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AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

6614805192	Antecedent	The word to which a pronoun refers	0
6614807110	Horative Sentence	a sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	1
6614811969	Chiasmus	a type of parallelism where the second part is the same as the first but reversed	2
6614816152	Allegory	A narrative in which the elements of the narrative represent abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story	3
6614824722	Straw-man Fallacy	A misrepresentation of an argument to make it less appealing	4
6614826775	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	5
6614828814	motif	recurrent image, words, objects, phrases, or actions that tend to unify a work	6
6614831879	Restrictive phrase	an adjective clause that is essential to the meaning of a sentence because it limits the thing to which it refers	7
6614837170	periodic sentence	A sentence that puts the main clause or predicate at the end	8
6614839356	Satire	Use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual	9
6614841501	polemic	An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others	10
6614845605	propaganda	the spread of ideas and information through rumor, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics to damage or further a cause	11
6614857971	hyperbole	exaggeration	12
6614860096	coinage	the making of a new word or phrase	13
6614861397	jargon	specialized language of a trade or profession	14
6614862801	euphemism	The substitution of an inoffensive word or expression for a word or phrase that is considered socially unacceptable or harsh	15
6614867160	modifier	adjective, adverb, phrase or clause that modifies a noun , pronoun, or verb	16
6614869404	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines	17
6614882654	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	18
6614893921	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	19
6614895238	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	20
6614896333	slippery slope	A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	21
6614896334	gerund	A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun.	22
6614897147	zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	23
6614905434	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	24
6614906864	litotes	A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.	25
6614921961	syntax	Sentence structure	26
6614923265	synedoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	27
6614924536	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	28
6614926068	polysendeton	the deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis to highlight quantity or mass of detail of to create a flowing continuous sentence pattern	29
6614926982	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	30
6614968160	colloquialism	informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing	31
6614968161	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	32
6614969691	trope	The generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor.	33
6614978085	anthropomorphism	the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.	34
6614981839	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	35
6615433190	antithesis	Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure	36
6615437093	Ad Hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	37
6615439333	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	38
6615440461	Connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	39
6615443900	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument	40
6615446285	Lending Credence	In arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always give the opponent some credit for his / her ideas.	41
6615451559	Red Herring	A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion	42
6615454938	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	43

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AP Language and Composition: The Language of Composition General Terms Flashcards

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7319926288	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are the ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	0
7319926289	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.	1
7319926290	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	2
7319926291	concession (concede)	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	3
7319926292	refutation (refute)	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	4
7319926293	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	5
7319926294	connatation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. Connotations are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.	6
7319926295	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	7
7319926296	Aristotelian Triangle	(Rhetorical Triangle) a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and the subject in determining a text.	8
7319926297	audience	the listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences	9
7319926298	context	In the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	10
7319926299	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	11
7319926300	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	12
7319926301	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	13
7319926302	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	14
7319926303	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	15
7319926304	rhetoric	As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	16
7319926305	SOAPS	A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	17
7319926306	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	18
7319926307	subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	19
7319926308	text	While this terms generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read"-meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	20
7319926309	diction	the speaker's choice of words	21
7319926310	syntax	how the words are arranged	22
7319926311	tone	the speaker's attitude toward's the subject as revealed by his or her choice of language	23
7319926312	mood	the feeling created by the work	24
7319926313	metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as.	25
7319926314	similes	figure of speech that compares two things using like or as	26
7319926315	personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea.	27
7319926316	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken seriously	28
7319926317	parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	29
7319926318	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	30
7319926319	antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	31
7319926320	compound sentence	a sentence with more than one subject or predicate	32
7319926321	complex sentence	a sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses	33
7319926322	periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	34
7319926323	cumulative sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	35
7319926324	imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	36
7319926325	pacing	How fast a story unfolds. Do they reveal details quickly or slowly? How does he or she build suspense?	37
7319926326	figures of speech	a word or phrase used in a nonliteral sense to add rhetorical force to a spoken or written passage	38
7319926327	zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous meanings.	39
7319926328	satire	the use of irony or sarcasm to criticize	40
7319926329	anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	41
7319926330	hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	42
7319926331	alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.	43
7319926332	allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	44
7319926333	antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	45
7319926334	archaic diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	46
7319926335	Asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	47
7319926336	inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order).	48
7319926337	oxymoron	Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another.	49
7319926338	rhetorical question	Figure of speech in form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	50
7319926339	synedoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.	51
7319926340	imagery	when a writer attempts to describe something that appeals to our five senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	52
7319926341	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from claim to conclusion.	53
7319926342	Rogerian Arguments	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, Rogerian arguments are based on the assumption that having a understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.	54
7319926343	claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	55
7319926344	claim of fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true.	56
7319926345	claim of value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	57
7319926346	claim of policy	A claim of policy proposes a change.	58
7319926347	closed thesis	A closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	59
7319926348	open thesis	An open thesis statement is one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	60
7319926349	counterargument thesis	a summary of the counterargument, usually qualified by although or but, precedes the writer's opinion	61
7319926350	logical fallacy (fallacy)	Logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	62
7319926351	red herring	when a speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion	63
7319926352	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of ad hominem.	64
7319926353	faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people.	65
7319926354	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	66
7319926355	either/or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	67
7319926356	hasty generalization	A fallacy in which conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	68
7319926357	circular reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	69
7319926358	first-hand evidence	Evidence based on something that the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	70
7319926359	second-hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	71
7319926360	post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a clause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not simply imply causation.	72
7319926361	appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on a issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.	73
7319926362	quantitative evidence	Quantitative evidence includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers-for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	74
7319926363	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	75
7319926364	introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	76
7319926365	narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	77
7319926366	confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	78
7319926367	refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	79
7319926368	conclusion (peroratio)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	80
7319926369	induction	From the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called generalization.	81
7319926370	deduction	Deduction is a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principal or universal truth (a major premise). The process of deduction usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.	82
7319926371	syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	83
7319926372	Toulmin model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book The Uses of Argument (1985). The Toulmin model can be stated as a template: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).	84
7319926373	warrant	In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	85
7319926374	assumption	In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	86
7319926375	backing	In the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.	87
7319926376	qualifier	In the Toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	88
7319926377	reservation	In the Toulmin model, a reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	89
7319926378	rebuttal	In the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	90
7319926379	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	91
7319926380	the classical oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are: -introduction (exordium) -narration (narratio) -confirmation (confirmatio) -refutation (refutatio) -conclusion (peroratio)	92

