AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP LANG Unit 8 Flashcards

Vocabulary Workshop Level E, Unit 8 flash cards

Terms : Hide Images
5961084547animosity(n.) strong dislike; bitter hostility0
5961084548apathy(n.) a lack of feeling, emotion, or interest1
5961084549apprehensive(adj.) fearful or anxious, especially about the future2
5961084550commend(v.) to praise, express approval; to present as worthy of attention; to commit to the care of3
5961084551compatible(adj.) able to get along or work well together; capable of use with some other model or system4
5961084552condolence(n.) an expression of sympathy5
5961084553consecrate(v.) to make sacred, hallow; to set apart for a special purpose6
5961084554decrepit(adj.) old and feeble; worn-out, ruined7
5961084555deride(v.) to ridicule, laugh at with contempt8
5961084556ingenuous(adj.) innocent, simple; frank, sincere9
5961084557multifarious(adj.) having great variety; numerous and diverse10
5961084558obsolete(adj.) out-of-date, no longer in use11
5961084559omnivorous(adj.) eating every kind of food; eagerly taking in everything, having a wide variety of tastes12
5961084560parsimonious(adj.) stingy, miserly; meager, poor, small13
5961084561quandary(n.) a state of perplexity or doubt14
5961084562recalcitrant(adj.) stubbornly disobedient, resisting authority15
5961084563reprisal(n.) an injury done in return for injury16
5961084564revel(v.) to take great pleasure in; (n.) a wild celebration17
5961084565stultify(v.) to make ineffective or useless, cripple; to have a dulling effect on18
5961084566suave(adj.) smoothly agreeable or polite; pleasing to the senses19
Powered by Quizlet.com

APES Friedland Chapter 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5841430354matter-anything that occupies space and has mass made of atoms -after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain0
5841430355massa measurement of the amount of matter an object contains1
5841430356atomthe smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element2
5841430357element-a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components -made of only one type of atom3
5841430358periodic tablea chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties4
5841430359moleculesa particle that contains more than one atom5
5841430360compoundsa molecule containing more than one element6
5841430361atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom7
5841430362mass numbera measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element8
5841430363isotopesatoms of the same element with different number of neutrons9
5841430364radioactive decay-protons and neutrons ejected from nucleus (parent) -release energy (can damage DNA) -creates new element (daughter) -release large amounts of energy -measured in half-life -carbon dating10
5841430365half-lifethe time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay11
5841430366covalent bondthe bond formed when elements share electrons12
5841430367ionic bonda chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions13
5841430368hydrogen bond-when electrons are not shared equally in a compound that contains Hydrogen -can attract anything negatively charged14
5841430369polar molecule-a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative -shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom than near the hydrogen atom15
5841430370energy-the ability to do work or transfer heat -measured in joules (J) -electromagnetic radiation -high or low quality16
5841430371electromagnetic radiation-transfers energy in protons -measured in wavelengths17
5841430372photonsa massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light18
5841430373joulethe amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second19
5841430374potential energystored energy that has not been released20
5841430375kinetic energythe energy of motion21
5841430376chemical energy-potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds -can be released by ingesting food22
5841430377temperature-the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance23
5841430378first law of thermodynamics-a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed24
5841430379second law of thermodynamics-the law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished25
5841430380energy efficiency-the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system26
5841430381energy quality-the ease with which an energy source can be used for work27
5841430382entropy-disorder/randomness in a system28
5841430383open system-a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.29
5841430384closed system-exchange of matter or energy does not occur across system boundaries. Ex: Matter on Earth continuously recycles30
5841430385outputs-a loss from a system31
5841430386inputs-an addition to a system32
5841430387system analysis-looks at inputs and outputs to determine a system's function and health33
5841430388steady state-input = output -amount of energy is not increasing34
5841430389feedback-adjustment to input or output caused by change35
5841430390negative feedback loops-a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring36
5841430391positive feedback loopsa feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified37
5841430392adaptive management-method of managing natural systems that accords for "normal" fluctuations and human impacts -pollution, flood, draught, climate change, economic development, habitat destruction or restoration38
5841430393weightthe force that results from gravity acting on mass39
5841430394Properties of Water-surface tension -capillary action -high specific heat -less dense when frozen -excellent solvent -can form acids and bases40
5841430395Surface Tension-cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer41
5841430396Capillary Action-cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube42
5841430397Less dense when frozen-polarity pushes water molecules apart at 39F and 4C43
5841430398High Specific Heat-requires a large amount of heat to boil and vaporize water44
5841430399Excellent Solvent-polar molecule can dissolve other compounds with charges45
5841430400Can form acids and bases-acids add hydrogen ions (high hydrogen ion H+, low hydroxide ion (OH-) content -bases add hydroxide ions (low hydroxide ion OH-, high hydrogen ion H+46
5841430401Conservation of Matter-matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another47
5841430402Organic Molecules-contain carbon and hydrogen -carbohydrates (CHO) -lipids (CHO with little O; fats, waxes, oils) -proteins (CHONS,amino acids) -nucleic acids (CHONP, DNA and RNA)48
