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AP Literature Flashcards

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7297085706Surprisean unexpected turn in the development of a plot0
7292589807AllegoryA narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one1
7292591791AllusionA reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history2
7292595005AnecdoteA short account of an interesting or humorous incident3
7292598061Artistic unityThat condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose4
7292601767CacophonyA harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds5
7292604121EuphonyA smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds6
7292606628GenreA type or class, as poetry, drama, etc.7
7292607950ImageryThe representation through language of sensory experience8
7292609896MoodThe pervading impression of a work9
7292609917MoralA rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work10
7292613664ProseNon-metrical language; the oppose of verse11
7292615446ThemeThe main idea, or message, of a literary work. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly.12
7292618521ToneThe writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself; the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work.13
7295357822SettingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.14
7295360205SymbolSomething that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well, a figure of speech which may be read both literally and figuratively15
7295364936VerseMetrical language; the oppose of prose16
7295365663VoiceThe distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book17
7295367094AntagonistCharacter in a story or poem who opposes the main character (protagonist). Sometimes the antagonist is an animal, an idea, or a thing.18
7295372312Character1. Any of the persons involved in a story or play. 2.The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character.19
7295376874CharacterizationThe process of conveying information about characters.20
7295392276DeuteragonistThe second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist21
7295393427Direct presentation of characterA method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so22
7295396980Dynamic character1. A character who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character or outlook23
7295400707Flat characterA character whose character is summed up in one or two traits24
7295402187FoilA character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.25
7295405951HeroA man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for bold exploits, and favored by the gods26
7295408387HubrisOverbearing and excessive pride27
7295409375Indirect presentation of characterThat method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character28
7295418826ProtagonistThe main character of a novel, play, or film29
7295420625Round characterA character whose character is complex and many sided30
7295474729Static characterA character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning31
7295477464Stock characterA sterotyped character32
7295478234Tragic FlawA flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow33
7295481271AsideA brief speech in which a character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience; a dramatic device for letting the audience know what a character is really thinking or feeling as opposed to what the character pretends to think or feel34
7295487750ColloquialInformal, conversational language35
7295489018Dialogue1. Conversation between character in a drama or narrative. 2. A literary work written in the form of a conversation.36
7295493251DialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary37
7295495332DictionWord choice38
7295496515EuphemismSubstituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a hash, blunt, or offensive one39
7295507268Figure of speechBroadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another40
7295507269HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth41
7295509613InvectiveDenunciatory or abusive language42
7295515482Monologue1. A dramatic soliloquy 2. A literary composition in such form43
7295518602ProverbA short, pithy saying that expresses a basic truth or practical precept44
7296072521PunA play on words, sometimes on different sense of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words45
7296083836SarcasmBitter or cutting speech; speech intended by its speaker to give pain to the person addressed46
7296086098SoliloquyA device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters47
7296090693SlangA kind of language especially occurring in casual or playful speech, usually made up of short-lived coinages and figures of speech deliberately used in place of standard terms48
7296095378UnderstatementA figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants49
7296099233ExpositionThe part of a play (usually at the beginning) that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the actions50
7296102316ConflictA clash of actions, desires, ideas, or goals in the plot of a story or drama. Conflict may exist between the main character and some other person/persons between the main character and some external force-- physical nature, society, or fate; or between the main character and some destructive element in his or her own nature. A struggle that takes place in a character's mind is called internal conflict51