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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4380827739	Anaphora	Repetition of words, phrase, or clauses at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.	0
4380842794	Anastrophe	Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion.	1
4380858326	Antithesis	Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.	2
4380871402	Apostrophe	Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called invocation.	3
4380879801	Asyndeton	Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z...The writer uses X, Y, Z...	4
4380891227	Tricolon	Sentence of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.	5
4380900105	Impressionism	A nineteenth-century movement in literature and art which advocated a recording of the artist's personal impressions of the world, rather than a strict representation of reality.	6
4380917069	Modernism	A term for the bold new experimental styles and forms that swept the arts during the first third of the twentieth century.	7
4380924638	Naturalism	A nineteenth century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.	8
4380929969	Plain style	Writing style that stresses simplicity and clarity of expression (but will still utilize allusions and metaphors), and was the main form the Puritan writers.	9
4380936925	Chiasmus	In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reverses. "Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike." in prose this is called antimetabole.	10
4380949740	Colloquialism	A word or phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations.	11
4380956964	Conceit	An elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startling different. often an extended metaphor.	12
4380963629	Confessional Poetry	A twentieth century term used to describe poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life.	13
4380969416	Couplet	Two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry.	14
4380972081	Dialect	A way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area.	15
4381002350	Didactic	Form of fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking	16
4381009225	Elegy	A poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died.	17
4381012910	Epigraph	A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of literary work suggestive of theme.	18
4381019160	Epistrophe	Device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated at the end or two or more lines, clauses, or sentence (it is the opposite or anaphora)	19
4381026779	Epithet	An adjective or adjective phrase applied to person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality.	20
4381033763	Quatrain	A poem consisting of four lines, or four lines of a poem that can be considered a unit.	21
4381039475	Refrain	A word, phrase, line, or group of lines that is repeated, for effect, several times in a poem.	22
4381044576	Stream of consciousness	A style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.	23
4381049139	Synecdoche	A figure of speech to which a part represents the whole. "If you don't drive properly, you will lose your wheels." Wheels is a part to represent the whole of the car.	24
4381060434	Syntactic fluency	Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length.	25
4383710775	Polysyndeton	Sentence which uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items of series. Instead of X, Y, and Z... ______ results in X and Y and Z	26
4383717219	Farce	A type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations	27
4383720483	Free Verse	Poetry that does not conform to a regular meter o rhyme scheme.	28
4383723500	Hypotactic	Sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationships between them. "I am tired because I am hot."	29
4383730955	Inversion	The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase.	30
4383734557	Juxtaposition	Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit.	31
4383739640	Litotes	Is a form or understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of the negative form. Hawthorn... "...the wearers of petticoat and farthingale...stepping forth into the public ways and wedging their not unsubstantial persons, if occasion were, into the throng..."	32
4383753005	Local color	A term applied to a fiction or poetry which tends to place special emphasis on a particular setting, including its customs, clothing, dialect, and landscape.	33
4383759860	Loose Sentence	One in which the main clause comes first, followed by further dependent grammatical units. Hawthorne: "Hester gazed after him a little while, looking with a half-fantastic curiosity to see whether the tender grass of early spring would not be lighted beneath him, and how the wavering track of this footsteps, sere and brown, across its cheerful verdure."	34
4383782017	Lyric poem	A poem that does not tell a story but express the feelings or thoughts of the speaker. A ballad tells a story.	35
4383788405	Metaphor	A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of such specific words or comparison as like, as, than, or resembles.	36
4383795799	Implied metaphor	Does not state explicitly the two terms of the comparison: "I like to see it lap the miles" is an implied metaphor in which the verb lap implies a comparison between "it" and some animal that "laps" up water.	37
4383804579	Extended metaphor	Is a metaphor that is extended or developed as far as the writer wants to take it (conceit if is a quite elaborate).	38
4383809020	Dead metaphor	Is a metaphor that has been used so often that comparison is longer vivid. "The head of the house," "the seat of the government," are _____ ________	39
4383816169	Mixed metaphor	Is a metaphor that has gotten out of control and mixed its terms so that they are visually or imaginatively incompatible. "The President is a lame duck who is running out of gas."	40
4383824528	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing is referred to by something closely associated with it. "We requested from the crown support for out petition." The crown is used to represent the monarch.	41
4383839515	Motif	A recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work (or in several works by one author), unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme.	42
4383848085	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite of contradictor terms in a brief phrase "Jumbo shrimp," "pretty ugly," "bitter sweet."	43
4383855689	Parable	A relatively short story that teaches a moral, or lesson about how to lead a good life.	44
4383858593	Paradox	A statement that appears self-contradictor, but that reveals a kind of truth.	45
4383861781	Paratactic Sentence	Simply juxtaposes clauses or sentences. "I am tired: it is hot"	46
4383868151	Poem: Anapest	A metrical pattern of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable.	47
4383871213	Poem: Aubade	A love poem set at dawn which bides farewell to the beloved.	48
4383876304	Poem: Ballad	A simple narrative poem, often incorporating dialogue that is written in quatrains, generally with a rhyme scheme of a b c d	49
4383881432	Poem: Cacophony	Harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage of a literary work.	50
4383889940	Poem: Caesura	A break of pause within a line of poetry indicated b punctuation and used to emphasize meaning.	51
4383905072	Poem: Dactyl	A foot of poetry consisting of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.	52
4383907660	Poem: Dramatic monologue	A type of poem that presents a conversation between a speaker and an implied listener.	53
4383912046	Poem: Enjambment	A technique in poetry that involves the running on of a line or stanza. it enables the poem to move and to develop coherence as well as directing the reader with regard to form and meaning.	54
4383918552	Poem: Epigram	A brief witty poem	55
4383921467	Poem: Euphony	The peasant, mellifluous presentations of sounds in literary work.	56
4383924645	Poem: Foot	A metrical unit in poetry: a syllabic measure of line: iamb, torchee, anapest, dactyle, and spondee	57
4383930873	Poem: Iamb	A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one; the most common poetic foot in the English language.	58
4383939642	Poem: Idyll	A type of lyric poem which extols the virtues of an ideal place or time.	59
4383942934	Poem: Metaphysical poetry	Refers to the work of poets like John Donne who explore highly complex, philosophical ideas through extended metaphors and paradox.	60
4383949161	Poem: Meter	A pattern of beats in poetry.	61
4383952023	Poem: Octave	An eight-line stanza, usually combined with a sestet in Petrarchan sonnet.	62
4383956373	Poem: Ode	A formal, lengthy poem that celebrates a particular subject.	63
4383960279	Poem: Scansion	Analysis of a poem's rhyme and meter.	64
4383963771	Poem: Sestet	A six-line stanza, usually paired with an octave to form a Petrarchan sonnet	65
4383965962	Poem: Sestina	A highly structured poetic form of 39 lines, written in iambic pentameter. it depends upon the repetition of six words from the first stanza in each of six stanzas	66
4383976622	Poem: Spondee	A poetic foot consisting of two accented syllables	67
4383980212	Poem: Tercet	A three line stanza.	68
4383982841	Poem: Trochee	A single metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable.	69
4383988677	Poem: Villanelle	A highly structured poetic form that comprises six stanzas: five tercets and a quatrain. The poem repeats the first and third lines throughout.	70

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Ap Literature/Literary Terms Flashcards

