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AP Literature Study Terms Flashcards

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6918547087AllegoryThe representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form.0
6918547088AlliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in a line of poetry. (Marilyn Monroe)1
6918547089AmbiguityWhen an author leaves out details/information or is unclear about an event so the reader will use his/her imagination to fill in the blanks.2
6918547090AnaphoraRepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines in a poem or prose.3
6918547091AnecdoteA short story or joke told at the beginning of a speech to gain the audience's attention.4
6918547092AntagonistThe protagonist's adversary.5
6918547093Anti-climaticWhen the ending of the plot in poetry or prose is unfulfilling or lackluster.6
6918547094ApostropheWhen a character speaks to a character or object that is not present or is unable to respond7
6918547095AssonanceThe repetition of the same vowel sound in a phrase or line of poetry.8
6918547096Blank verseName for unrhymed iambic pentameter. An iamb is a metrical foot in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable. In iambic pentameter there are five iambs per line making ten syllables.9
6918547097ClimaxThe turning point in the plot or the high point of action.10
6918547098Colloquial languageInformal, conversational language. Colloquialisms are phrases or sayings that are indicative of a specific region.11
6918547099ConnotationAn idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing, ie. Bat=evil.12
6918547100ConventionAn understanding between a reader and a writer about certain details of a story that does not need to be explained.13
6918547101ConsonanceThe repetition of consonant sounds in a phrase or line of poetry. The consonant sound may be at the beginning, middle, or end of the word.14
6918547102CoupletTwo rhyming lines in poetry.15
6918547103Deus ex machinaTerm that refers to a character or force that appears at the end of a story or play to help resolve conflict. Word means "god from a machine." In ancient Greek drama, gods were lowered onto the stage by a mechanism to extricate characters from a seemingly hopeless situation. The phrase has come to mean any turn of events that solve the characters' problems through an unexpected and unlikely intervention.16
6918547104DictionWord choice or the use of words in speech or writing.17
6918547105Denouement (day-new-mon)The final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot.18
6918547106DoppelgangerThe alter ego of a character-the suppressed side of one's personality that is usually unaccepted by society. ie. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson- Mr. Edward Hyde (hide) is Dr. Jekyll's evil side19
6918547107ElegyA poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person.20
6918547108Emotive languageDeliberate use of language by a writer to instill a feeling or visual.21
6918547109EnjambmentThe continuation of reading one line of a poem to the next with no pause, a run-on line.22
6918547110EpicAn extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.23
6918547111EpilogueA short poem or speech spoken directly to the audience following the conclusion of a play, or in a novel the epilogue is a short explanation at the end of the book which indicates what happens after the plot ends.24
6918547112EpiphanySudden enlightenment or realization, a profound new outlook or understanding about the world usually attained while doing everyday mundane activities.25
6918547113EpistolaryUsed to describe a novel that tells its story through letters written from one character to another.26
6918547114EuphemismThe act of substituting a harsh, blunt, or offensive comment for a more politically accepted or positive one (short=vertically challenged)27
6918547115EuphonyA succession of words which are pleasing to the ear. These words may be alliterative, utilize consonance, or assonance and are often used in poetry but also seen in prose.28
6918547116ExpansionAdds an unstressed syllable and a contraction or elision removes an unstressed syllable in order to maintain the rhythmic meter of a line. This practice explains some words frequently used in poetry such as th' in place of the, o'er in place of over, and 'tis or 'twas in place of it is or it was.29
6918547117FableA usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like humans.30
6918547118Feminine endingterm that refers to an unstressed extra syllable at the end of a line of iambic pentameter.31
6918547119Figurative languageSpeech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning. Speech or writing employing figures of speech.32
6918547120FlashbackWhen a character remembers a past event that is relevant to the current action of the story33
6918547121Flat characterA literary character whose personality can be defined by one or two traits and does not change over the course of the story. Flat characters are usually minor or insignificant characters.34
6918547122FoilA character that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another.35
6918547123FolkloreThe traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.36
6918547124FootThe metrical length of a line is determined by the number of feet it contains. The most common feet have two to three syllables, with one stressed.37
6918547125MonometerOne foot38
6918547126DimeterTwo feet39
6918547127TrimeterThree feet40
6918547128TetrameterFour feet41
6918547129PentameterFive feet42
6918547130HexameterSix feet43
6918547131HeptameterSeven feet44
6918547132IambAn iambic foot has two syllables. The first is unstressed and the second is stressed. The iambic foot is most common in English poetry.45
6918547133TrocheeA trochaic foot has two syllables. The first is stressed and the second is unstressed.46
6918547134DactylA dactylic foot has three syllables beginning with a stressed syllable; the other two unstressed.47
6918547135AnapestAn anapestic foot has three syllables. The first two are unstressed with the third stressed.48