7296113294Rising actionThat development of plot in a story that precedes and leads up to the climax52
7296116111ClimaxThe turning point or high point of a plot53
7296117216Falling actionThe falling action immediately follows the climax and shows the aftereffects of the events in the climax54
7296120919DenouementResolution. The conclusion of the story. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the character and a sense of catharsis for them and the reader. Sometimes a hint as to the characters' future is given55
7296129223IronyA situation, or a use of language, involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy. Three kinds of irony.56
7296134392Dramatic IronyAn incongruity or discrepancy between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true (or between what a character perceives and what the author intends the reader to perceive)57
7296144869Irony of situationA situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate58
7296148920Verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant59
7296150559Epistolary novelA novel written as a series of documents60
7296151803First person point of viewThe story is told by one of its characters, using the first person61
7296153170FlashbackA literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.62
7296156338FlashforwardA literary device in which a later event is inserted into a narrative63
7296159391In medias res(into the middle of things) is a Latin phrase denoting the literary and artistic narrative technique wherein the relation of a story begins wither at the mid-point or at the conclusion, rather than at the beginning, establishing setting, character, and conflict via flashback and expository conversation64
7296172777Limited omniscient point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears65
7296200642Linear structurea plot that follows a straight-moving, cause and effect, chronological order66
7296204758Objective point of viewthe author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to reporting what the characters say or do; the author does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings67
7296213061Omniscient point of viewthe author tells the story, using the third person, knowing all and free to tell us anything, including what the character are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do68
7296239802NarratorThe speaker or the "voice" of an oral or written work. Although it can be, the narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The narrator is one of three types of characters in a given work. 1. Participant (protagonist or participant in any action that may take place in the story) 2. Observer (someone who is indirectly involved in the action of a story) 3. non participant (one who is not at all involved in any action of the story). The narrator is the direct window into a piece of work.69
7296252873Nonlinear structurewhen the plot is presented in a non-caused order, with events presented in a random series jumping to and from the main plot with flashbacks or flashforwards; or in any other manner that is either not chronological or not cause and effect70
7296259578Point of viewthe angle of vision from which a story is told71
7296260626Stream of consciousnessnarrative which presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary or interpretation by the author72
7296265182Unreliable narratora narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised. Unreliable narrators are usually first-person narrators73
7296269033Anticlimaxa sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential74
7296271441Catastrophethe concluding action of a classical tragedy containing the resolution of the plot75
7296273549Comic reliefa humorous incident introduced into a serious literary work in order to relieve dramatic tension or heighten emotional impact76
7296278169Dilemmaa situation in which a character must choose between two course of action, both undesirable77
7296279937Deus ex machina(god from the machine) the resolution of a plot by use of highly improbable chance or coincidence (so named from the practice of some Greek dramatists of having a god descend from heaven at the last possible minute-- in the theater by means of a stage machine-- to rescue the protagonist from an impossible situation)78
7297055039Indeterminate endingan ending in which the central problem or conflict is left unresolved79
7297057776InversionA reversal in order, nature, or effect80
7297058794Motivationan emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action81
7297060363Mysteryan unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation; used to create suspense82
7297062877Paradoxa statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements83
7297064881Plotthe sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed84
7297065961Plot manipulationa situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved85
7297068545Plot devicean object, character, or event whose only reason for existing is to advance the story. Often breaks suspension of disbelief.86
7297073694Prologuean introduction or a preface, especially a poem recited to introduce a play87
7297075585Red herringa literary tactic of diverting attention away from an item or person of significance88
7297077000Scenea subdivision of an act in a dramatic presentation in which the setting is fixed and the time continuous89
7297078754Suspensethat quality in a story that makes the reader eager to discover what happens next and how it will end90