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4738169602	Ad Hominem	An argument or reaction directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaning.	0
4738169603	Allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	1
4738169604	Alliteration	The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected.	2
4738169605	Allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literacy, or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing which it refers.	3
4738222743	Anaphora	The repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing/speech.	4
4738222744	Antithesis	rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.	5
4738222745	Apostrophe	addressing an absent, dead, or non existent person or thing. could be an abstract concept or simply something not in the writing.	6
4738222746	Archetype	A typical character, and action or situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature. also known as a universal symbol.	7
4738222747	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sounds or diphthong in non-rhyming words.	8
4738222748	Colloquial/Vernacular	The use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing.	9
4738222749	Conceit	An extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic message or entire poem.	10
4738222750	Connotation	A meaning that is implied by word apart from the thing which it described explicitly.	11
4738222751	Consonance	Repetitive sounds produced by consonant within a sentence or phrase. This repetition takes place in quick succession.	12
4738222752	Diction	style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by speaker or writer. Dictation or choice of words separates good writing from bad.	13
4738222753	Denotation	Literal or dictionary definition of a word in contrast to it's cognitive or associated meanings.	14
4738222754	Ellipses	A literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out.	15
4738222755	Epigram	Rhetorical device that is a memorable, brief, interesting and surprising satirical statement.	16
4738222756	Epiphany	The point in a work of literature were a character has a sudden insight or realization the changes his or her understanding.	17
4738222757	Epistolary	A literary genre pertaining letters, in which writers use letters, journals and diary entries in their works, or they tell stories or deliver messages through a series of letters.	18
4738222758	Euphemism	Polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases consider harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant.	19
4738222759	Genre	The category of literary composition. Genre may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even length.	20
4738222760	Homily	Literally "sermon", or any serious talk, speech, or lecture providing moral or spiritual advice.	21
4738298284	Hyperbole	A figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.	22
4738298285	Imagery	Language and description that appeals to our five senses. when a writer attempts to describe something so that it appeals to our five senses, he/she has used imagery.	23
4738298286	Interference	A device used commonly in literature and in daily life where logical deductions are made based on premises assumed to be true.	24
4738298287	Irony	A contrast or incongruity between expectations for a situation and what is reality. It can also be a difference between what might be expected to happen and what actually occurs.	25
4738298288	Litotes	A figure of speech which employs and understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating it's opposite expression.	26
4738298289	Logos	A statement, sentence or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic.	27
4738298290	Metaphor	A figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison without using "like or as".	28
4738298291	Meiosis/Understatement	A euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size than it really is.	29
4738298292	Metonymy/Synecdoche	A word or phrase that is used to stand in for another words. Sometimes a metonymy is chosen because it is a well known characteristic of the word.	30
4738298293	Motif	Any recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story. Through it's repetition, a motif I can help produce other narrative aspects such as theme or mood.	31
4738298294	Narrator	A person who tells a story. The voice that in author takes on to tell the story.	32
4738298295	Non-Sequitur	A conversational and literary device often used for comedic purposes.	33
4738298296	Onomatopoeia	A word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates the sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.	34
4738298297	Oxymoron	A figure of speech in which two opposite ideas or join to create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective and a noun.	35
4738298298	Paradox	A statement that contradicts itself and it still seems true somehow.	36
4738298299	Parallel Structure	Repetition of the same patterns of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	37
4738298300	Parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing.	38
4738298301	Pathos	in appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	39
4738298302	Persona	The mask of an author is etymologically linked the dramatic personae which refers to the list of characters and cast in a play or drama.	40
4738298303	Personification	A figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes.	41
4738298304	Point of View	A particular attitude or way of considering a matter.	42
4738298305	Pun	A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of the word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	43
4738298306	Rhetoric	The art of affective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.	44
4738298307	Rhetorical Strategies	A rhetorical device uses words in a certain way to convey meaning or to persuade. It can also be a way to evoke emotion on the part of the reader or audience.	45
4738298308	Sarcasm	The use of irony to mock or convey contempt.	46
4738298309	Satire	The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose or criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the content of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	47
4738298310	Simile	A figure of speech involving one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more empathetic or vivid.	48
4738298311	Soliloquy	An act of speaking ones thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.	49
4738298312	Stream-Of-Consciousness	A person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a continuous flow.	50
4738298313	Surrealism	Movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.	51
4738298314	Synesthesia	The production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.	52
4738298315	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	53
4738298316	Theme	The subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.	54
4738298317	Thesis	A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.	55
4738298318	Tone	The general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	56

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Ap English Language Terms Flashcards

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6710531121	allegory	using character/story elements that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning	0
6710543364	alliteration	repetition of consonant sounds	1
6710545299	allusion	direct/indirect reference to something which is usually common known like a book, myth, place, history, etc..	2
6710549234	ambiguity	multiple meanings of a word/phrase/sentence	3
6710551052	analogy	similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them	4
6710557220	antecedent	word or clause referred to by a pronoun	5
6710559168	antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas	6
6710560731	aphorism	terse statement of known authorship which expresses a moral principle	7
6710564977	atmosphere	emotional nod created by the entirety of a work	8
6710567636	caricature	exaggerated verbal desicription	9
6710569484	clause	grammatical unit with a subject and a verb	10
6710571002	colloquialism	use of slang or informalities	11
6710571003	conceit	faithful expression in form of extended metaphor or analogy between dissimilar objects	12
6710591123	connotation	non-literal meaning of a word	13
6710592263	denotation	strict literal meaning of a word	14
6710593662	diction	writers word choices	15
6710593664	didactic	phrases/words that have primary aim of teaching or instructing	16
6710596611	euphemism	less offensive substitutes for unpleasant words/concepts	17
6710613965	extended metaphor	metaphor developed at length occurring frequently throughout a piece	18
6710615740	figurative language	speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning	19
6710623550	figure of speech	device used to produce figurative language	20
6710624937	generic conventions	traditions for each genre, help define each genre	21
6710626421	genre	major category that a literary work fits into	22
6710636891	homily	any serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	23
6710640090	hyperbole	figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration	24
6710641710	imagery	sensory details used to describe, arouse emotion or represent abstractions	25
6710644036	inference	draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented	26
6710646109	invective	emotionally violent verbal denunciation	27
6710648152	irony	contrast between what is staged and what is really meant	28
6710649186	litotes	form of understatement that makes a point by denying its opposite	29
6710651579	loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	sentence where main idea comes first followed by dependent grammatical units	30
6710653227	metaphor	figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things	31
6710655588	metonymy	figure of speech where name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it	32
6710669270	mood	prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work	33
6710671706	narrative	telling of a story	34
6710679080	onomatopoeia	figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words	35
6710681278	paradox	statement that appears to be self contradictory but has some degree of truth	36
6710684514	anaphora	repetition of words or phraseses at the beginning of successive lines	37
6710687990	parody	work that closely imitates the style of another with aim of comic effect	38
6710696851	pedantic	using big words for the sake of using big words	39
6710720913	subject complement	word or clause that follows a linking verb and completes the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it	40
6710726608	syllogism	x=y and y=z then x=z	41
6710740132	synecdoche	figure of speech where part of something is used to represent the whole	42
6710741267	synesthesia	one kind of sensory stimulus evokes subjective experience of another	43