5841430403Inorganic Molecules-can contain Carbon and Hydrogen just NOT together49
5841430404Power-rate at which work is done -energy= power x time -kilowatts (kW)50
5841430405Kinetic Energy-energy in option or use51
5841430406Potential Energy-stored energy -chemical energy52
5841430407Law of Thermodynamics-1st Law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another -2nd Law: when energy is changed, it releases "useless" or waste energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation (heat, light...)53
5841430408Energy Efficiency-waste energy is lost at each conversion -more energy = more efficiency54
5841430409Open System-exchange of matter or energy occur across system boundaries55
5841430410Negative Feedback Loop-accelerates change -stimulus -system becomes skewed in one direction56
5841430411natural law-phenomenon which has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions57
5841430412amount of energy needed to change the temperature of water-is great in relation to the energy required to change the temperature of most other substances -is responsible for more moderate seasonal temperature swings in areas close to large bodies of water58
5841430413Macromolecules-carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids59
5841430414Bases contribute _______ to a solution-negative Hydroxide ions60
5841430415Positive Feedback Loop-when feedback into a system increases a rate of response -may be seen in some examples of population growth61
5841430416Natural experiment-natural event changes an ecosystem62
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography - Religion Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards from chapter 6 on religion

Terms : Hide Images
6532104308Religiona system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities0
6532104309Secularismthe idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of deity and promise of a comfortable afterlife.1
6532104310Monotheistic Religionbelief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe2
6532104311Polytheistic Religionbelief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe3
6532104312Animistic Religionthe belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth4
6532104313Universalizing Religiona belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work.5
6532104314Ethnic Religiona religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people.6
6532104315Hinduismone of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan... is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.7
6532104316Caste Systemthe strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation8
6532104317Buddhismreligion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.9
6532104318Shintoismreligion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. .... focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.10
6532104319Taoismreligion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.11
6532104320Confucianisma philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.12
6532104321Judaismreligion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credit with uniting his people to worship only one God. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews.13
6532104322Diasporafrom the Greek "to disperse," a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary relocation of Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese peoples outside of Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.14
6532104323Zionismthe movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land15
6532104324Christianityreligion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan16
6532104325Eastern Orthodox Church (eoc)one of the three major branches of Christianity, the EOC, together with the Roman Catholic Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the EOC, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.17
6532104326Roman Catholic Church (rcc)one of the three major branches of Christianity, the RCC, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions; two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the EOC and the RCC split.18
6532104327Protestantone of three major branches of Christianity (together with the EOC and the RCC). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CE, many adherents to the RCC began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the RCC.19
6532104328Islamthe youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to the teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book.20
6532104329SunnisAdherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative21
6532104330Shiitesadherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam.... represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ai22
6532104331Indigenous Religionsbelief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within a ... tribe or group23
6532104332Pilgrimagevoluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site24
6532104333Sacred Sitesplace or space people infuse with religious meaning25
6532104334Minaretstower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer26
6532104335Hajjthe Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad27
6532104336Interfaith Boundariesboundaries between the world's major faiths28
6532104337Intrafaith Boundariesboundaries within a single major faith29
6532104338Ethnic Cleansingthe systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation30
6532104339Activity Spacethe space within which daily activity occurs31
6532104340Religious Fundamentalismreligious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy32
6532104341Religious Extremismreligious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence33
6532104342Shari'a LawsThe system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran.34
6532104343Jihada doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran35
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography - Religion Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards from chapter 6 on religion

Terms : Hide Images
8306754713Religiona system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities0
8306754714Monotheistic Religionbelief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe1
8306754715Polytheistic Religionbelief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe2
8306754716Animistic Religionthe belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth3
8306754717Universalizing ReligionA religion that appeals to all people and in some cases great effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work.4