7297081269Suspension of disbeliefan unspoken agreement between writer and reader: "I agree to believe your make-believe your make-believe if it entertains me."91
7297084674Subplota plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work92
7297086735Comedya type of drama, opposed to tragedy, having usually a happy ending, and emphasizing human limitation rather than human greatness93
7297089535Comedy of mannerscomedy that ridicules the manners (way of life, social customs, etc.) of a certain segment of society94
7297092099Satirea kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice95
7297098506Scornful comedya type of comedy whose main purpose is to expose and ridicule human folly, vanity, and hypocrisy96
7297101491Romantic comedya type of comedy whose likable and sensible main characters are placed in difficulties from which they are rescued at the end of the play97
7297103808Farcea type of comedy that relies on exaggeration, horseplay, and unrealistic or improbable situations to provoke laughter98
7297106474Escapist literatureliterature written purely for entertainment, with little or no attempt to provide insights into the true nature of human life or behavior99
7297110490Fablea short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing animal character that act like human beings100
7297113887Fantasya kind of fiction that pictures creatures or events beyond the boundaries of known reality101
7297115973Interpretive literatureliterature that provides valid insights into the nature of human life or behavior102
7297118902Mythany story that attempts to explain how the world was created or why the world is the way that it is. Myths are stories that are passed on from generation to generation and normally involved religion. Most myths were first spread by oral tradition and then were written down in some literary form. Many ancient literary works are, in fact, myths as myths appear in every ancient culture of the planet103
7297126795Novela book of long narrative in literary prose104
7297127979Novella(short novel) a written, fictional, prose narrative longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel105
7297130744Parablea simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson106
7297131911Tragedydrama in which a noble protagonist-- a person of unusual moral or intellectual stature or outstanding abilities-- falls to ruin during a struggle caused by a tragic flaw (or hamartia) in his character or an error in his rulings or judgements107
7297140342Apostrophea figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply108
7297142759Connotationwhat a word suggests beyond its basic definition; a word's overtones of meaning109
7297144578Denotationthe basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word110
7297145813Ekphrasisthe poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words111
7297149242Epigram1. a short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation 2. A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement112
7297153366Extended figure(sustained figure) a figure of speech: usually metaphor, simile, personification, or apostrophe sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem113
7297159985Figurative languagelanguage employing figures of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or only literally114
7297162731JuxtapositionPositioning opposites next to each other to heighten the contrast115
7297167960Metaphora figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike116
7297169756Metonymya figure of speech in which some significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the whole experience117
7297175816Onomatopoeiathe use of words that supposedly mimic their meaning in their sound (boom, click, plop)118
7297178013Personificationa figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal, an object, ora concept119
7297179786Rhythmany wavelike recurrence of motion or sound120
7297181677Sentimentalityunmerited or contrived tender feeling; that quality in a story that elicits or seeks to elicit tears through an oversimplification or falsification of reality121
7297187103Similea figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The comparison is made explicit by the use of some such word or phrase as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems122
7297191458Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole. Under the term metonymy123
7297194402Syntaxword organization and order. The arrangement of words to form phrases, clauses and sentences; sentence construction124
7297195845Alliterationthe repetition at close intervals of the initial constant sounds of accented syllables or important words125
7297198562Anapesta metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable126
7297201611Anapestic metera meter in which a majority of the feet are anapests127
7297203624Approximate rhyme(imperfect rhyme, near rhyme, slant rhyme, oblique rhyme) a term used for words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of sound correspondence but are not perfect rimes (ex. arrayed-said)128
7297209888Assonancethe repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words (Ex. vein-made)129
7297213908Ballad meterstanzas formed of quatrains of iambs in which the first and third lines have four stresses (tetrameter) and the second and fourth lines have three stresses (trimeter). Usually the second and the fourth lines rhyme, although ballad meter is often not followed strictly130