6918547136ForeshadowingClues in the text about incidents that will occur later in the plot, foreshadowing creates anticipation in the novel.49
6918547137Free verseType of verse that contains a variety of line lengths, is unrhymed, and lacks traditional meter.50
6918547138GenreA category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content.51
6918547139Gothic novelA genre of fiction characterized by mystery and supernatural horror, often set in a dark castle or other medieval setting.52
6918547140HeroineA woman noted for courage and daring action or the female protagonist.53
6918547141HubrisUsed in Greek tragedies, refers to excessive pride that usually leads to a hero's downfall.54
6918547142HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or comic/dramatic effect.55
6918547143IllocutionLanguage that avoids meaning of the words. When we speak, sometimes we conceal intentions or side step the true subject of a conversation. Writing illocution expresses two stories, one of which is not apparent to the characters, but is apparent to the reader. For example, if two characters are discussing a storm on the surface it may seem like a simple discussion of the weather, however, the reader should interpret the underlying meaning-that the relationship is in turmoil, chaos, is unpredictable. As demonstrated the story contains an underlying meaning or parallel meanings.56
6918547144ImageryThe use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.57
6918547145In medias resA story that begins in the middle of things.58
6918547146InversionIn poetry is an intentional digression from ordinary word order which is used to maintain regular meters. For example, rather than saying "the rain came" a poem may say "came the rain". Meters can be formed by the insertion or absence of a pause.59
6918547147IronyWhen one thing should occur, is apparent, or in logical sequence but the opposite actually occurs. Example: A man in the ocean might say, "Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink."60
6918547148Dramatic IronyWhen the audience or reader knows something characters do not know61
6918547149Verbal IronyWhen one thing is said, but something else, usually the opposite, is meant62
6918547150Situational Ironyirony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected.63
6918547151Masculine endingStressed extra syllable at the end of a line.64
6918547152MemoirAn account of the personal experiences of an author.65
6918547153MeterThe measured arrangement of words in poetry, as by accentual rhythm, syllabic quantity, or the number of syllables in a line.66
6918547154MetaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison; this comparison does not use like or as.67
6918547155MetonymyThe use of a word or phrase to stand in for something else which it is often associated. ie. Lamb means Jesus68
6918547156MotifA dominant theme or central idea.69
6918547157NarratorSomeone who tells a story.70
6918547158First personThe narrator is a character in the story71
6918547159Third person objectiveThe narrator does not tell what anyone is thinking; the "fly on a wall"72
6918547160Third person limitedThe narrator is able to tell the thoughts of one character73
6918547161Third person omniscientThe narrator is able to tell the thoughts of any character74
6918547162NovellaA short novel usually under 100 pages.75
6918547163Neutral languageLanguage opposite from emotive language as it is literal or even objective in nature.76
6918547164Oblique rhymeImperfect rhyme scheme.77
6918547165OdeA lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanzaic structure. An ode celebrates something. John Keats is known for writing odes.78
6918547166OnomatopoeiaThe formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.79
6918547167ParadoxStatement which seems to contradict itself. i.e. His old face was youthful when he heard the news.80
6918547168ParodyA literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule. i.e. SNL or Weird Al Yankovich.81
6918547169PersonificationA figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.82
6918547170Poetic justiceThe rewarding of virtue and the punishment of vice in the resolution of a plot. The character, as they say, gets what he/she deserves.83
6918547171PrequelA literary, dramatic, or cinematic work whose narrative takes place before that of a preexisting work or a sequel.84
6918547172PrologueAn introduction or preface, especially a poem recited to introduce a play.85
6918547173ProseOrdinary speech or writing without metrical structure, written in paragraph form. Novels and short stories are referred to as prose.86
6918547174ProtagonistThe main character in a drama or literary work.87
6918547175PunPlay on words, when two words have multiple meanings and spellings and are used in a humorous manner.88
6918547176Rhymethe repetition of sounds in words89
6918547177Rhyme schemeThe act of assigning letters in the alphabet to demonstrate the rhyming lines in a poem.90
6918547178Rising actionThe events of a dramatic or narrative plot preceding the climax.91
6918547179Rites of passageAn incident which creates tremendous growth signifying a transition from adolescence to adulthood.92
6918547180Round characterA character who is developed over the course of the book, round characters are usually major characters in a novel.93
6918547181ResolutionSolution to the conflict in literature.94
6918547182SatireA literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit; the goal is to change the behavior/issue. Authors known for satires are Jonathan Swift and George Orwell.95
6918547183SimileA figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as.96
6918547184SlangA kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.97
6918547185SoliloquyA dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. Typical in plays.98
6918547186SonnetA poem with fourteen lines. An Italian sonnet subdivides into two quatrains and two tercets; while an English sonnet subdivides into three quatrains and one couplet. A volta is a sudden change of thought which is common in sonnets.99
