujiwaraJapanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power57
3186349501Daimyoa Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai58
3186349502KhmersIndianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south59
3186349503Carolingiansthe family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 to 987 in this Dynasty. This began when Pepin was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun.60
3186349504Mahayana Buddhismone of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China, Tibet and Japan61
3186349505Zen Buddhisma Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline; also called Chan Buddhism62
3186349506Neo-Confucianismterm that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism63
3186349507Eastern Orthodox ChristianityEastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople.64
3186349508Roman CatholicismA branch of Christianity that developed in the western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head65
3186349509NestoriansA Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions66
3186349510Jihada doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," it represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.67
3186349511Crusades1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid the Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade68
3186349512Ridda WarsWars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam69
3186349513Hundred Years WarSeries of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families; 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais70
3186349514Gampei WarsWaged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira71
3186349515DhowsArab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design72
3186349516Hadith(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran73
3186349517Grand CanalThe 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)74
3186349518Lateen SailsTriangle-shaped sails whose design allowed ships to sail against the wind. These sails were perfected by Arab traders; are attached to the masts by long booms or yard arms which extend diagonally high across both the fore and aft portions of the ship75
3186349519Arabic NumeralsA written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today.76
3186349520Flying moneyPaper money that was first used in China in the 9th century AD. Originally it was called "fei-chien" because it could blow out of your hand. To start with it was used by merchants as a note of exchange, but the government soon caught onto the idea and used it for forwarding tax payments. Real paper money backed by deposited money started in the 10th century.77
3186349521Cyrillic AlphabetAn alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius; derived from Greek alphabet78
3186349522Greek fireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople79
3186349523SeppukuRitual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.80
3186349524Abbasiddynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished81
3186349525UmayyadClan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam82
3186349526Sudanic Stateskingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power, from the Senegal river to the Niger River. The states were ruled by a patriarch or council of elders. There was a core territorial area and then surrounding subordinate ones. The rulers of sudanic states were considered sacred and separate from their subjects. when islam spread to this area, only Royals practiced it and it was not spread to the people.83
3186349527GhanaFirst known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast; based on gold and salt trade84
3186349528Sui DynastyThe short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China85
3186349529Holy Roman EmpireLoose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.86
3186349530MaliEmpire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.87
3186349531Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali88
3186349532BeninIn forest of niger delta;rulers called oba (also descents of Ife), major trade center, had sculptures, ivory furs, died out because of slave trade; on the western coast of Africa89
3186349533Northern/ Southern SongDynasty after the Tang Dynasty; preceded the Yuan dynasty; emperors or huangdi were supreme rulers; 960--1279 CE90
3186349534MongolsA people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.91
3186349535Kongo Kingdombased on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy92
3186349536Zimbabwea country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants93
3186349537Axumwas a trading center and a powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia; developed unique branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because they were isolated from the rest of the Christian world94
3186349538Tang Dynastyconsidered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia95
3186349539Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine; fell to the Ottoman Turks96
3186349540Ethnocentrismbelief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group97
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Chapter 28 (AP World History) Flashcards

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9553417669Abstract expressionisman earlier artistic movement before surrealism that had deserted any attempt to recreate reality0
9553426716Apartheidthe former policy of racial segregation and oppression in the Republic of South Africa1
9553430149Brezhnev Doctrinethe right of the Soviet Union to intervene if communism was threatened in another communist state2
9553436390Collective securityA system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all3
9553439483Consumer societyA society preoccupied with buying goods4
9553447487ContainmentAmerican policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world5
9553449768DestalinizationProgram to remove the imprint of Joseph Stalin from Soviet everyday life6
9553452035Detentethe easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.7
9553454699Free tradeinternational trade free of government interference8
9553456908Marshall PlanA United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)9
9553456910Mutual deterrencethe threat of using nuclear weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy from using those same weapons10
9553471427NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization. Cold War military alliance (USA + Western Europe vs. USSR).11
9553473607Truman Doctrine1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.12
9553481673Stalinizationsocial process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin13
9553481674Socialized medicinethe provision of medical and hospital care for all by means of public funds.14
9553487062RapprochementA reestablishing of cordial relations15
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