7297225820Blank versepoetry with a meter, but not rhymed, usually in iambic pentameter131
7297229643Consonancethe repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words132
7297231688Couplettwo successive lines, usually in the same meter, linked by rhyme133
7297233257Dactyla metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables (merrily)134
7297236295Dactylic metera meter in which a majority of the feet are dactyls135
7297238427End rhymerhymes that occur at the ends of lines136
7297239507End-stopped linea line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation-- the opposite of enjambment137
7297242831Enjambmentor run-on line, a line which has no natural speech pause at its end, allowing the sense to flow uninterruptedly into the succeeding line-- the oppose of an end-stopped line138
7297248995English (Shakespearean) sonneta sonnet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. Its content or structure ideally parallels the rhyme scheme, falling into three coordinate quatrains and a concluding couplet; but it is often structured, like the Italian sonnet, into octave and sestet, the principal break in thought coming at the end of the eighth line139
7297257037Feminine rhymea rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words (picky, tricky)140
7297260469Footthe basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables141
7297263033Free versenonmetrical verse. poetry written in free verse is arranged in lines, may be more or less rhythmical, but has no fixed metrical pattern or expectation142
7297266781Half rhyme(slant rhyme, sprung, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, off rhyme or imperfect rhyme) is consonance on the final consonants of the words involved143
7297269453Heroic coupletpoems constructed by a sequence of two lines (usually rhyming) verse in iambic pentameter. If these couplets do not rhyme, they are usually separated by extra white space144
7297273356Iamba metrical foot consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable (ex. rehearse)i145
7297278655Iambic metera meter in which the majority of feet are iambs, the most common English meter146
7297280970Internal rhymea rhyme in which one or both of the rhyme-words occur within the line147
7297284397Italian (Petrarchan) Sonneta sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abbaabba and of a sestet using any arrangment of two or three additional rhymes148
7300174587Masculine rhymeSingle rhyme. A rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words (rhyme, sublime)149
7300177180MeterRegularized rhythm; an arrangement of language in which the accents occur at apparently equal intervals in time150
7300178986Octave1. An eight-line stanza. 2 the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet151
7300181398Perfect rhymeA rhyme in which is when the later part of the word or phrase is identical surrounding to another. Types include masculine and feminine, among others.152
7300184187PentameterA metrical line containing five feet153
7300210455Quatrain1. a four-line stanza 2. a four-line division of a sonnet marked off by its rhyme scheme.154
7300213352Refraina repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines, normally at some fixed position in a poem written in stanziac form155
7300215611RhymeThe repetition of an identical or similarly accented sound or sounds in a work. Lyricists may find multiple ways to rhyme within a verse. End rhymes have words that rhyme at the end of a verse-line. Internal rhymes have words that rhyme within it.156
7300221029Rhyme schemeAny fixed pattern of rhymes characterizing a whole poem or its stanzas157
7300221937ScansionThe process of measuring verse, that is, of marking accented and unaccented syllables, dividing the lines into feet, identifying the metrical pattern, and noting significant variations from that pattern158
7300223052Sestet(1) A six-line stanza (2) The last six lines of a sonnet structured on the Italian model159
7300223891SpondeeA metrical foot consisting of two syllables equally or almost equally accented (for example, true-blue)160
7300224808StanzaA group of lines whose metrical pattern (and usually its rhyme scheme as well) is repeated throughout a poem161
7300225846Terza RimaA three-line stanza form borrowed from the Italian poets. The rhyme scheme is: aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.162
7300228479TetrameterA metrical line containing four feet163
7300229953TrimeterA metrical line containing three feet164
7300232775Triple meterA meter in which a majority of the feet contain three syllables. (Actually, if more than 25 percent of the feet in a poem are triple, its effect is more triple than duple, and it ought perhaps to be referred to as triple meter.) Anapestic and dactylic are both triple meters.165
7300236004Trochaic meterA meter in which the majority of feet are trochees166
7300236530TrocheeA metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable (for example, barter167
7300237263Ballada narrative folk song. The ballad is traced back to the Middle Ages. Ballads were usually created by common people and passed orally due to the illiteracy of the time. Subjects for ballads include killings, feuds, important historical events, and rebellion.168
7300238571ElegyA type of literature defined as a song or poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.169