6918547187StyleThe combination of distinctive features of literary or artistic expression, execution, or performance characterizing a particular person, group, school, or era.100
6918547188SymbolismSomething that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible.101
6918547189TragedyA drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.102
6918547190ToneReflects how the author feels about the subject matter or the feeling the author wants to instill in the reader.103
6918557651Bildungsromana novel dealing with a person's formative years, novel of education, a "coming of age" story104
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AP Literature Vocabulary Set 7 Flashcards

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7145599828relinquish(v.) to give up or surrender control of; to let go, release0
7145601498surreptitious(adj.) acting or doing something secretly; stealthy1
7145606216sanguine(adj.) cheerfully optimistic, hopeful, or confident; ruddy or reddish; consisting of or relating to blood2
7145607400vacillate(v.) to waver in mind, will, or feeling3
7145609458disingenuous(adj.) lacking in candor; giving a false appearance of simple frankness4
7145612143curt(adj.) sparing of words, terse; marked by rude shortness of expression5
7145614702histrionic(adj.) overly dramatic or emotional; theatrical6
7145617565obdurate(adj.) stubbornly persistent; resistant to persuasion or softening influences7
7145619811penitent(adj.) feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses8
7145620940enigmatic(adj.) resembling a puzzling occurrence, statement, person, etc.; perplexing, mysterious9
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AP Language Flashcards

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7032109440AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.0
7032109441AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
7032109442AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
7032109443Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
7032109444AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him4
7032109448Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.5
7032109449AphorismA terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.6
7032109450ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:7
7032109452AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.8
7032109455Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.9
7032109457ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.10
7032109458Connotation- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.11
7032109459DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.12
7032109461DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.13
7032109462Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.14
7032109465Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.15
7032109467Extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.16
7032109468Figurative language- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.17
7032109469Figure of speechA device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.18
7032109473Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.19
7032109475ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.20
7032109476Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.21
7032109477Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.22
7032109478Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.23
7032109479Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.24
7032109482MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.25
7032109483Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.26
7032109484MoodThis term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.27
7032109485NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.28
7032109486Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.29
7032109487OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.30
7032109488ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.31
7032109489ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.32
7032109490ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original33
7032109493PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.34
7032109498RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.35
7032109499RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.36
7032109500Rhetorical modesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.37
7032109502SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel38
7032109503SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.39
7032109504SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another40
7032109505StyleThe consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.41
7032109509Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.42
7032109511SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.43
7032109512ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.44
7032109513ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.45
7032109514ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber46
7032109515TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.47
7032109516UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.48
7032109518WitIn modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.49
7032158896Point of ViewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view and many subdivisions within those. (1) The first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I" and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist (the hero or heroine), a participant (a character in a secondary role) or an observer (a character who merely watches the action). (2) The third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of, omniscient and limited omniscient. In the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator, with godlike knowledge, can reveal what each character feels and thinks at any given moment. The third person limited omniscient point of view, as its name implies, presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters. Note: On the essay portion of the exam, the term "point of view" carries a different meaning. When you're asked to analyze an author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.50
