| CourseNotes

AP Psychology: Chapter 5 Flashcards

5222578308	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	0
5222578309	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	1
5222578310	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	2
5222578311	top-up processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental process, as when we constructing perception drawing on our experience and expectations	3
5222578312	sensation and perception: one continuous process		4
5222578313	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (i.e. intensity), and our psychological experience of them	5
5222578314	absolute thresholds	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time	6
5222578315	signal detection theory	predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation; assumes there is no single absolute treshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue	7
5222578316	subliminal	When stimuli are detectable less than 50 percent of the time, they are "subliminal."	8
5222578317	prime	the activation of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	9
5222578318	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time; we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference	10
5222578319	Weber's Law	the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different	11
5222578320	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	12
5222578321	For 9/10 people, this eye flutter turns off when the eye is following a moving target.		13
5222578322	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses our brains can interpret	14
5222578323	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next; electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission	15
5222578324	Spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy		16
5222578325	Physical Properties of Waves		17
5222578326	hue	the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light (blue, green, etc.)	18
5222578327	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, determined by the wave's amplitude	19
5222578328	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	20
5222578329	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	21
5222578330	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina	22
5222578331	accomodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	23
5222578332	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	24
5222578333	Eye Diagram		25
5222578334	acuity	sharpness of vision	26
5222578335	nearsightedness	a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina	27
5222578336	Types of Vision		28
5222578337	farsightedness	opposite of nearsightedness	29
5222578338	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	30
5222578339	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; the cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations	31
5222578340	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	32
5222578341	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there	33
5222578342	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	34
5222578343	Retina's Reaction to Light		35
5222578344	Receptors in the Human Eye	Cones: 6 million located in the center low sensitivity in dim light color sensitive detail sensitive Rods: 120 million located in the periphery high sensitivity in dim light no color sensitive no detail sensitive	36
5222578345	Pathway from Eyes to Visual Cortex	Ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the thalamus, where they synapse with neurons that run to the visual cortex.	37
5222578346	Hubel and Wiesel	won a Nobel prize for their discovery that most cells in the visual cortex respond only to particular features	38
5222578347	feature detector	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	39
5222578348	parallel processing	processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision; contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving	40
5222578349	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the retina contains three different color receptors--one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue--which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color	41
5222578350	opponent-process theory	opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision	42
5222578351	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	43
5222578352	audition	sense or act of hearing	44
5222578353	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time	45
5222578354	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency	46
5222578355	Intensity of Some Common Sounds		47
5222578356	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	48
5222578357	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	49
5222578358	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	50
5222578359	Hear here: How we transform sound waves into nerve impulses that our brain interprets	a) The outer ear funnels sound waves to the eardrum. The bones of the middle ear amplify ad relay the eardrum's vibrations through the oval window into the fluid-filled cochlea. b) The resulting pressure changes in the cochlear fluid cause the basilar membrane to ripple, bending the hair cells on the surface. Hair cell movements trigger impulses at the base of the nerve cells, whose fibers converge to form the auditory nerve, which sends neural messages to the thalamus and on to the auditory cortex.	51
5222578360	place theory	links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane stimulated	52
5222578361	frequency theory	the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	53
5222578362	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea	54
5222578363	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves called nerve deafness	55
5222578364	Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies.		56
5222578365	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea	57
5222578366	Evelyn Glennie	profoundly deaf since 12 years old; full-time percussion soloist	58
5222578367	William James	He wrote in his Principles of Psychology, "Touch is both the alpha and omega of affection."	59
5222578368	Biopsychosocial Perspective on Pain		60
5222578369	gate-control theory	the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals and allows them to pass on the brain; the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain	61
5222578370	acupuncturist	attempts to help this woman gain relief from back pain by using needles on points of the patient's hand	62
5222578371	David Willey	used eight cords of wood to construct the world's longest firewalk	63
5222578372	Lamaze	Most Lamaze patients request a local anesthetic during labor. Some--having expected a "natural, painless birth"--feel needless guilt and failure.	64
5222578373	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	65
5222578374	The Olfactory Brain	Information from the taste buds travels to an area of the temporal lobe not far from where the brain receives olfactory information, which interacts with taste. The brain's circuitry for smell also connects with areas involved in memory storage, which helps explain why a smell can trigger a memory explosion.	66
5222578375	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	67
5222578376	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	68
5222578377	cochlea		69