7300239853EpicA long poem in a lofty style about the exploits of heroic figures. These often come from an oral tradition of shared authorship or from a single, high-profile poet imitating the style170
7300240909Lyrica song-like poem written mainly to express the feelings of emotions or thought from a particular person, thus separating it from narrative poems. These poems are generally short, averaging roughly twelve to thirty lines, and rarely go beyond sixty lines. These poems express vivid imagination as well as emotion and all flow fairly concisely171
7300241353Narrative poemA poem that tells a story. A narrative poem can come in many forms and styles, both complex and simple, short or long, as long as it tells a story. A few examples of a narrative poem are epics, ballads, and metrical romances172
7300241886OdeUsually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. The ode often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts.173
7300242548SonnetA fixed form of fourteen lines, normally iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types—the Italian or the English174
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BC Calculus AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6383808471Double Angle Formula for cos²(θ)0
6383808472Double Angle Formula for sin²(θ)1
6383808473sin(0)=2
6383808474sin(π/4)3
6383808475sin⁻¹(-1)4
6383808476tan⁻¹(-1)5
63838084771+cot²(θ)6
63838084781+tan²(θ)7
6383808479sin(2θ)8
6383808480cos(2θ)9
6383808483log(AB)10
6383808484log(A / B)11
6383808485log(A) ^ x12
6383808486e^(ln(x))13
6383808487ln(x) / ln(a)14
6383808488Simplify the expression into one log: 2 ln(x) + ln(x+1) - ln(x-1)15
6383808489For what value of x is there a hole, and for what value of x is there a vertical asymptote? f(x) = ((x - a)(x - b))/ ((x - a)(x - c))16
6383808490Definition of the Derivative (Using the limit as h→0)17
6383808492lim x→₀ sin(x)/x18
6383808493lim x→∞ tan⁻¹(x)19
6383808495First derivative test for a local max of f at x = a20
6383808496First derivative test for a local min of f at x = a21
6383808497Second derivative test for a local max of f at x = a22
6383808498Second derivative test for a local min of f at x = a23
6383808499Test for max and mins of f on [a, b]24
6383808500Inflection Points25
6383808501ƒ'(x) < 026
6383808502ƒ''(x) < 0 or ƒ'(x) is decreasing27
6383808503ƒ'(x) > 028
6383808504ƒ''(x) > 0 or ƒ'(x) is increasing29
6383808505Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)30
6383808506Mean Value Theorem (MVT)31
6383808507Rolle's Theorem32
6383808508Squeeze Theorem33
6383808510ƒ(x) is continuous at x = a if...34
6383808511Extreme Value Theorem35
6383808512Critical Points36
6383808513Three types of discontinuities.37
6383808514ƒ(x) is differentiable at x = a if...38
6383808515Three conditions where ƒ(x) is not differentiable39
6383808516Average rate of change of ƒ(x) over [a, b]40
6383808517Instantaneous rate of change of ƒ(a)41
6383808518d/dx ( tan⁻¹ ( x ) )42
6383808519d/dx ( sin⁻¹ ( x ) )43
6383808521d/dx ( e ^ x )44
6383808522d/dx ( ln x )45
6383808523d/dx ( a ^ x )46
6383808525d/dx ( sin x )47
6383808526d/dx ( cos x )48
6383808527d/dx ( tan x )49
6383808528d/dx ( sec x )50
6383808529d/dx ( csc x )51
6383808530d/dx ( cot x )52
6383808531Product Rule53
6383808532Quotient Rule54
6383808533Chain Rule55
6383808534d/dx (ƒ(x)³)56
6383808535d/dx ( ln ƒ(x) )57
6383808536d/dx (e ^ ƒ(x) )58
6383808537Derivative of the Inverse of ƒ(x)59
6383808538Implicit Differentiation Find dy/dx: x²/9+y²/4=160
6383808539Equation of a line in point-slope form61
6383808540Equation of the tangent line to y = ƒ(x) at x = a62
6383808541A normal line to a curve is...63
6383808542Velocity of a point moving along a line with position at time t given by d(t)64
6383808543Speed of a point moving along a line65
6383808544Average velocity of s over [a, b]66
6383808545Average speed of s over [a, b]67
6383808546Average acceleration given v over [a, b]68
6383808547An object in motion is at rest when...69
6383808548An object in motion reverses direction when...70
6383808549Acceleration of a point moving along a line with position at time t given by d(t)71
6383808550How to tell if a point moving along the x-axis with velocity v(t) is speeding up or slowing down at some time t?72
6383808551Position at time t = b of a particle moving along a line given velocity v(t) and position s(t) at time t = a73
6383808552Displacement of a particle moving along a line with velocity v(t) for a ≤ t ≤ b.74
6383808553Total distance traveled by a particle moving along a line with velocity v(t) for a ≤ t ≤ b...75
6383808554The total change in ƒ(x) over [a, b] in terms of the rate of change, ƒ'(x)76
6383808555Graph of y = 1/x77
6383808556Graph of y = e ^ (kx)78
6383808557Graph of y = ln x79
6383808558Graph of y = sin x80
6383808559Graph of y = cos x81
6383808560Graph of y = tan x82
6383808561Graph of y = tan⁻¹ x83
6383808562Graph of y = √(1 - x²)84
6383808563Graph of x²/a² + y²/b² = 185
6383808564L'Hopital's Rule86
6383808565To find the limits of indeterminate forms: ∞ × 087
6383808566To find the limits of indeterminate forms: 0 ^ 0, 1 ^ ∞, ∞ ^ 088
6383808567If ƒ(x) is increasing, then a left Riemann sum ...89
6383808568If ƒ(x) is decreasing, then a left Riemann sum ...90
6383808569If ƒ(x) is increasing, then a right Riemann sum ...91
6383808570If ƒ(x) is decreasing, then a right Riemann sum ...92