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ap language vocab Flashcards

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2969987899myriad(n) ten thousand/ many -"we faced a myriad if difficulties"0
2969987900abbreviate(v) to shorten a word or phase with letters -"In algebra y=mx+b is used to abbreviate a slope intercept equation"1
2969987901accustomed(adj) being in habit; usual -"i have become accustomed to the noise of the train"2
2969987902adulation(n) excessive devotion to someone -"Michael expressed his adulation for Julie by sending a dozen pink roses"3
2969987903sterotype(n) a process for making metal printing plates by a mold -"curving the sterotype plate has been a difficult task"4
2969987904aesthetic(adj) having a sense of the beautiful; characterized by the love of beauty -"the decorations had a aesthetic appeal"5
2969987905integral(adj) necessary to make a whole complete; essential or fundamental -"homework is an integral part of our schools curriculum"6
2969987906anachronistic(adj) refers to something old-fashioned or antique, also could mean anything that crashes with time -"that rotary-dial telephone on the glass table is anachronistic"7
2969987907assumptions(n) something taken for granted or supposing -"he made an assumption that his mom would still drive him to school"8
2970125132anonymous(adj) an unknown author/contributor -"The paper has an anonymous source"9
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AP Language Lesson 1 Flashcards

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4828097567altruisticunselfishly concerned for the welfare of others, generous0
4828097568ambivalenthaving contrary feelings or attitudes, uncertain as to course of action1
4828097569angularlean; sharp cornerded; gaunt2
4828097570arrogantoverbearingly assuming, insolently proud3
4828097571aversionstrong disinclination, disliking4
4828097572discernto differentiate between two or more things5
4828097573disdainintense dislike; to treat with scorn or contempt, to reject as unworthy6
4828097574disparageto degrade, to speak of someone or something in a derogatory manner7
4828097575disparityinequality, the condition or fact of being unequal in age, rank, or degree8
4828097576embellishto decorate, to make beautiful with ornamentation9
4828097577engenderto cause, to produce, to create10
4828097578innocuousharmless, producing no injuries11
4828097579insipidboring and stupid12
4828097580lamentto mourn or to express sorrow in a demonstrative manner13
4828097581laudto praise, to exol14
4828097582obscuredifficult to see , vague15
4828097583ostentatiousshowy, pretentious16
4828097584prodigalwasteful, a person given to extravagance17
4828097585repudiateto reject, to disown, to disavow18
4828097586reticencerestraint in speech, reluctance to speak19
4828097587revereto honor, to regrade with respect20
4828097588serenecalm, placid21
4828097589subtledelicate, elusive, not obvious22
4828097590superfluousbeyond what is needed or required, an overflow23
4828097591taciturnquit, not verbose24
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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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4681437078allegorystory conveying a meaning other than the literal; abstract principles represented by characters or figures0
4681438151alliterationrepetition of initial consonant sounds1
4681438380anagnorisisdiscovery; hero suddenly becoming aware of a situation or true character2
4681438895anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of neighboring clauses for emphasis3
4681439911antecedentword, phrase, or clause that a pronoun replaces4
4681440934apologueshort story with a moral, often involving talking animals or objects; a fable; short allegory5
4681441805apostrophespeaker addresses an inanimate object6
4681442333assonancerepetition of vowel sounds7
4681442984balladrelatively short narrative poem written in song-like stanza form8
4681461221bildungsromannovel tracing the spiritual, moral, psychological, or social development and growth of the main character usually from childhood to maturity9
4681464029blank verseunrhymed iambic pentameter10
4681464928cacophonydeliberate use of harsh or awkward sounds11
4681465365caesurapause or interruption in a poem; opposite of enjambment12
4681467629canonworks of a writer13
4681467785caricatureportrait that examines a human trait14
4681468105catharsisemotional release of an audience at the end of a sucsessful tragedy15
4681469089clarihewrhyme of four lines, usually regarding a subject mentioned in the first line16
4681470681colloquialisminformal speech117
4681471369comedy of mannersplay that satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class, often using stereotypes18
4681472552conceitextended metaphor that compares two seemingly dissimilar things19
4681474571connotationimplied meaning of a word20
4681474934consonancerepetition of consonant sounds within words21
4681475422controlling imagemetaphor that dominates an entire work22
4681476011coupletrhyming pair of lines23
4681476295dactylpoetical foot with three syllables, one stressed and two short or unstressed24
4681477966denotationliteral meaning of a word; a dictionary definition25
4681478667deus ex machinaliterally "god out of a machine"; sudden artificial or improbable resolution to a story, often implying a lack of skill on the part of the writer26
4681481052dictionword choice27
4681481684dramatic monologuepoem in which a character delivers a speech explaining his/her feelings, actions, or motives28
4681486417elegymournful or melancholic poem29
4681486873english sonnetsonnet divided into 3 quatrains and a final couplet, using the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg; Shakespearean sonnet30