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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6685198788	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6685198789	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6685198790	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6685198791	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6685198792	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6685198793	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6685198794	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6685198795	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6685198796	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6685198797	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6685198801	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	10
6685198802	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	11
6685198803	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	12
6685198804	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	13
6685198805	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	14
6685198806	experimental method	does show cause and effect	15
6685198807	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	16
6685198808	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	17
6685198809	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	18
6685198810	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	19
6685198811	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	20
6685198812	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	21
6685198813	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	22
6685198814	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	23
6685198815	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	24
6685198816	theory	general idea being tested	25
6685198817	hypothesis	measurable/specific	26
6685198818	operational definition	procedures that explain components	27
6685198819	mode	appears the most	28
6685198820	mean	average	29
6685198821	median	middle	30
6685198822	range	highest - lowest	31
6685198823	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	32
6685198824	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	33
6685198825	bell curve	(natural curve)	34
6685198828	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	35
6685198829	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	36
6685198830	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	37
6685198831	neuron		38
6685198832	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	39
6685198833	myelin sheath	protects the axon	40
6685198834	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	41
6685198835	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	42
6685198836	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	43
6685198837	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	44
6685198838	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	45
6685198839	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	46
6685198840	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	47
6685198841	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	48
6685198842	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	49
6685198843	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	50
6685198844	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	51
6685198846	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	52
6685198847	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	53
6685198848	master gland	pituitary gland	54
6685198849	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	55
6685198853	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	56
6685198854	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	57
6685198855	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	58
6685198857	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	59
6685198860	hippocampus	process new memory	60
6685198861	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	61
6685198863	association areas	integrate and interpret information	62
6685198864	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	63
6685198865	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	64
6685198866	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	65
6685198867	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	66
6685198868	occipital lobe	vision	67
6685198869	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	68
6685198870	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	69
6685198871	Broca's area	speaking words	70
6685198872	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	71
6685198873	sensation	what our senses tell us	72
6685198874	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	73
6685198875	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	74
6685198876	top-down processing	brain to senses	75
6685198877	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	76
6685198878	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	77
6685198879	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	78
6685198880	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	79
6685198881	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	80
6685198882	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	81
6685198883	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	82
6685198884	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	83
6685198885	rods	night time	84
6685198886	cones	color	85
6685198887	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	86
6685198888	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	87
6685198889	opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	88
6685198893	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	89
6685198896	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	90
6685198903	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	91
6685198904	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	92
6685198910	insomnia	can't sleep	93
6685198911	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	94
6685198912	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	95
6685198918	depressants	slows neural pathways	96
6685198919	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	97
6685198920	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	98
6685198921	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	99
6685198922	stimulants	hypes neural processing	100
6685198923	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	101
6685198924	caffeine	((stimulant))	102
6685198925	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	103
6685198926	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	104
6685198927	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	105
6685198928	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	106
6685198929	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	107
6685198930	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	108
6685198964	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	109
6685198967	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	110
6685198971	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	111
6685198975	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	112
6685198977	encoding	information going in	113
6685198978	storage	keeping information in	114
6685198979	retrieval	taking information out	115
6685198980	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	116
6685198981	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	117
6685198982	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	118
6685198986	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	119
6685198988	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	120
6685198989	implicit memory	naturally do	121
6685198990	explicit memory	need to explain	122
6685198991	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	123
6685198992	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	124
6685198993	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	125
6685198994	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	126
6685198995	primacy effect	remember the first things in a list	127
6685198996	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	128
6685198998	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	129
6685199000	misinformation effect	not correct information	130
6685199002	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	131
6685199003	priming	association (setting you up)	132
6685199005	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	133
6685199006	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	134
6685199009	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	135
6685199010	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	136
6685199016	mental set	what has worked in the past	137

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AP Psychology Unit 5 Flashcards