6383808571If ƒ(x) is concave up, then the trapezoidal approximation of the integral...93
6383808572If ƒ(x) is concave down, then the trapezoidal approximation of the integral...94
6383808573If ƒ(x) is concave up, then a midpoint Riemann sum...95
6383808574If ƒ(x) is concave down, then a midpoint Riemann sum...96
6383808575Area of a trapezoid97
6383808576If ƒ(x) is concave down then the linear approximation...98
6383808577If ƒ(x) is concave up then the linear approximation...99
6383808578The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part I)100
6383808579The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part II)101
6383808581∫ x ^ n dx =102
6383808582∫ e ^ x dx =103
6383808583∫ 1/x dx =104
6383808584∫ sin x dx =105
6383808585∫ cos x dx =106
6383808586∫ sec² x dx =107
6383808587∫ a ^ x dx =108
6383808588∫ tan x dx =109
6383808589∫ 1 / (x² + 1) dx =110
6383808590∫ 1 / √(1 - x² ) dx =111
6383808592The average value of f from x = a to x = b (Mean Value Theorem for Integrals)112
6383808595Integral equation for a horizontal shift of 1 unit to the right.113
6383808596Adding adjacent integrals114
6383808597Swapping the bounds of an integral115
6383808598Exponential Growth Solution of dy/dt = kP P(0) = P₀116
6383808599lim n→∞ (1 + 1/n) ^ n117
6383808600Steps to solve a differential equation118
6383808601To find the area between 2 curves using vertical rectangles (dx)119
6383808602To find the area between 2 curves using horizontal rectangles (dy)120
6383808603Volume of a disc; rotated about a horizontal line121
6383808604Volume of a washer; rotated about a horizontal line122
6383808605Volume of a disc; rotated about a vertical line123
6383808606Volume of a washer; rotated about a vertical line124
6383808607Volume of solid if cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares125
6383808608Volume of solid if cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are isosceles right triangles126
6383808609Volume of solid if cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are equilateral triangles127
6383808610Volume of solid if cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are semicircles128
6383808612Volume of a prism129
6383808613Volume of a cylinder130
6383808614Volume of a pyramid131
6383808615Volume of a cone132
6383808616Volume of a sphere133
6383808617Surface Area of a cylinder134
6383808618Surface Area of a sphere135
6383808619Area of a Sector (in radians)136
6383808620Slope of a parametric curve x = x(t) and y = y(t)137
6383808621Horizontal Tangent of a parametric curve138
6383808622Vertical Tangent of a parametric curve139
6383808624Second Derivative of a parametric curve140
6383808625Velocity vector of a particle moving in the plane x = x(t) and y = y(t)141
6383808626Acceleration vector of a particle moving in the plane x = x(t) and y = y(t)142
6383808627Speed of a particle moving in the plane x = x(t) and y = y(t)143
6383808628Distance traveled (Arc Length) by a particle moving in the plane with a ≤ t ≤ b x = x(t) and y = y(t)144
6383808629Position at time t = b of a particle moving in the plane given x(a), y(a), x′(t), and y′(t).145
6383808630Magnitude of a vector in terms of the x and y components146
6383808634Graph of θ = c (c is a constant)147
6383808635Graph of r = θ148
6383808636Graphs of: r = c r = c sin(θ) r = c cos(θ) (c is a constant)149
6383808637Graphs of: r = sin(k θ) r = cos(k θ) (k is a constant)150
6383808638Graph of: r = 1 + cos(θ)151
6383808639Graph of: r = 1 + 2 cos(θ)152
6383808640Slope of polar graph r (θ)153
6383808641Area enclosed by r = f(θ), α ≤ θ ≤ β154
6383808642Double Angle Formula for cos²θ155
6383808643Double Angle Formula for sin²θ156
6383808646dx/dθ < 0157
6383808647dx/dθ > 0158
6383808648dy/dθ < 0159
6383808649dy/dθ > 0160
6383808650Convert from polar (r,θ) to rectangular (x,y)161
6383808651Convert from rectangular (x,y) to polar (r,θ)162
6383808652Horizontal Tangent of a Polar Graph163
6383808653Vertical Tangent of a Polar Graph164
6383808656Integration by Parts Formula165
6383808657∫ lnx dx = ?166
6383808658Improper Integral: ∫ 1/x² dx bounds: [0,1]167
6383808659Improper Integral: ∫ f(x) dx bounds: [0,∞]168
6383808660Arc length of a function f(x) from x = a to x = b169
6383808661Arc length of a polar graph r 0 ≤ θ ≤ π170
6383808662Arc Length of a graph defined parametrically with a ≤ t ≤ b x = x(t) and y = y(t)171
6383808665Differential equation for exponential growth dP/dt = ?172
6383808666Solution of a differential equation for exponential growth173
6383808667Differential equation for decay dP/dt = ?174
6383808668Solution of a differential equation for decay175
6383808672Logistic differential equation dP/dt = ?176
6383808673Solution of a logistic differential equation177
6383808674Graph of a Logistic Function (include inflection pt.)178
6383808675Euler's Method for solving y' = F (x,y) with initial point (x₀ , y₀)179
6383808676Power Series for f(x) = 1 / (1 - x) (include IOC)180
6383808677Power Series for f(x) = tan⁻¹ x (include IOC)181
6383808678Power Series for f(x) = ln (1 + x) (include IOC)182
6383808679Taylor Series for f(x) about x = 0 (Maclaurin Series)183
6383808680Taylor Series for f(x) about x = c184
6383808681Maclaurin Series for f (x) = e∧x (include IOC)185
6383808682Maclaurin Series for f (x) = sin x (include IOC)186
6383808683Maclaurin Series for f (x) = cos x (include IOC)187
6383808684Error for the partial sum, Sn, of an infinite series S188