4681488067enjambmentcontinuation of a phrase or clause to another line without pause31
4681499274epigramshort, clever poem with a witty turn of thought32
4681499644farceextremely broad humor33
4681499848foilcharacter that contrast with another character, usually the protagonist, to emphasize the other character's traits34
4681503199footcombination of stressed and unstressed syllables35
4681503401foreshadowingevent or statement that suggests a future event36
4681503993free versepoetry without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern37
4681561726hamartiafatal flaw of a tragic hero38
4681682526hubrisexcessive pride that leads to a protagonist's downfall39
4681683369hyperboleexaggeration or overstatement; opposite of understatement40
4681683778iambpoetical foot with two syllables- first unstressed and second stressed41
4681684394implicitimplied meaning; opposite of explicit42
4681684664lyricexpression of observations and feelings of a single speaker43
4681685523magical realismcombination of realistic details with surreal, dreamlike, or magical elements44
4681687594metaphoranalogy that states one thing is another45
4681687881metonymyuse of a part to mean a whole object; related to synechdoche46
4681688680motifrecurring or dominant element in a work47
4681689372objectivityimpersonal view of events48
4681690980onomatopoeiaword that sounds like what it represents49
4681691379oppositioncontrasting pair of elements50
4681691592paradoxseemingly apparent contradiction which is accurate on closer inspection51
4681694083parallelismrepeated words, phrases, clauses, or grammatical structure used for effect52
4681695136pastoralwork idealizing the simple life of shepherds or of tranquil nature53
4681695989peripeteiareversal of fortune or character54
4681696830personanarrator in a non-first-person novel55
4681699914personificationgiving human qualities or form to inanimate objects56
4681700149protaganistmain character57
4681700300quatrainfour-line stanza58
4681700668satiregenre which ridicules its subject by exposing flaws, often to provoke or prevent change59
4681704267sestinapoem consisting of six six-line stanzas followed by a tercet, for a total of thirty -nine lines60
4681711822simile"weak" metaphor, often uses "like" or "as"61
4681712641stanzagroup of lines in verse; poetical equivalent of a paragraph62
4681713187subjectivitypersonal view of events63
4681713498subjunctive moodmood that sets up a hypothetical situation (i.e. if__were__)64
4681714027symbolword, place, character, or object that means something beyond what it is on a literal level65
4681714881synecdochemetaphor in which a part is spoken of as the whole object; related to metonymy66
4681715576synesthesiaone kind of sensation is described in the terms of another; mixing of senses67
4681716154syntaxword order68
4681717266themecentral idea of a work69
4681718472terza rimapoem with verses of three lines and rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc70
4681718844tragic flawweakness of an otherwise good or great individual that leads to his/her downfall71
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AP Literature Flashcards

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7551566893Adjunctsomething added to something else as helpful or useful but not essential0
7551568872Bellwetherthe male sheep that leads the flock to the slaughterhouse1
7551571813Caterwaulto howl or screech like a cat2
7551574612Chimericalabsurd3
7551574613Effetelacking in wholesome vigor or energy4
7551576974Fait Accomplian accomplished and presumably irreversible deed, fact, or action5
7551580475Hideboundnarrow-minded and rigid6
7551582681Hierarchyany system of things or people arranged or graded one above another in order of rank, wealth, class7
7551587695Laissez-fairea philosophy or practice characterized by a usually deliberate abstention from direction or interference, especially with individual freedom of choice and action8
7551599216Liturgya religious service or rite9
7551601009Morassa confusing situation in which one is entrapped10
7551637442Noisomeoffensive or disgusting11
7551651253Obliviousforgetful; unaware12
7551651254Poltroona base coward13
7551653049Proselytea convert14
7551653050Quasiresembling but not actually being15
7551728646Raillerygood-humored teasing16
7551728674Ribaldirreverently mocking17
7551731377Supinelying flat on one's back18
7551731378Vignettea short description or sketch19
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AP Language Flashcards

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6772509210allusionA reference to some famous literary work, historical figure, or event. For example, to say that a friend "has the patience of Job" means that he is as enduring as the Biblical figure of that name.0
6772604085parablea short story from which a lesson may be drawn1
6772509211antithesisThe use of parallel structure to call attention to contrasts or opposites: some like it hot; some like it cold; Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar2
6772509212argumentationThe writer's attempt to convince his reader to agree with him. It is based upon appeals to reason, evidence proving the argument, and sometimes emotion to persuade. Some attempt to merely prove a point, but others go beyond proving to inciting the reader to action. At the heart lies a debatable issue.3
6772509213coherenceThe principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition.4
6772509214dictionWord choice. Determined by the audience and occasion of their writing.5
6772509215emphasisA rhetorical principle that requires stress to be given to important elements in an essay at the expense of less important elements.6
6772509216figurative languageSaid of a word or expression used in a nonliteral way. For example. The expression "to go the last mile" may have nothing at all to do with geographical distance, but may mean to complete an unfinished task or job.7
6772509217hyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.8