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8190298976	Stage 1 Sleep	Light sleep Beta waves Hypnogogic sleep	0
8190298977	Stage 2 Sleep	Sleep spindles Theta waves Rapid bursts of brain activity	1
8190302777	Stage 3 sleeo	Transition to deep sleep Delta waves	2
8190423409	Stage 4 sleep	Deep sleep Delta waves Tissue regeneration	3
8190302778	REM sleep	Rapid eye movement Solidify and organize thoughts/dream state	4
8190307209	Alpha waves	During periods of relaxation, while still awake, our brain waves become slower, increase in amplitude	5
8190307210	Beta waves	Stage 1 waves Dominate our normal waking state of consciousness when attention is directed towards cognitive tasks and the outside world	6
8190307211	Delta waves	Stage 3 and 4 waves Slowest waves and highest amplitude	7
8190425317	Theta waves	Stage 2 waves	8
8190309597	Sleep spindles	Stage 2 sleep Rapid bursts of neural activity	9
8190309598	Hypnagogic sensations	Stage 1 sleep Sensations of falling or floating that are sometimes later incorporated into memories	10
8190314625	Paradoxical sleep	The body is in sleep paralysis, but eyes move a lot and brain most active	11
8190314626	Night terrors	Wake up with sympathetic nervous system Panic attack whilst sleeping and wakes you up During 3rd and 4th stafes	12
8190334361	Nightmare	a dream that results in feelings of extreme fear, horror, distress, or anxiety	13
8190334362	Sleep apnea	Blockage in air way Brain becomes oxygen deprived, wakes up	14
8190336724	Narcolepsy	Sleep attacks	15
8190336725	Insomnia	Inability to sleep	16
8190339214	Hypersomnia	Excessive sleepiness Difficultly staying awake	17
8190339215	REM rebound	When sleep deprived, body goes straight into REM REM lasts longer than usual	18
8190342353	Latent content	What the dream truly means Id	19
8190342354	Manifest content	What we recall Ego/Superego	20
8190346432	Activation synthesis hypothesis	Dreams are the result of scattered messages deriving from the brainstem and the frontal lobe makes sense of it	21
8190346433	Restorative sleep	Sleeping is essential in revitalizing and restoring the mind and body	22
8190349506	Free running cycle	A sleep pattern that is not adjusted to the 24-hour cycle in nature nor to any artificial cycle	23
8190349507	Lucid dreaming	Dreamlike state where the individual is conscious of their dream and can control it	24
8190359329	Electroencephalograph	The measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain and the recording of such activity as a visual trace on paper or on an oscilloscope screen	25
8190359330	Electromyography	The recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue, or its representation as a visual display or audible signal, using electrodes attached to the skin or inserted into the muscle.	26
8190361351	Electrocardiograph	the measurement of electrical activity in the heart and the recording of such activity as a visual trace on paper or on an oscilloscope screen, using electrodes placed on the skin of the limbs and chest.	27
8190364054	Sigmund Freud	Psychologist that proposed dreams are the window into the mind Latent and manifest content	28
8190364055	Hobson and McCarley	Two psychologists that proposed the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis	29
8190366574	Stephen LaBerge	Devised a methodology that enabled them to test the reality of reports of lucid dreaming. eye movements of REM sleep correspond to the reported direction of the dreamers gaze.	30
8190366575	Depressants	Slows body down and neural activity GABA - parasympathetic Alcohol, sedatives Psychological and physiological addiction	31
8190366576	Stimulants	Increases bodily functions and neural activity Parasympathetic nervous system Cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, ecstasy, speed, meth Psychological and physiological addiction	32
8190369335	Hallucinogens	Distort reality User's mind may have sensations without stimuli PCP, LSD, "Marijuana", peyote Only psychological addiction	33
8190372127	Narcotics/opiates	Stop transmission of pain messages and alter sensation Endorphins Opium, morphine, heroin Psychological and physiological addiction	34
8190374782	Effects of expectation or set		35
8190374783	Biological predispositions	when a subject possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition Relates to addiction to drugs	36
8190378428	Psychological addiction	Mental dependence on a drug	37
8190378429	Physiological addiction	Physical dependence on a drug Neurotransmitter replacement Delirium tremens Tolerance Brain plasticity	38
8190381532	Withdrawal	a state of unease or dissatisfaction, a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, or anxiety upon cessation of drug use or engagement in certain behaviors In some cases, can be deadly	39
8190381533	Delirium tremens	Shaking, confusion, high blood pressure, fever, and hallucinations Withdrawal symptoms, especially alcohol	40
8190381534	Tolerance	A drug's decreased potency in affecting a specified behavior after repeated or continuous exposure to the drug	41
8190384826	Daydreaming	Short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings, during which a person's contact with reality is blurred and partially substituted by a visionary fantasy, especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts, hopes or ambitions, imagined as coming to pass, and experienced while awake.	42
8190384827	Hypnosis	the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction	43
8190384828	Near death experiences	a personal experience associated with death or impending death detachment from the body feelings of levitation total serenity security warmth the experience of absolute dissolution the presence of a light	44
8190388601	Pain control	Most common use of hypnosis	45