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00. AP Literature and Composition Terms Flashcards

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6350516221	allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one	0
6350516222	alliteration	sound device; repetition of initial (beginning) consonant sounds.	1
6350516223	allusion	figure of speech which makes brief reference to an historical or literary figure, event, or object; a reference in one literary work to a character or theme found in another literary work.	2
6350516224	anachronism	something out of its place in time or history. Ex: Julius Caesar riding a motorcycle.	3
6350516225	analogy	the comparison of two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical purpose of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended.	4
6350516226	antagonist	the character in a narrative or play who is in conflict with the main character; an antagonist may not even be a person -- or may be the same person as the main character	5
6350516227	anthropomorphism	the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.	6
6350516228	anti-hero	a protagonist who is the antithesis of the hero - graceless, inept, stupid, sometimes dishonest	7
6350516229	antithesis	figure of speech in which a thought is balanced with a contrasting thought in parallel arrangements of words and phrases. Also, the second of two contrasting or opposing constituents, following the thesis.	8
6350516230	apostrophe	addressing someone or something, usually not present, as though present. Often, apostrophe is to a god, ghost, or some supernatural thing, like Death, Night, or Fate. It may also be to a person, if the person isn't there, or if the speaker doesn't think the person is there	9
6350516231	archetype	a very typical example of a certain person or thing	10
6350516232	assonance	similarity or repetition of a vowel sound in two or more words, especially in a line of verse.	11
6350516233	ballad	this is a narrative poem describing a past happening that is sometimes romantic but always ends catastrophically. The saga described is usually in an impersonal voice with the speaker some distance from the action. Ordinarily a ballad is written in quatrains with four accented syllables in the first and third lines and three accented syllables in the second and fourth lines; the shorter lines usually rhyme	12
6350516234	bildungsroman (German: growth novel)	a novel showing the development of its central character from childhood to maturity. . . psychological approach and movement toward a goal	13
6350516235	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter; metrical verse with no ending rhyme (Shakespeare)	14
6350516236	cacophony	a combination of harsh, unpleasant sounds which create an effect of discordance. Its opposite is euphony.	15
6350516237	caesura	a pause for effect in the middle of a line of poetry; (period, dash, semicolon, etc.) it may or may not affect the meter. In scansion, a caesura is usually indicated by the following symbol (//).	16
6350516238	caricature	a picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect	17
6350516239	characterization	the method a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character in a literary work. Personality may be revealed (1) by what the character says about himself or herself; (2) by what others reveal about the character; and (3) by the character's own actions.	18
6350516240	chiasmus	repetition in successive clauses which are usually parallel in syntax. An inverted parallelism; the reversal of the order of corresponding words or phrases (with or without exact repetition) in successive clauses which are usually parallel in syntax, as in Pope's "A fop their passion, but their prize a sot," or Goldsmith's "to stop too fearful, and too faint to go."	19
6350516241	circumlocution	the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive	20
6350516242	cliché	a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.	21
6350516243	climax	the turning point, or crisis, in a play or other piece of literature	22
6350516244	comic relief	something of humor interrupts an otherwise serious, often tragic, literary work; a humorous scene or incident that alleviates tension in an otherwise serious work. In many instances these moments enhance the thematic significance of the story in addition to providing laughter.	23
6350516245	connotation	the emotional implications that a word may carry; implied or associated meaning for a particular word.	24
6350516246	consonance	the repetition of consonant sounds with differing vowel sounds in words near each other in a line or lines of poetry. Ex: But yet we trust	25
6350516247	denotation	the specific, exact meaning of a word; a dictionary definition	26
6350516248	denouement	the resolution of a plot after the climax	27
6350516249	diction	an author's choice of words—Ex: simple, sophisticated, colloquial, formal, or informal.	28
6350516250	drama	story performed by actors on a stage	29
6350516251	dramatic irony	irony in which the character use words which mean one thing to them, but another to those who understand the situation better	30
6350516252	dynamic character	someone who undergoes an important, internal change because of the action in the plot	31
6350516253	dystopia	the opposite of a utopia; a controlled world where pain exists instead of pleasure	32
6350516254	enjambment	line of verse that carries over into next line without a pause of any kind	33
6350516255	epic	a long narrative, usually written in elevated language, which related the adventures of a hero upon whom rests the fate of a nation	34
6350516256	epiphany	an awakening; a sudden understanding or burst of insight; key moment in Greek plays	35
6350516257	epithet	nickname or appellation, Ex:, "Helen of the white arms" in the Iliad	36
6350516258	euphemism	substitute word(s) that sounds better than another; the use of inoffensive or neutral words to describe a harsher, more serious concept. It reduces the risk that the listener will be upset or offended. Ex: people "pass away", instead of "Die". Euphemisms soften the blow of unhappy news or truths.	37
6350516259	euphony	a quality of style marked by pleasing, harmonious sounds, the opposite of cacophony	38
6350516260	exposition	the introductory material which sets the tone, gives the setting, introduces the characters, and supplies necessary facts; may be the first section of the typical plot, in which characters are introduced, the setting is described, and any necessary background information is given. Sometimes there is a lot, and the exposition stretches out; sometimes and the expository information is tucked in unobtrusively as people talk to each other or inside the narrator's descriptions.	39
6350516261	eye rhyme	a form of rhyme wherein the look rather than the sound is important. Ex: "Cough" and "tough" do not sound enough alike to constitute a rhyme. However, if these two words appeared at the ends of successive lines of poetry, they would be considered eye rhyme.	40
6350516262	falling action	everything that happens in plot between the climax or crisis and the denouement	41
6350516263	false dichotomy	two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities. Ex: either you love your country or you hate it. OR If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem	42
6350516264	flat character	a character who is not fully developed by an author; character who has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at the most a few distinguishing marks.	43
6350516265	foil	character who provides a contrast to another character, thus emphasizing the other's traits; a character in a play who sets off the main character or other characters by comparison.	44
6350516266	foot	a unit of meter; a metrical foot can have two or three syllables; the basic unit of measurement in a line of poetry. A foot is the smallest repeated pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poetic line. A line of meter is described by the kind of meter and the number of feet.	45
6350516267	Iamb	a metrical foot consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable.	46
6350516268	trochee	a metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable (bar-ter).	47
6350516269	anapest	a metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable (un-der-stand).	48
6350516270	dactyl	a metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables (mer-ri-ly)	49
6350516271	pyrrhic	a metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables	50
6350516272	spondee	a metrical foot consisting of two syllables equally or almost equally accented ( true-blue)	51
6350516273	foreshadowing	the arrangement and presentation of events and information in such a way that prepare for later events in a work	52
6350516274	form	the structure, shape, pattern, organization, or style of a piece of literature	53
6350516275	frame	a narrative constructed so that one or more stories are embedded within another story. Also called a frame story.	54
6350516276	hubris	the pride or overconfidence which often leads a hero to overlook divine warning or to break a moral law	55
6350516277	hyperbole	exaggeration for effect and emphasis, overstatement; figure of speech in which an overstatement or exaggeration occurs.	56
6350516278	iambic pentameter	a metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line.	57
6350516279	idioms	expressions that do not translate exactly into what a speaker means; idioms are culturally relevant; when a person uses an idiomatic expression, he or she truly "thinks" in the language.	58
6350516280	imagery	devices which appeal to the senses. A group of words that create a mental "picture" (ie., animal, water, death, plant, decay, war, etc.)	59
6350516281	auditory imagery	sound imagery. It appeals to the sense of hearing. Ex: "The tremor of far-off drums, sinking, swelling, a tremor vast, faint; a sound weird, appealing...as profound a meaning as the sound of bells in a Christian church community."	60
6350516282	gustatory imagery	imagery appealing to the sense of taste	61
6350516283	kinetic imagery	imagery that appeals to movement. Ex: The flies flew around our heads methodically, never ceasing their obnoxious spinning and swirling	62
6350516284	olfactory imagery	appeals to the sense of smell. Ex: The rotten hippo-meat filled the jungle air with its sour, putrid smell	63
6350516285	tactile imagery	type of imagery pertaining to the sense of touch. Ex: The fuzzy puppy's warm wet tongue covered my face	64
6350516286	visual imagery	type of imagery that appeals to the sense of sight. Ex: From the lighthouse tower shone a glowing beam that streaked across the black waters	65
6350516287	inverted sentence	reversing the normal subject - verb - complement order. Poets do this sometimes to conform to normal rhyme and rhythm patterns. Prose writers sometimes do this for emphasis.	66
6350516288	irony	surprising, amusing, or interesting contrast between reality and expectation. In irony of situation, the result of an action is the reverse of what the actor expected. In dramatic irony, the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not. In verbal irony, the contrast is between the literal meaning of what is said and what is meant. A character may refer to a plan as "brilliant," while actually meaning that (s)he thinks the plan is foolish. Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony	67
6350516289	juxtaposition	the positioning of ideas or images side by side for emphasis or to show contrast—Ex: In Romeo & Juliet, love and hate are juxtaposed as the two teenagers' love is forced into the same arena as the families' hatred	68
6350516290	kenning	a compound expression in Old English and Old Norse poetry with metaphorical meaning, Ex: oar-steed = ship	69
6350516291	malapropism	the mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect, as in. Ex: "dance a flamingo " (instead of flamenco ).	70
6350516292	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally; a type of drama related to tragedy but featuring sensational incidents, emphasizing plot at the expense of characterization, relying on cruder conflicts (virtuous protagonist versus villainous antagonist), and having a happy ending in which good triumphs over evil	71