6772509218imageryA phrase or expression that evokes a picture or describes a scene. An image may be either literal, in which case it is a realistic attempt to depict with words what something looks like, or figurative, in which case the expression is used that likens the thing described to something else (e.g., "My love is like a red, red rose.").9
6772509219ironyThe use of language in such a way that apparent meaning contrasts sharply with the real meaning. One famous example (in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) is Antony's description of Brutus as "an honorable man." Since Brutus was one of Caesar's assassins, Antony meant just the opposite. A softer form of sarcasm and shares with it the same contrast between apparent and real meaning.10
6772509220verbal ironyThe words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning.11
6772509221situational ironyEvents turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and readers think ought to happen is what does happen.12
6772509222dramatic ironyFacts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.13
6772509223juxtapositionCONTRAST The arrangement of two or more ideas, phrases, words, etc. side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.14
6772509224metaphorA figurative image that implies the similarity between things otherwise dissimilar, as when the poet Robert Frost states "I have been acquainted with the night," meaning that he has survived despair.15
6772509225moodThe pervading impression made on the feelings of the reader. Can be gloomy, sad, joyful, bitter, frightening, and so forth.16
6772509226oxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness.17
6772509227pacingThe speed at which a piece of writing moves along.18
6772509228paradoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. The first scene of Macbeth, for example, closes with the witches' cryptic remark "Fair is foul, and foul is fair."19
6772509229parallelismThe principle of coherent writing requiring that coordinating elements be given the same grammatical form, as in Daniel Webster's dictum, "I was born an American; I will live an American; I will die an American." In other words, it's use of similar grammatical structures or forms for pleasing effect20
6772509230parodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. Can distort or exaggerate distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original.21
6772509231personificationAttributing human qualities to objects, abstractions, or animals: "Tis beauty calls and glory leads the way."22
6772509232point of viewThe perspective from which a piece of writing is developed. In nonfiction the it is usually the author's. In fiction it can be first- or third-person point of view. In the first-person, the author becomes part of the narration and refers to himself as "I." In the third-person the narrator simply observes the action of the story. Third-person narrative is either omniscient (when the narrator knows everything about all of the characters) or limited (when the narrator knows only those things that might be apparent to a sensitive observer.)23
6772509233repetitionBy repeating words or ideas, the persuasive writer emphasizes their importance and lodges them firmly in the minds of the audience.24
6772509234rhetoricThe art of using persuasive language. The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.25
6772509235simileA figure of speech which, like the metaphor, implies a similarity between things otherwise dissimilar. Uses like, as, than.26
6772567871cause and effectexamination of the causes and/or effects of of a situation or phenomenon27
6772509237styleThe way a writer writes. The expression of an author's individuality through the use of words, sentence patterns, and selection of details Any of the choices writers make while writing—about diction, sentence length, structure, rhythm, and figures of speech—that make their work sound like them.28
6772509238ad hominemAn argument that attacks the integrity or character of an opponent rather than the merits of an issue. Latin for "to the man." It is also informally known as "mud-slinging."29
6772509239alliterationThe repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.30
6772509240analogy- comparison that attempts to explain one idea or thing by likening it to another for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one.31
6772654062syllogisma form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical conclusion is drawn from them; a form of deductive reasoning32
6772509241antimetaboleThe repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.33
6772509242anecdoteA brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim.34
6772509243ethosappeal to ethics35
6772509244logosappeal to logic36
6772509245pathosappeal to emotion, an appeal to feelings rather than to strict reason; a legitimate ploy in an argument as long as it is not excessively or exclusively used.37
6772509247colloquialisma word or expression acceptable in informal usage but inappropriate in formal discourse. A given word may have a standard as well a colloquial meaning. Bug, for example, is standard when used to refer to an insect; when used to designate a virus, i.e. "She's at home recovering from a bug,"38
6772509248connotationthe implication of emotional overtones of a word rather than its literal meaning. Lion, used in a literal sense, denotes a beast (see denotation). But to say that Winston Churchill had "the heart of a lion" is to use the connotative or implied meaning of lion.39
6772509249denotationThe specific and literal meaning of the word as found in the dictionary. Opposite of connotation.40
6772509250euphemismFrom the Greek word for "good speech," a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. May be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "earthly remains" rather than "corpse" is an example of euphemism.41
6772509251generalizationa statement that asserts some broad truth based upon a knowledge of specific cases.42
6772618524post hoc fallacythis fallacy of logic occurs when the writer assumes that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident43