6383808685Error bound of an alternating series189
6383808686Lagrange error bound190
6383808688Geometric sequence (def. and conv. property)191
6383808690Harmonic Series (def. and conv. property)192
6383808691p-series (def. and conv. property)193
6383808692Divergence Test194
6383808693If lim n→∞ a(sub n) = 0, then ∑ a(sub n) for n from 1 to ∞ ...195
6383808694Integral Test196
6383808695Alternating Series Test197
6383808696Direct Comparison Test198
6383808697Limit Comparison Test199
6383808698Ratio Test200
6383808699n-th Root Test201
6383808700Interval of Convergence (IOC)202
6383808701Radius of Convergence203
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AP Psychology - Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
4200340412psychological disorderdeviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.0
4200340413Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.1
4200340414medical modelthe concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.2
4200340415DSM-V-TRthe American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders3
4200340416anxiety disorderspsychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.4
4200340417generalized anxiety disorderan anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.5
4200340418panic disorderan anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.6
4200340419phobiaan anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.7
4200340420obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).8
4200340421post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.9
4200340422post-traumatic growthpositive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.10
4200340423somatoform disorderpsychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and hypochondriasis.)11
4200340424conversion disordera rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.12
4200340425hypochondriasisa somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.13
4200340426dissociative disordersdisorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.14
4200340427dissociative identity disorderrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.15
4200340428mood disorderspsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.16
4200340429major depressive disordera mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.17
4200340430maniaa mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.18
4200340431bipolar disordera mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)19
4200340432schizophreniacharacterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by a deficit of typical emotional responses.20
4200340433delusionsA delusion is an unshakable belief in something untrue21
4200340434personality disordersare a class of mental disorders characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture22
4200340435antisocial personality disordercharacterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.23
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AP English Language: Root Words #1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7802501658autoself, one's own ex: automobile0
7802501659astrstar ex: astronaut1
7802501660audhear, listen ex: auditorium2
7802501661biolife ex: biome3
7802501662chronotime ex: synchronize4
7802501663decaten ex: decade5
7802501664genorigin ex: genesis6
7802501665graphwrite, written ex: autograph7
7802501666hydrowater ex: dehydrated8
7802501667loqutalk, speak ex: loquacious9
7802501668logword, speech, study ex: dialogue10
7802501669magnagreat ex: magnificent11
7802501670maniamadness ex: maniac12
7802501671pseudofalse ex: pseudonym13
7802501672scopesee, watch ex: kaleidoscope14
7802501673terraearth ex: terrain15
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AP Language Flashcards

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6821038963AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.0
6821038964AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
6821038965AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
6821038966Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
6821038967AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him4
6821038968Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.5
6821038969AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person6
6821038970Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.7
6821038971Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.8
6821038972AphorismA terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.9
6821038973ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:10
6821038974Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.11
6821038975AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.12
6821038976Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.13
6821038977Clausea grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.14
6821038978Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.15
6821038979CoherenceA principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.16
6821038980ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.17
6821038981Connotation- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.18
6821038982DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.19
6821038983Diacoperepetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.20
6821038984DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.21
6821038985Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.22
6821038986EnumeratioFigure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.23