6350516293	metaphor	a figure of speech wherein a comparison is made between two unlike quantities without the use of the words "like" or "as."	72
6350516294	meter	the rhythmical pattern of a poem; classified according both to its pattern and the number of feet to the line. Meter is a patterned repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Below is a list of classifications:	73
6350516295	monometer	one foot to a line	74
6350516296	dimeter	two feet	75
6350516297	trimeter	three feet	76
6350516298	tetrameter	four feet	77
6350516299	pentameter	five feet to a line.	78
6350516300	metonymy	substituting a word naming an object for another word closely associated with it. Ex: Pay tribute to the crown; figure of speech in which a word represents something else which it suggests. For example in a herd of fifty cows, the herd might be referred to as fifty head of cattle. The word "head" is the word representing the herd.	79
6350516301	microcosm	a small "world" that stands for the larger one: In Lord of the Flies, the island is representative of the world's political realm.	80
6350516302	mixed metaphor	a metaphor whose elements are either incongruent or contradictory by the use of incompatible identifications. Ex: "the dog pulled in its horns" or "to take arms against a sea of troubles."	81
6350516303	monologue	a written or oral composition presenting the discourse of one speaker only	82
6350516304	motif (leitmotiv)	a recurring concept or story element in literature. It includes concepts such as types of incident or situation, as in the parting of lovers at dawn; plot devices; patterns of imagery; or archetypes and character types, such as the despairing lover, conquering hero, or wicked stepmother	83
6350516305	narrator	speaker or persona, the one who tells a story.	84
6350516306	reliable narrator	everything this narrator says is true, and the narrator knows everything that is necessary to the story.	85
6350516307	unreliable narrator	may not know all the relevant information; may be intoxicated or mentally ill; may lie to the audience	86
6350516308	nemesis	the inescapable agent of someone's or something's downfall; a long-standing rival; an archenemy.	87
6350516309	non-sequitur	Latin for "It doesn't follow" Ex: "Our nation will prevail if we eat more eggs	88
6350516310	ode	a long, formal lyric poem with a serious theme; a form of lyric poetry using elaborate, sophisticated vocabulary in iambic pentameter. It usually focuses upon a single object or person. Ex: "Ode on a Grecian Urn" - the poet is talking to a piece of pottery in a museum (apostrophe)	89
6350516311	onomatopoeia	the use of a word to represent or to imitate natural sounds. Ex: sizzle, buzz, pop, hiss	90
6350516312	oxymoron	technique used to produce an effect by a seeming self-contradiction. Ex: cruel kindness, make haste slowly	91
6350516313	parable	a short story to prove a point with a moral basis	92
6350516314	paradox	a statement which contains seemingly contradictory elements or appears contrary to common sense, yet can be seen as perhaps true when viewed from another angle. A statement that is seemingly impossible at first, but very logical once it is explained. Ex. The child is father to the man)	93
6350516315	parallel structure	a repetition of sentences using the same structure	94
6350516316	parallelism	the repetition of syntactical similarities in passages closely connected for rhetorical effect. The repetitive structure lends wit or emphasis to the meanings of the separate clauses, thus being particularly effective in antithesis	95
6350516317	paraphrase	a restatement of an idea in such a way as to retain the meaning while changing the diction and form	96
6350516318	parody	ludicrous imitation, usually for comic effect but sometimes for ridicule, of the style and content of another work. The humor depends upon the reader's familiarity with the original. A literary work that imitates the style of another literary work. A parody can be simply amusing or it can be mocking in tone, such as a poem which exaggerates the use of alliteration in order to show the ridiculous effect of overuse	97
6350516319	pastoral	a literary work that has to do with shepherds and rustic settings.	98
6350516320	persona	the mask worn by an actor in Greek drama. In a literary context, the persona is the character of the first-person narrator in verse or prose narratives, and the speaker in lyric poetry. The use of the term "persona" (as distinct from "author") stresses that the speaker is part of the fictional creation, invented for the author's particular purposes in a given literary work	99
6350516321	personification	figure of speech in which inanimate objects are given qualities of speech and/or movement.	100
6350516322	point of view	the narrator or speaker perspective from which story is told—personal, objective, omniscient, partial or limited omniscient. Point of view is the perspective from which a narrative is presented; it is analogous to the point from which the camera sees the action in cinema. The two main points of view are those of the third-person (omniscient) narrator, who stands outside the story itself, and the first-person narrator, who participates in the story. The first type always uses third-person pronouns ("he," "she," "they"), while the latter narrator also uses the first-person ("I")	101
6350516323	prose	all form of written expression not having a regular rhythmical pattern	102
6350516324	protagonist	the main character in a story; more than one character may be important enough to be called "main," or NO character seems to qualify. In those cases, figuring out whether there is a main character and who it is may be an interesting and even difficult interpretive job.	103
6350516325	refrain	a phrase or line, usually pertinent to the central topic, which is repeated at regular intervals throughout a poem, usually at the end of a stanza	104
6350516326	resolution	the part of a story or drama which occurs after the climax and which establishes a new norm, a new state of affairs - the way things are going to be from then on	105
6350516327	rhyme	similarity or likeness of sound; may be internal (within a segment of writing) or at the ends of lines of verse in poetry	106
6350516328	double rhyme	A rhyme in which the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of the words involved (politely-rightly-sprightly); one form of feminine rhyme	107
6350516329	end rhyme	Rhymes are end-rhymed when both rhyming words are at the end of the lines	108
6350516330	feminine rhyme	rhymes are feminine when the sounds involve more than one syllable (turtle-fertile, spitefully-delightfully). A rhyme in which the repeated accented vowel is in either the second or third last syllable of the words involved (ceiling-appealing or hurrying-scurrying)	109
6350516331	identical rhyme	If the preceding consonant sound is the same (for example, manse-romance, style-stile), or if there is no preceding consonant sound in either word (for example, aisle-isle, alter-altar), or if the same word is repeated in the rhyming position (for example, hill-hill)	110
6350516332	internal rhyme	an internal rhyme occurs when one or both rhyming words are within the line	111
6350516333	masculine (or single) rhyme	rhymes are masculine when the sounds involve only one syllable (decks-sex or support-retort). A rhyme in which the repeated accented vowel sound is in the final syllable of the words involved (dance-pants, scald-recalled)	112
6350516334	triple rhyme	a rhyme in which the repeated accented vowel sound is in the third last syllable of the words involved (gainfully-disdainfully)	113
6350516335	rhythm	the metrical or rhythmical pattern in a poem	114
6350516336	rising action	the development of conflict leading to a crisis; the second section of the typical plot, in which the main character begins to grapple with the story's main conflict; the rising action contains several events which usually are arranged in an order of increasing importance	115
6350516337	round character	a fully developed character; character who is complex, multi-dimensional, and convincing.	116
6350516338	satire	a piece of literature designed to ridicule the subject of the work. While satire can be funny, its aim is not to amuse, but to arouse contempt. Satire arouses laughter or scorn as a means of ridicule and derision, with the avowed intention of correcting human faults	117
6350516339	simile	a figure of speech which takes the form of a comparison between two unlike quantities for which a basis for comparison can be found, and which uses the words "like" or "as" in the comparison. Ex: "clear as frost on the grasslbade	118
6350516340	soliloquy	a long speech made by a character who is alone on the stage in which he reveals his innermost thoughts & feelings	119
6350516341	sonnet	a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes	120
6350516342	English, or Shakespearean sonnet	divided into three quatrains (four line groupings) and a final couplet (14 lines). The rhyme scheme is. The meter is iambic pentameter, with a set rhyme scheme-- abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem. The structure of the English sonnet explores variations on a theme in the first three quatrains and concludes with an epigrammatic couplet.	121
6350516343	Spenserian sonnet	a nine line stanza, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter	122
6350516344	stanza	a related group of lines in a poem, equivalent to a paragraph in prose	123
6350516345	static character	a character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as s/he was at the beginning	124
6350516346	stereotype	a characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that one aspect (such as gender, age, ethnicity, religion, race) determines what humans are like and so is accompanied by certain traits, actions, and even value	125
6350516347	stock character	stereotyped character: one whose nature is familiar from prototypes in previous fiction	126
6350516348	stream of consciousness	narrative technique which presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character's mind	127
6350516349	stress	saying certain syllables or words in a line with more emphasis or volume	128
6350516350	structure	the planned framework for a piece of literature	129
6350516351	style	a writer's typical way of expressing him- or herself	130
6350516352	symbol	anything that stands for or represents anything else.	131
6350516353	symbolism	using an image to represent an idea. Ex. Storms often symbolize impending disaster, red rose=love, dove=peace, black cat=bad luck	132
6350516354	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for a part, as wheels for automobile or society for high society (see metonymy)	133
6350516355	synesthesia	the perception or description of one kind of sense impression in words normally used to describe a different sense, like a "sweet voice" or a "velvety smile." It can be very effective for creating vivid imagery. One sensory experience described in terms of another sensory experience.	134
6350516356	syntax	the arrangement of words in a sentence, the grammar of a sentence	135
6350516357	theme	an ingredient of a literary work which gives the work unity. The theme provides an answer to the question, "What is the work about?" Each literary work carries its own theme(s). Unlike plot, which deals with the action of a work, theme concerns itself with a work's message or contains the general idea of a work and is worded in a complete sentence.	136
6350516358	tone	expresses the author's attitude toward his or her subject. Since there are as many tones in literature as there are tones of voice in real relationships, the tone of a literary work may be one of anger or approval, pride or piety; the entire gamut of attitudes toward life's phenomena	137
6350516359	tragic hero	a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction.	138
6350516360	trope	another name for figurative language	139
6350516361	understatement	statement in which the literal sense of what is said falls short of the magnitude of what is being talked about (a litote is a type of understatement. Where we deliberately say less than we mean, and let the audience understand the real meaning	140
6350516362	voice	the "speaker" in a piece of literature	141