6772509252logical fallacyErrors in reasoning used by speakers or writers, sometimes in order to dupe their audiences. Most logical fallacies are based on insufficient evidence ("All redheads are passionate lovers"); or irrelevant information ("Don't let him do the surgery; he cheats on his wife"); or faulty logic ("If you don't quit smoking, you'll die of lung cancer").44
6772509253Horatian satirewhich is gentle and smiling satire45
6772509254qualificationThe act of limiting an argument through qualifying expressions, such as few, it is possible, rarely, most, perhaps, often.46
6772509255red herringA side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument. It is a common device of politicians: "Abortion may be a woman's individual right, but have you considered the danger of the many germ-infested abortion clinics?" Here the side issue of the dirty clinics clouds the ethical issue of the right or wrong of having an abortion.47
6772509256sarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.48
6772509257satirea literary work in which vices, abuses, absurdities, etc are held up to ridicule and contempt; use of ridicule, sarcasm, irony, etc to expose vices, abuses, etc49
6772509258slantingThe characteristic of selecting facts, words, or emphasis to achieve a preconceived intent: Favorable intent: "Although the Senator looks bored, when it comes time to vote he is on the right side of the issue." Unfavorable intent: "The Senator may vote on the right side of the issues, but he always looks bored."50
6772509259subordinationExpressing in a dependent clause, phrase, or single word any idea that is not significant enough to be expressed in a main clause or an independent sentence.51
6772509260toneIn every writing, the reflection of the writer's attitude toward subject and audience. Can be personal, formal or informal, objective or subjective.52
6772509261understatementA way of deliberately representing something as less than it is in order to stress its magnitude. Also known as LITOTES53
6772509262voiceThe presence or the sound of self chosen by the author. Most good writing sounds like someone delivering a message. The aim in a good student writing is to sound natural. Of course, the itwill be affected by the audience and occasion for writing. Voice is closely related to style.54
6772509263ad populemA fallacious argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of a group rather than its reason. An appeal for instance, to support an issue because it's the "American Way" is an ad populem argument.55
6772509264allegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The symbolic meaning usually deals with moral truth or generalization about human existence.56
6772509265anaphorathe repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses57
6772509266aphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) Can be a memorable summation of the author's point. "Expect nothing. Live frugally on surprise." Alice Walker58
6772509267apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee."59
6772509268claimThe ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point, backed up by support, of an argument.60
6772509269clichéA stale image or expression, and the bane of good expository writing. "White as a ghost"61
6772509270compare/contrastA rhetorical mode used to develop essays that systematically match two items for similarities and differences.62
6772509271complex sentenceA sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.63
6772509272concreteSaid of words or terms denoting objects or conditions that are palpable, visible, or otherwise evident to the senses. Concrete is the opposite of abstract.64
6772509273epistropheThe repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses.65
6772509274evidenceThe logical bases or supports for an assertion or idea.66
6772509275genreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.67
6772509276inversionThe reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence to achieve some desired effect, usually emphasis. A technique long used in poetry, although most modern poets shun it as too artificial. Example how Shakespeare writes68
6772509278metonymyA term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy.69
6772509279periodic sentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase of clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy!" The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.70
6772509280rhetorical questionA question posed with no expectation of receiving an answer. This device is often used in public speaking in order to launch or further discussion: "Do you know what one of the greatest pains is? One of the greatest pains in human nature is the pain of a new idea."71
6772509281synecdocheA part of something used to refer to the whole—for example, "50 head of cattle" referring to 50 complete animals72
6772509282syntaxThe ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. Requires correct grammar as well as effective sentence patters, including unity, coherence, and emphasis.73
6772509283transitionWords, phrases, sentences, or even paragraphs that indicate connections between the writer's ideas. Provide landmarks to guide the reader from one idea to the next so that the reader will not get lost.74
6772509284unityThe characteristic of having all parts contribute to the overall effect. In writing, an essay or paragraph is described as having this when all sentences develop one idea. The worst enemy is irrelevant material. A good rule is to delete all sentences that do not advance or prove the thesis (in an essay) or the topic sentence (in a paragraph).75
6772550933anticlimaxa sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, often for humorous effect76
6772584256digressiona temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing77
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AP Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