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APES- Chapter 18 Flashcards

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5944067949	Threatened species	A species that have a high risk of extinction in the future.	0
5944069761	Near-threatened species	Species that are very likely to become threatened in the future.	1
5944072047	Least concern species	Species that are widespread and abundant.	2
5944075125	Intrinsic value	Value independent of any benefit to humans.	3
5944077967	Instrumental value	Worth as an instrument or a tool that can be used to accomplish a goal.	4
5944084485	Provision	A good that humans can use directly.	5
5944093335	Native species	Species that live in their historical range, typically where they have lived fir thousands or millions of years.	6
5944096609	Exotic species	A species living outside its historical range. Also known as alien species.	7
5944099640	Invasive species	A species that spreads rapidly across large areas.	8
5944106207	Lacey Act	A US act that prohibits interstate shipping of all illegally harvested plants and animals.	9
5944114313	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)	A 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade if threatened plants and animals.	10
5944116470	Red List	A list of worldwide threatened species.	11
5944118485	Marine Mammal Protection Act	A 1972 US act to protect declining populations of marine mammals.	12
5944121766	Endangered Species	A species that is in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.	13
5944126253	Convention on Biological Diversity	An international treaty too help protect biodiversity.	14
5944130087	Edge habitat	Habitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically, forming an abrupt transition, such as where a grassy field meets a forest.	15
5944135735	Biosphere reserve	Protected area consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact.	16

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Flashcards

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APES - Chapter 6 Flashcards

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7611644320	Population	The individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time	0
7611644321	Community	All of the populations of organisms within a given area	1
7611644322	Population Ecology	The study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease	2
7611644323	Population Size (N)	The total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time	3
7611644324	Population Density	The number of individuals per unit area at a given time	4
7611644325	Population Distribution	A description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another	5
7611644326	Sex Ratio	The ratio of males to females in a population	6
7611644327	Age Structure	A description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population	7
7611644328	Limiting Resource	A resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size	8
7611644329	Density-Dependent Factor	A factor that influences an individual's probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population	9
7611644330	Carry Capacity (K)	The limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain	10
7611644331	Density-Independent Factor	A factor that has the same effect on an individual's probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size	11
7611644332	Population Growth Models	Mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time	12
7611644333	Population Growth Rate	The number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period	13
7611644334	Intrinsic Growth Rate (r)	The maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources	14
7611644335	Exponential Growth Model (N	A growth model that estimates a population's future size (Nt) after a period of time (t), based on the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population (N0)	15
7611644336	J-Shaped Curve	The curve of the exponential growth model when graphed	16
7611644337	Logistic Growth Model	A growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment	17
7611644338	S-Shaped Curve	The shape of the logistic growth model when graphed	18
7611644339	Overshoot	When a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity	19
7611644340	Die-Off	A rapid decline in a population due to death	20
7611644341	K-Selected Species	A species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity	21
7611644342	r-Selected Species	A species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs	22
7611644343	Survivorship Curve	A graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age	23
7611644344	Type I Survivorship Curve	A pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age	24
7611644345	Type II Survivorship Curve	A pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span	25
7611644346	Type III Survivorship Curve	A pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood	26
7611644347	Corridor	Strips of natural habitat that connect populations	27
7611644348	Metapopulation	A group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them	28
7611644349	Inbreeding Depression	When individuals with similar genotypes-typically relatives-breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce	29
7611644350	Community Ecology	The study of interactions between species	30
7611644351	Symbiotic Relationship	The relationship between two species that live in close association with each other	31
7611644352	Competition	The struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource	32
7611644353	Competition Exclusion Principle	The principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist	33
7611644354	Resource Partitioning	When two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology	34
7611644355	Predation	An interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal	35
7611644356	Parasitoid	A specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms-referred to as its host	36
7611644357	Parasitism	An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism	37
7611644358	Pathogen	A parasite that causes disease in its host	38
7611644359	Herbivory	An interaction in which an animal consumes a producer	39
7611644360	Mutualism	An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species	40
7611644361	Commensalism	A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped	41
7611644362	Keystone Species	A species that plays a far more important in its community than its relative abundance might suggest	42
7611644363	Ecosystem Engineer	A keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species	43
7611644364	Ecological Succession	The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time	44
7611644365	Primary Succession	Ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil	45
7611644366	Secondary Succession	The succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil	46
7611644367	Pioneer Species	A species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine	47
7611644368	Theory of Island Biogeography	A theory that demonstrates the dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness	48