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AP Spanish Language And Culture: Comparativo Cultural Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6480952894	para empezar	to start	0
6480952895	primero	first/firstly	1
6480952896	por lo general	generally	2
6480952897	en la actualidad	presently	3
6480952898	hoy en día	nowadays	4
6480952899	con respecto a	with regards/respect to	5
6480952900	por ejemplo	for example (cognate)	6
6480952901	por ilustrar	for example (non-cognate)	7
6480952902	tambien, además	moreover, also	8
6480952903	en realidad	in fact	9
6480952904	sin embargo, no obstante	however	10
6480952905	por otro lado	on the other hand (lado)	11
6480952906	por otra parte	on the other hand (parte)	12
6480952907	en cambio	on the other hand	13
6480952908	para resumir, para concluir	in summary	14
6480952909	en resumen	in conclusion	15
6480952910	Por fin, finalmente	finally	16
6480952911	por lo tanto, por eso	therefore	17
6480952912	por esa razón	therefore (for this reason)	18
6480952913	otro aspecto en que se asemejan	another aspect by which they are similar	19
6480952914	de la misma manera	in the same way	20
6480952915	como pueden ver	as you can see	21
6480952916	ambas comunidades	both communities	22
6480952917	Espero que mi presentación les haya ayudado a entender mejor	I hope my presentation has helped you better understand	23
6480952918	Ojalá que hayan disfrutado escuchar mis ideas	I hope you have enjoyed listening to my ideas	24
6480952919	similitudes	similarities	25
6480952920	En primer lugar	In the first place	26
6480952921	por un lado	on one side	27
6480952922	por otro lado	on the other side	28
6480952923	de lo contrario	on the contrary	29
6480952924	Se puede notar que	one can note	30
6480952925	mientras tanto	meanwhile	31
7396628713	actualmente	presently	32