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6228730301Cognitionmental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating0
6228730302Concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (similar to perceptual set)1
6228731985Prototypea mental image or best example of a category2
6228731986AlgorithmA step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.3
6228733366HeuristicA simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
6228734251Availability Heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common5
6228735905Representativeness Heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.6
6228739841Insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem7
6228741354Confirmation Biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence8
6228744113Mental Seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past9
6228746616Functional Fixednessthe inability to see a new use for an object10
6228747576Intuitionimmediate and automatic feeling and thought11
6228748900Trial and Errormost fundamental method of problem solving12
6228754632Overconfidencetendency to overestimate our judgement13
6228755205Belief Perserveranceclinging to your initial belief in something despite no evidence proving it14
6228756152Framingthe way we present an issue, can impact judgement15
6228757205Launguagespoken, written, signed words that we communicate into meaning16
6228757206Phonemessmallest distinctive sound unit17
6228758086Morphemessmallest unit of sound that holds meaning18
6228758087Grammarsystem of rules that enables us to communicate19
6228760936Semanticsrules for deriving meaning from words20
6228760937Syntaxrules to combine words21
6228762771Receptive Languagein infants, the ability to understand what is said to them and about them22
6228764775Productive Languagethe ability to produce words23
6228769010Babbling Stage4 months, speech development unrelated to household language24
6228770800One Word Stage (Holophrastic)1-2 years old, communicating in single worded phrases "ma" "uh"25
6228772998Two Word StageBeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statement, overgeneralizes wants and needs26
6228772999Telegraphic Stageearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words27
6228774532Critical Period Theory (Language Development)the window on language development closes gradually in early childhood28
6228774533"Genie"A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period where she could have learned language so she could not speak and was extremely socially delayed29
6228778474Aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).30
6228778475Brocas Areacontrols language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements invloved in speech31
6228779132Wernickes Arealanguage comprehension, left temporal lobe32
6228779996Noam Chomskylanguage development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language33
6228780920Nativist Theoryyou have the ability to pick up language which is inborn, but it has to be natured34
6228780921Belief Biasthe tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid35
6228780922Convergentideas come together36
6228782252Divergentideas come apart37
6228783193Linguistic DeterminismWhorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think, we cannot think things if we cannot say them38
6228784064Bilingual Advantagethe advantage of bilingual individuals to inhibit one language while using the other and inhibit attention to irrelevant information39
6228784065Nondeclarative Memorymental picture of how you do something, implicit memory40
6228786988Mental Practicementally rehearsing future behaviors, activates the same part of your brain as if you were really doing the action41
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La vida contemporanea- AP Spanish Language & Culture Flashcards

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5892955266Estrategiasstrategies0
5892955267solicitarask for, request1
5892955268graduarseto graduate2
5892955269matricularseto register3
5892955270el horarioschedule4
5892955271la aulathe classroom5
5892955272ayuda financierafinancial aid6
5892955273una becaa scholarship7
5892955274ingresaradmit, get in8
5892955275la materiathe material9
5892955276repasarto review10
5892955277el cursothe course11
5892955278aprobarto approve12
5892955279reprobarto fail, to flunk13
5892955280apuntesnotes14
5892955281la asignaturasubject, course15
5892955282el bachilleratohigh school diploma16
5892955283las calificacionesreport card17
5892955284la carrerathe career18
5892955285la especializaciónspecialization19
5892955286la facultadthe faculty, department20
5892955287la licenciaturaThe degree21
5892955288la matricularegister. license plate22
5892955289optativooptional, optative23
5892955290el plazotime period24
5892955291el titulotitle25
5892955292arquitectoarchitect26
5892955293las ventajasthe advantages27
5892955294las desventajasthe disadvantages28
5892955295el consejerothe counselor29
5892955296el decanodean at university30
5892955297el profesorthe professor31
5892955298el rectordean, rector32
5892955299arquitecturaarchitecture33
5892955300bellas artesfine arts34
5892955301artistathe artist35
5892955302científicoscientist36
5892955303físicophysical, physicist37
5892955304químicochemist38
5892955305abogadoattorney39
5892955306medicodoctor40
5892955307filosofophilosopher41
5892955308ingenieroengineer42
5892955309programadorprogrammer43
5892955310escritorwriter44
5892955311mecánicomechanic45
5892955312psicólogopsychologist46
5892955313sociólogosociologist47
5892955314contableaccountant48
5892955315ama de casahouse wife49
5892955316albañilbuilder, construction worker50
5892955317las cienciasthe sciences51
5892955318economíaeconomy52
5892955319derecho (leyes)law53
5892955320filosofíaphilosophy54
5892955321ingenieríaengineering55
5892955322informáticacomputer science56
5892955323medicinamedicine57
5892955324psicologíapsychology58
5892955325sociologíasociology59
5892955326los formulariosforms, questionnaire60
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