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AP Calculus Derivatives Flashcards

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5824921047	d/dx x^n		0
5824921048	d/dx (uv)	uv' + vu'	1
5824921049	d/dx (u/v)		2
5824921050	d/dx f(g(x))	f'(g(x))*g'(x)	3
5824921051	d/dx (sin x)	cos x	4
5824921052	d/dx (cos x)	- sin x	5
5824921053	d/dx (tan x)	sec²x	6
5824921054	d/dx (cot x)	- csc²x	7
5824921055	d/dx (sec x)	sec x tan x	8
5824921056	d/dx (csc x)	-csc x cot x	9
5824921057	d/dx (e^x)	e^x	10
5824921058	d/dx (a^x)	a^x ln a	11
5824921059	d/dx (ln x)	1/x	12
5824921060	d/dx (Arcsin x)	1/√(1 - x²)	13
5824921061	d/dx (Arctan x)	1/(1 + x²)	14

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AP - la moda / la ropa Flashcards

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8884373455	la tendencia de moda	fashion trend	0
8884348522	estar de moda	to be in style	1
8884393997	pasar de moda	to be/go out of style	2
8884638387	la vestamienta	clothing	3
8884642218	la prenda	article of clothing	4
8884519505	pertenecer	to belong	5
8884508965	la marca	brand	6
8884523208	vestirse	to wear get dressed	7
8884548614	llevar / usar	to wear	8
8884316391	los pendientes; los aretes	earrings	9
8884316392	el abrigo	coat	10
8884316393	el collar	necklace	11
8884316394	el vestido	dress	12
8884316395	las lentejuelas	sequins	13
8884316396	la camisa de cuello alto	turtleneck	14
8884316397	sin mangas	sleeveless	15
8884316398	Una camiseta sin mangas	tank top	16
8884316399	las medias	tights; stockings	17
8884316400	rayado	striped	18
8884316401	los lentes de sol; los anteojos de sol	sunglasses	19
8884316402	los botines	booties	20
8884316403	de tacón alto	high-heeled	21
8884316404	la blusa	blouse	22
8884316405	los guantes	gloves	23
8884316406	la falda	skirt	24
8884316407	el gorro	winter hat	25
8884316408	la gorra	cap	26
8884316409	de cuadros	plaid, checked	27
8884316410	los cordones	shoelaces	28
8884316411	el poncho	poncho	29
8884316412	capucha	hood	30
8884316413	la corbata	tie	31
8884316414	el brazalete/la pulsera	bracelet	32
8884316415	musculosa	tank top	33
8884316416	el bolso	bag; purse	34
8884316417	el sombrero	hat	35
8884316418	de paja	made of straw	36
8884316419	la remera; la camiseta	t-shirt	37
8884316420	los tenis; las zapatillas	sneakers	38
8884316421	las sandalias	sandals	39
8884316422	las chancletas	flip-flops	40
8884316423	la chaqueta	jacket	41
8884316424	de camuflaje	camouflage	42
8884316425	el esmoquín	tuxedo	43
8884316426	la pajarita	bow tie	44
8884316427	la capa	cape	45
8884316471	la polera	polo shirt	46
8884316428	el chaleco	vest	47
8884316429	la sudadera	sweatshirt	48
8884316430	el traje	suit	49
8884316431	los calcetines	socks	50
8884316432	la bufanda	scarf	51
8884562174	el hiyab	hijab	52
8884316433	apretado	tight	53
8884316434	flojo	loose	54
8884316435	el cinturón	belt	55
8884316436	calzar	to wear shoes	56
8884316437	el suéter	sweater	57
8884316438	la hebilla	buckle	58
8884316439	el pañuelo	handkerchief	59
8884316440	el anillo	ring	60
8884316441	de oro	made of gold	61
8884316442	de plata	made of silver	62
8884316443	de platino	made of platinum	63
8884316444	los pantalones cortos	shorts	64
8884316445	las mallas; las calzas	leggings	65
8884316446	el traje de baño	bathing suit	66
8884316447	el impermeable	raincoat	67
8884316448	el paraguas	umbrella	68
8884316449	el llavero	keychain	69
8884316450	la billetera	wallet	70
8884316451	el botón	button	71
8884316452	la cremallera; el cierre	zipper	72
8884316453	el pijama	pajamas	73
8884316454	las pantuflas	slippers	74
8884316455	el bolsillo	pocket	75
8884316456	de cuero	made of leather	76
8884316457	de algodón	made of cotton	77
8884316458	de seda	made of silk	78
8884316459	de lana	made of wool	79
8884316460	de terciopelo	velvet	80
8884316461	de caucho	rubber	81
8884316462	de pana	made of corduroy	82
8884516194	el peinado	hairstyle	83
8884537811	teñir al pelo / al cabello	to dye one's hair	84