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AP Spanish Language Vocabulary Words Flashcards

What it says

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5875367597	Abastecer	to supply	0
5875367598	Abrazar	to embrace	1
5875367599	Acostumbrarse	to get used to	2
5875386102	Acercarse a	to get close to	3
5875367600	Adivinar	to guess	4
5875367601	Advertir	to warn	5
5875367602	Alejarse de	to go away from	6
5875367603	Afligirse	to grieve	7
5875367604	Agarrar	To grab	8
5875367605	Agotarse	to run out	9
5875367606	Aguantar	to tolerate	10
5875367607	Alejarse	to move away	11
5875367608	Alquilar	to rent	12
5875367609	Amenazar	to threaten	13
5875367610	Apoderarse	to seize	14
5875367611	Aprovechar	to take advantage of	15
5875367612	Arrepentirse	to repent	16
5875367613	Arrojar	to throw	17
5875367614	Asegurar	to ensure	18
5875367615	Atropellar	to run over	19
5875367616	Aumentar	to increase	20
5875367617	Brotar	to sprout	21
5875367618	Calentar	to heat	22
5875367619	Capturar	to capture	23
5875367620	Carecer	to lack	24
5875367621	Cazar	to hunt	25
5875367622	Ceder	to yield	26
5875367623	Combatir	to combat	27
5875367624	Compartir	to share	28
5875367625	Comprobar	to prove	29
5875367626	Confiar	to trust	30
5875367627	Convertirse	to turn into	31
5875367628	Criar	to raise	32
5875367629	Cumplir	to comply	33
5875367630	Debilitar	to weaken	34
5875367631	Demandar	to sue	35
5875367632	Derrotar	to defeat	36
5875367633	Derrumbarse	to collapse	37
5875367634	Desarrollar	to develop	38
5875367635	Desempeñar	to play	39
5875367636	Desgastar	to wear out	40
5875367637	Desilusionar	to disappoint	41
5875367638	Deslizar	to slide	42
5875367639	Despejarse	to clear up	43
5875367640	Desplazarse	to travel	44
5875367641	Desprenderse	to take off	45
5875367642	Destacarse	to stand out	46
5875367643	Devolver	to return	47
5875367644	Disparar	to shoot	48
5875367645	Echar	to throw	49
5875367646	Emocionarse	to get excited	50
5875367647	Empacar	to pack	51
5875367648	Empeorar	to worsen	52
5875367649	Empujar	to push	53
5875367650	Enamorarse de Encerrarse	to fall in love	54
5875367651	Enfrentarse	to face	55
5875367652	Enterarse	to find out	56
5875367653	Entrenar	to train	57
5875367654	Entrevistar	to interview	58
5875367655	Esforzarse	to strive	59
5875367656	Esparcir	to spread	60
5875367657	Evitar	to avoid	61
5875367658	Exigir	to require	62
5875367659	Florecer	to flourish	63
5875367660	Fomentar	to promote	64
5875367661	Fortalecer	to strengthen	65
5875367662	Gozar	to enjoy	66
5875367663	Helar	to freeze	67
5875367664	Impedir	to prevent	68
5875367665	Imponer	to impose	69
5875367666	Indagar	to inquire	70
5875367667	Inscribirse	to register	71
5875367668	Invertir	to invest	72
5875367669	Jubilarse	to retire	73
5875367670	Lastimarse/Lesionar	to be injured	74
5875367671	Mejorar	to improve	75
5875367672	Permanecer	to remain	76
5875367673	Perseguir	to pursue	77
5875367674	Prevenir	to prevent	78
5875367675	Quejarse	to complain	79
5875367676	Reclamar	to claim	80
5875367677	Remontarse	to go back in time	81
5875367678	Rendir/Rendirse	to surrender	82
5875367679	Reposar	to rest	83
5875367680	Reprobar	to fail	84
5875367681	Reginarse	to resign	85
5875367682	Sobrar	to be left over	86
5875367683	Sobresalir	to excel	87
5875367684	Sobrevivir	to survive	88
5875367685	Solicitar	to request	89
5875367686	Solucionar	to solve	90
5875367687	Sonar	to dream	91
5875367688	Soplar	to blow	92
5875367689	Soportar	to tolerate	93
5875367690	Sostener	to hold	94
5875367691	Subastar	to auction	95
5875367692	Tallar	to carve	96
5875367693	Tambalearse	to stagger	97
5875367694	Trasladarse	to move	98
5875367695	Triunfar	to succeed	99
5875367696	Tropezarse	to trip	100
5875367697	Turbar	to disturb	101
5875367698	Velar	to guard	102
5875367699	Vislumbrar	to glimpse	103