6821038987Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.24
6821038988Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.25
6821038989ExpositionIn essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.26
6821038990Extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.27
6821038991Figurative language- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.28
6821038992Figure of speechA device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.29
6821038993Generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.30
6821038994GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.31
6821038995Homily (hom-uh-lee)This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.32
6821038996Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.33
6821038997HypophoraFigure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.34
6821038998ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.35
6821038999Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.36
6821039000Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.37
6821039001Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.38
6821039002Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.39
6821039003Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.40
6821039004Loose sentencea type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.41
6821039005MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.42
6821039006Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.43
6821039007MoodThis term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.44
6821039008NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.45
6821039009Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.46
6821039010OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.47
6821039011ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.48
6821039012ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.49
6821039013ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original50
6821039014Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.51
6821039015Periodic sentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.52
6821039016PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.53
6821039017Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.54
6821039018Predicate adjectiveOne type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.55
6821039019Predicate nominativeA second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.56
6821039020ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line57
6821039021RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.58
6821039022RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.59
6821039023Rhetorical modesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.60
6821039024Rhetorical Question [erotesis]- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.61
6821039025SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel62
6821039026SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.63
6821039027SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another64
6821039028StyleThe consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.65
6821039029Subject complementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.66
6821039030Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.67
6821039031Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;68
6821039032Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.69
6821039033Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).70
6821039034SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.71
6821039035ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.72
6821039036ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.73
6821039037ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber74
6821039038TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.75
6821039039UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.76
6821039040UndertoneAn attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.77
6821039041WitIn modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.78
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AP Language Flashcards

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7226217225Diacoperepetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.0
7226217226DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.1
7226217227Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.2
7226217228EnumeratioFigure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.3
7226217229Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.4
7226217230Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.5
7226217231ExpositionIn essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.6
7226217232Extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.7
7226217233Figurative language- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.8
7226217234Figure of speechA device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.9
7226217235Generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.10
7226217236GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.11
7226217237Homily (hom-uh-lee)This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.12
7226217238Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.13
7226217239HypophoraFigure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.14
7226217240ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.15
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