8884316463	la cola de caballo	ponytail	85
8884316464	el afro	afro	86
8884316465	el moño	bun	87
8884316466	el mohicano	mohawk	88
8884316467	las rastas	dreadlocks	89
8884316468	el flequillo	bangs	90
8884316469	el corte de tazón	bowl cut	91
8884316470	rapado	buzz cut	92
8884316472	las trenzas	braids	93
8884398025	oscuro/a	dark (colored)	94
8884398027	vivo/a	bright (colored)	95
8884410355	claro/a	light (colored)	96
8884413584	bien vestido	well-dressed	97
8884505966	los trubus urbanas	subcultures	98
8884607757	la calidad	quality	99
8884529052	la feria americana	second-hand	100
8884644783	quedar bien / mal	to fit well / poorly	101
8884651674	el número	number (size)	102
8884653953	el tamaño / la talla	size	103
8884913555	estar en forma	to be in shape	104
8884913557	descuidado/a	sloppy, uncared for	105
8884945937	barato/a	cheap, inexpensive	106
8884945938	caro/a	expensive	107
8884948226	(de) lujo	luxury	108
8884962616	permitirse el lujo de	to afford (the luxury of)	109
8884975647	pertenecer	to belong	110

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Flashcards

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AP Biology- Unit 2 Flashcards

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7441896536	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	0
7441896537	polar	electrons shared unequally	1
7441896538	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	2
7441896539	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	3
7441896540	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	4
7441896541	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	5
7441896542	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	6
7441896543	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	7
7441896544	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	8
7441896545	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	9
7441896546	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	10
7441896547	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	11
7441896548	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	12
7441896549	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	13
7441896550	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	14
7441896551	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity	15
7441896552	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	16
7441896553	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	17
7441896554	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	18
7441896555	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	19
7441896557	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	20
7441896558	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	21
7441896559	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	22
7441896560	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	23
7441896561	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	24
7441896562	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	25
7441896564	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	26
7441896565	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	27
7441896566	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	28
7441896568	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	29
7441896571	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	30
7441896572	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	31
7441896573	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	32
7441896574	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	33
7441896575	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	34
7441955271	denaturation	process in which a protein loses shape and function due to changes in their environment (pH, temperature)	35
7442018451	competitive inhibitor	molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme	36
7517911483	enzymes	specific, reusable, catalyzes a chemical reaction	37