8306754718Ethnic Religiona religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people.5
8306754719Hinduismone of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan... is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.6
8306754720Caste Systemthe strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation7
8306754721Buddhismreligion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.8
8306754722Confucianisma philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.9
8306754723Judaismreligion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credit with uniting his people to worship only one God.10
8306754724Diasporaa term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews.11
8306754725Zionismthe movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land12
8306754726Christianityreligion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan13
8306754727Eastern Orthodox Church (eoc)one of the three major branches of Christianity, In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.14
8306754728Protestantone of three major branches of Christianity, many adherents to the Catholic church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation in 151715
8306754729Islamthe youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to the teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book.16
8306754730SunnisAdherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative17
8306754731Shiitesadherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam.... represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali (based largely in Iraq & Iran)18
8306754732Indigenous Religionsbelief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within a ... tribe or group19
8306754733Minaretstower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer20
8306754734Hajjthe Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad21
8306754735Religious Fundamentalismreligious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy22
8306754736Religious Extremismreligious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence23
8306754737Shari'a LawsThe system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran.24
8306754738Jihada doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran25
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP flashcards Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7685512300active voiceverb form in which the subject of the sentence performs or causes the action expressed by the verb0
7685512301dictionan authors specific word choice to achieve correctness, clearness, or emphasis1
7685512302connotationthe implied meaning of a word2
7685512303denotationthe literal, explicit meaning of a word3
7685512304analysisform of writing involving a separation of a whole into its component parts4
7685533169argumentthe expression of a position or claim supported by claims5
7685533170audiencein the context of writing or literature, this term refers to the reading public to a specific group6
7685536251authoritya person cited because his or her opinion carries special weight7
7685539795begging the questionthe act of ignoring a problem or issue by assuming that it is already settled8
7685543347black comedydisturbing or absurd material presented in a humorous manner, usually with the intention of confronting uncomfortable truths9
7685582854caricatureauthors exaggeration or distortion of certain traits10
7685592184case structurethe logical outline of an argument, claims with support and evidence11
7685615085claima statement or assertion that is open to challenge and that requires support12
7685619126climaxthe moment of greatest intensity in a text, or the major turning point in the plot13
7685625183colloquialisman informal expression, or slang term, acceptable in conversation but not usually in formal writing14
7685639165logospersuading with logic15
7685644345hypotheticalassumption for the sake of conversation16
7685665626identificationauthor suggest his/her closeness to the audience17
7685678160genreshort stories, poetry, novels18
7685684547imagerylanguage that brings to mind sense-impressions, especially using figures of speech and sensory language19
7685696106informallanguage used everyday20
7685701925in medias reslatin// technique of starting a narrative in the middle of the action21
7685720604idiomdraws awareness to the discrepancy between words and there meaning22
7685734018ironybringing opposing parties to a compromise23
7685744752mediationa way of speaking that is peculiar24
7685759434abstractnot attached to anything specific25
7685765713didacticintended to educate or instruct26
7685773242digressionto turn away from the main point27
7685781039discoursethe wider social and intellectual context in which communication takes place28
7685785760ellipsisa figure of speech in which a word or short phrase is omitted but easily understood from the context29
7685798406frame30
7685798407harangue31
7685800551fantasy32
7685800552epigraph33
7685803545eulogy34
7685803546foreshadow35
7685807381figurative language36
7685807382ethos37
7685811514farce38
7685823566explication39
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Bio - Characteristics of Life Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4823430067communityseveral populations living together in an area0
4823430068cellthe smallest unit of life1
4823430071growthprocess of getting bigger in size2
4823430072reproductionmaking new organisms3
4823430073eucaryotetype of cell that has a nucleus. it means "true nucleus"4
4823430074fungikingdom that includes multicellular, heterotrophic organisms with cell walls of chitin5
4823430075homeostasisan organism's ability to maintain steady internal conditions when outside conditions change6
4823430076ecosysemall of the biotic AND abiotic factors in an area7
4823432193metabolismthe sum of energy changes in an organism8
4823433299Domainthe most inclusive level of classification9
4823433599speciesorganisms that can reproduce & make fertile offspring are in this classification level10
4823437226emergent propertyresults from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system11
4823442313binomial nomenclaturethe 2 name system of naming organisms12
4823443986mutationschanges in DNA that lead to evolution13
4823444661DNAthe universal language common to all organisms14
Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap macro Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4342172650Production possibility curveShows scarcity of resources, choice, and opportunity cost.0