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AP Language & Comp Midterm Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8469348184	periodic sentence	sentence whose main Clause is withheld until the end ex: "Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and Rich, with a comfortable home and a happy dispotion, same to you night some of the best blessings of existence"	0
8458713369	Reservation	Terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	1
8458784204	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text	2
8458789991	Pathos	emotionally motivate their audicence	3
8458809657	Hasty Generalization	a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	4
8458849484	Claim of Policy	Proposes a change	5
8458855752	Antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction. ex:"that's one small step for man one giant leap for mankind" "I speak not from ignorance, but from experience"	6
8458865435	Claim of Value	Something is good or bad, right or wrong.	7
8458870159	Claim of fact	Asserts that something is true or not true.	8
8458876450	Qualifer	uses words like usually probably, maybe and etc. to temper the claim.	9
8458889029	Argument	a process of reasoned inquiry a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion	10
8458915061	Proppaganda	the spread of ideas and information to further a cause	11
8458928802	Second hand evidence	Research, Reading, investigation	12
8458941555	Deduction	a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with general principle or universal truth ( major premise ) and applying it to a specific case ( a minor premise )	13
8458964629	Cumulative Sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and add on. ex: "legs and arms extended, breathing quietly as he gazed at the figures"	14
8458991160	Alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence ex: "she was wide-eyed and wondering why she waited for Walter to waken"	15
8459009366	Rogerian Argument	having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating	16
8459103881	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences. Example: Everyone should have planned parenthood Abortion is wrong! You will go to hell!	17
8459160547	Either / or false dilemma	The speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	18
8459171543	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. Examples: "so let us begin anew..." "Let both sides unite to need.."	19
8459601721	Syllogism	a logical structure that use the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion	20
8459634042	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward Ex: Some people say that everyone should not wear a seatbelt because it saves lives such as when a car plunges into a river off a bridge and the person drowns	21
8469212746	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin Example: "please bring this basket to your grandma" "get some paper"	22
8469212747	Purpose	The goal of the speaker wants to achieve.	23
8469212748	Antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse order Example: "I want what I need and I need what I want."	24
8469212749	Concession	An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a _ is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. ex: Lou Gahrig concedes what some of his listeners may think - that his bad break is a cause for discouragement or despair	25
8469212750	metaphor	Compares two things without using like or as ex: "the world is a stage" "sea of sand"	26
8469212751	confirmation	usually the major part of the text includes the proof needed to make the writer's cause	27
8469212752	logical fallacy	lacking logical connection between claim and the evidence	28
8469212753	connotation	are usually positive or negative and they can greatly affect the author's tone (meanings or associations that readers have with the word beyond its dictionary definition) ex: "Bobby was blue after his dog died"	29
8469212754	rhetorical question	figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer ex: "will you join in the historic effort?" "and what is so rare as a day in June?"	30
8469212755	personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea ex: "the car danced across the icy Road" "the angry clouds march across the sky"	31
8469348181	oxymoron	Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another ex: "a peaceful war"	32
8469348182	logos	facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up	33
8469348183	conclusion	brings the essay to a satisfying close	34
8469348185	Toulmin Model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin	35
8469539306	denotation	the dictionary and literal meaning of word ex: "Bobby wear a blue shirt today"	36
8469539307	parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. ex: "Lady Gaga enjoys dancing, singing and wearing food on her body"	37
8469539308	subject	the topic of a text. What the text is about	38
8469539309	narration	provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing	39
8469539310	zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often inconguous meanings	40
8469539311	Asydenton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, Clauses, or words ex: "I came, I saw, I conquered." "we met, we got engaged, we got married."	41
8469539312	closed thesis	the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	42
8469539313	induction	a logical process whereby the writers reason from particulars to Universal using specific cases in order to draw conclusion	43
8469539314	SOAPS	a mnemonic device that stands for subject, occasion, audience, purpose, and speaker	44
8469601958	diction	choices of words	45
8469601959	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, Clauses, or line ex: "five years have past; five summers; with the length of five long winter's! and again I hear these waters..."	46
8469601960	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole. ex: "I have four mouths to feed at home"	47
8469601961	claim	States the arguments main idea or position	48
8469601962	polemic	an aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others	49
8469601963	faulty analogy	comparing two things that are not comparable	50
8469742181	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fiction) or to work of art. ex: "Sally had a smile that rivaled the Mona Lisa"	51
8469742182	rebuttal	possible objections	52
8469742183	inversion	inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order)	53
8469742184	warrant	expresses the Assumption necessarily shared by the speaker in the auntie	54
8469742185	rhetorical appeals	techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing ethos pathos and logos	55
8469742186	syntax	how words are arranged	56
8469742187	persona	the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	57
8469742188	ad hominem	refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	58
8469742189	refutation	addresses the counter argument it is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion	59
8469913394	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text	60
8469913395	satire	the use of sarcasm or irony to criticize	61
8469913396	text	the written word	62
8469913397	Appeals to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority	63
8469913398	open thesis	one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay	64
8469913399	archaic diction	old-fashioned or outdated choice of words ex: "the lady doth protest too much, methinks" -Shakespeare	65
8469913400	classical oration	five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians ex: introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion.	66
8469913401	backing	consists of further assurances or data	67
8469913402	first hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows	68
8469913403	circular reasoning	the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	69
8469913404	Straw Man	when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or over simplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea	70
8469913405	post hoc ergo propter hoc	incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier	71
8469913406	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	72
8470078749	ethos	credible and	73
8470078750	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	"everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do"	74
8470078751	speaker	the person or group who creates a text	75
8470078752	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.	76
8470078753	Introduction	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion	77
8470078754	When you analyze syntax, what should you be analyzing?	for parallelism, juxtaposition, and antithesis, and the difference sentence types.	78
8470078755	how can diction affect the tone and mood of a text?	the author makes you strong vocabulary vocabulary, they make it light-hearted and funny or they make it sad	79
8470078756	metaphor, simile, and personifications are examples of this	figure of speech	80
8470078757	complex, imperative, and cumulative are all types of what?	sentences	81
8470078758	compound sentence	a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions	82
8470078759	complex sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	83
8470078760	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	84
8470078761	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	85
8470078762	deafening silence and peaceful Revolution are examples of what	oxymoron	86
8470078763	why might you end a paper with a rhetorical question? what effect might it have on the reader?	to get the reader thinking after the paper opens paper up for discussion	87

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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6603912471	Antecedent	Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	0
6603912472	Antithesis	Opposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism.	1
6603912473	Aphorism	Terse statement of unknown authorship which expresses a general truth or moral	2
6603912474	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	3
6603912476	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	4
6603912478	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	5
6603912479	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	6
6603912480	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	7
6603912482	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	8
6603912483	Prose	one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.	9
6603912484	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	10
6603912486	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.	11
6603912487	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.	12
6603912488	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	13
6603912489	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	14
6603912490	Digression	The use of material unrelated to the subject of a work.	15
6603912491	Ellipsis	the omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable.	16
6603912493	Anachronism	A person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era.	17
6603912494	Didactic	Having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner.	18
6603912495	Fallacy	An incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information.	19
6603912496	Hubris	Excessive pride that often affects tone.	20
6603912499	Motif	A phrase, idea, or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse.	21
6603912501	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.	22
6603912502	Jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.	23
6603912503	Diatribe	A forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.	24
6603912504	Dogmatic	Inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.	25
6603912505	Pernicious	Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.	26
6603912506	Bellicose	Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.	27
6603912507	Voracious	Craving or consuming large quantities of food.	28
6603912508	Zealous	Having or showing zeal. Passionate, fanatical	29
6603912509	Tacit	Understood or implied without being stated.	30
6603912510	Innuendo	An allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.	31
6603912511	Languid	Displaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed.	32
6603912512	Consecrate	Make or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose.	33
6603912513	Dyspeptic	Of or having indigestion or consequent irritability or depression.	34
6603912514	Doggerel	Comic verse composed in irregular rhythm.	35
6603912515	Petulant	Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.	36
6603912516	Infidel	A person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own.	37
6603912517	Exhort	Strongly encourage or urge someone to do something.	38
6603912518	Cloistered	Kept away from the outside world; sheltered.	39
6603912519	Vex	Make (someone) feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters.	40