4342172651Opportunity costThe cost of the next best alternative in the, money, or resources, when making an economic desicison.1
4342207267ScarcityThe quantity available is not large enough to satisfy all productive uses.2
4342210882The four factors of productionLand, labor, capital, entrepeneurs/managment.3
4342216917UtilityUsefulness people dwrite from an activity of good.4
4342218898Law of diminishing marginal utilityThe more you do something or use a product, the less utility you get from it.5
4342228313Absolute vs comparative advantageAbsolute advantage is whow has the ability to produce more output with a given amount of input(who can make the most. Comparative advantage is who has the lower opportunity cost in producing a good.6
4342251395Law of demandA higher quantity of a product will be demanded at lower prices and less at higher prices.7
4342255202Law of supplySuppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at lower prices.8
4352398950SurplusExcess supply; when the quantity supply is greater than what people want to purchase.9
4352411160ShortageExcess demand; quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.10
4352435742Nominal valuesThe face value of anything right now.11
4352437241Real ValuesThe true, underlying value of something taking into account the changing value of money (accounting for inflation).12
4352442278AggregatesEconomic measures that summarize data across different markets for good, services, workers, and assets.13
4352452507Long run growthThe sustained upward trend in aggregate output over several decades. Long run growth is caused by higher labor productivity of workers.14
4352459346Business cycleShort run changes between economic downturns (recessions) and economic upturns (expansions).15
4352470043RecessionReal GDP falling over a period of 6 months (2 quarters) usually coupled with unemployment increase. Negative AD shock often caused by a decrease in wealth, increase in price, and increase in unemployment.16
4352493528DepressionProlonged, deep decline in real GDP and rise in unemployment.17
4352505975InflationPositive AD shock. Caused by an increase in wealth, price level, and decreased employment.18
4352514666StagflationNegative SRAS shock. Caused by a rise in commodity prices, increased price levels, and increased employment.19
4352519232ExpansionPeriod of recovery or growth; features rising aggreagate output (GDP) and low unemployment. Positive SRAS shock. Caused by falling commodity prices, decreased price level, and decreased unemployment.20
4352613945Unemployment rateUnemployed must be looking for a job. The labor force includes those participating and looking to participate.21
4352623699Structural unemploymentMismatch between people and jobs (ie. changes in technology); will always exist in growing economy.22
4352626566Frictional unemploymentJobs exist, but unemployed have not found them yet, because this process takes time (this will always exist)23
4352633320Demand deficient(cyclical) unemploymentNot enough jobs to go around (bad); also known as cyclical unemployment24
4352638991Natural/full employmentFrictional and structural (expected to exist). Lowest possible unemployment rate.25
4352657221GDP(aggregate output)Gross domestic production; broad measure of a nation's production; it is the value of all NEW, LEGAL, and MEASUREABLE production within a nation of goods/services in a given year. Problem: It does not account for used items, items produced elswhere, anything illegal, or intermediate products.26
4352688271GDP per capita27
4352693491Monetary policyTrying to stabilize economy using interest rate manipulation or changing the amount of money in circulation.28
4352777677Fiscal policyTries to stabilize the economy through changes in taxes or government spending.29
435279626330
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Bio Functional Groups Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7453454698hydroxyl group: structure—OH : A hyrdrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule0
7453454699hydroxyl group: compound nameAlcohols - names usually end in "-ol"1
7453454700hydroxyl group: compound exampleEthanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages2
7453454701hydroxyl group: functional propertiesPolar because of oxygen's high electronegativity; attracts water molecules, helping to dissulve organic compounds such as sugars3
7453454702carbonyl group: compound namesketone, if the group is within a carbon skeleton; aldehyde, if the group is at the end of the skeleton4
7453454703carbonyl group: compound examplesacetone, the simplest ketone; propanal, an aldehyde5
7453454704carbonyl group: functional propertiesketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers with different properties6
7453454705carbonyl group: structure>CO : Carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond7
7453454706carboxyl group: structure—COOH : Oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group8
7453454707carboxyl group: compound nameCarboxylic acids - organic acids9
7453454708carboxyl group: compound exampleacetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste10
7453454709carboxyl group: functional propertiesacidic properties because it can give off hydrogen ions; hydrogen ions often dissociate reversibly; found in the ionic form in cells (--------ate group)11
7453454710amino group: structure—NH2 : nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton12
7453454711amino group: compound nameAmines13
7453454712amino group: compound exampleglycine - has carboxyl group as well, and so is an amino acid14
7453454713amino group: functional propertiesacts as a base; can pick up a proton (H+ ion) from the surrounding solution; ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions15
7453454714sulfhydryl group: structure—SH : sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen (resembles a hydroxyl group in shape)16
7453454715sulfhydryl group: compound nameThiols17
7453454716sulfhydryl group: compound exampleethanethiol18
7453454717sulfhydryl group: funtional propertiestwo can interact to help stabilize protein structure19
7453454718phosphate group: structure—OPO3 2- : phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges (ionized form of a phosphoric acid group)20
7453454719phosphate group: compound nameOrganic phosphates21
7453454720phosphate group: compound exampleglycerol phosphate22
7453454721phosphate group: functional propertiesmakes the molecule of which it is a part an anion (negatively charged ion); can transfer energy between organic molecules23
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!