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Figurative Language- AP Prep Flashcards

One meaning of the word "figure" is "image" or "picture." Figurative language creates pictures in the mind of the reader. These figures help convey meaning and understanding faster and more vividly than words alone. We use "figures of speech" in figurative language to color and interest, and to awaken the imagination. Figurative language is everywhere, from classical works by Shakespeare and the Bible to everyday speech. It is even in tons of pop music, television shows, and commercials.

Figurative language is the opposite of literal language, which mean exactly what it says.

Example: He ran fast. (literal)
He ran like the wind. (figurative)

Works Cited- www.englishclub.com

Terms : Hide Images
6361880683PersonificationUsing human characteristics to describe non-human things (objects, animals) Example sentence: The delicious bread danced in my stomach.0
6361880684MetaphorComparison between two unrelated things NOT using words such as "like" or "as"- an assertion that one thing IS another thing Example: How could she marry that snake?1
6361880685OnomatopoeiaWord that imitates a sound BANG!2
6361880686ImageryDescriptive language that creates a picture in one's mind while reading Example: The busy squirrels ran through the lush, green trees, chasing acorns and packing them away for colder days.3
6361880687HyperboleGross over-exaggeration for emphasis/effect Example sentence: I've said that a million times.4
6361880695AlliterationRepetition of beginning consonant sounds. Example: The fog filtered over the field finally hiding the fence.5
6361880703SimileComparison between two unrelated things using "like" or "as." Example: Jose sleeps like a log.6
6362377329SymbolObject used to represent an idea or concept. Example: Kiowa's New Testament was a symbol of his father, his family, his faith.7
6362422417IronyUsing a word or a phrase to mean exactly opposite of its normal meaning. Example: Calling a boy "Stretch" when he is short.8
6362481843OxymoronUsing two contradictory words for a special effect. Example: Jumbo shrimp9
6362486818PunOne word sounds the same as another word with different meaning; a play on words Example: "A clock goes back four seconds."10
6362498680AssonanceRepetition of vowel sounds- not rhyming because end consonants don't match Example: Great Lake11
6362511000ConsonanceRepetition of consonant sounds anywhere within the words of a phrase (not limited to beginnings, like alliteration. Example: Sally sells seashells on the seashores12
6362518655EuphemismUsing appropriate language to describe something inappropriate or uncomfortable. Example: "Restroom" instead of "Toilet"13
6362539233ClicheOverused expression that loses its meaning Example: "As busy as a bee."14
6362665110JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts Example: The innocent young girl walks through the haunted hallway.15
6362700143SynecdocheA figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole, or vise versa. Example: "All hands on deck"16
6362718536MetonymyA figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated Example: "crown" for "royalty"17
6362730775ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")18
6362751661AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas in the same or neighboring sentence. Example: "One small step for man, One giant leap for mankind."19
6362880065LitotesA phrase that emphasizes the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite Example: "Hitler was no angel."20
6362904940ApostropheA figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply Example: "Oh, Wind! Stop blowing my hair!"21
6363145911AllusionIndirect reference to a well-known person, place, or thing in literature Example: "I have a dream that my students will pass this test."22
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

Terms : Hide Images
6570550364AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
6570550365DialectA particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.1
6570550366EsperantoAn artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication, based on roots from the chief European languages.2
6570550367Extinct LanguageAn extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.3
6570550368IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)4
6570550369IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.5
6570550370Isolated Languagea natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.6
6570550371Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.7
6570550372LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.8
6570550373Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.9
6570550374Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history10
6570550375Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.11
6570550376Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese12
6570550377Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages13
6570550378Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken14
6570550379MonolingualThe condition of being able to speak only a single language15
6570550380BilingualThe ability to speak two languages16
6570550381MultilingualThe ability to speak multiple languages17
6570550382Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.18
6570550383OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.19
6570550384Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.20
6570550385Standard LanguageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.21
6570550386Toponyma place name or a word derived from the name of a place22
6570550387Trade LanguageA language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.23
6570550388VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.24
6570550389Creolea mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage25
6570550390DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.26
6570550391Franglaisa form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.27
6570550392EbonicsAmerican black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English28
6570550393Spanglisha hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.29
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AP Language Flashcards

Terms needed for success on the AP Language and Composition Exam

Terms : Hide Images
5908183420PersonificationThe assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. An example: Wordsworth's "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon."0
5908183421Antithesisthe presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "To be or not to be . . ." "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . ." "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country . . ."1
5908183422OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," ___ is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."2
5908183423Sarcasmfrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," ___ involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device.3
5908183424Synecdoche. a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. "All hands on deck" is an example.4
5908183425Hyperbolea figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement5
5908183426Anaphorarepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.6
5908183427Euphonythe pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.7
5908183428Metonomya term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name" __ is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example: a news release that claims "The White House declared" rather than "The President declared"8
5908183429ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.9
5908183430Onomatopoeiaa figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.10
5908183431Cacophonyharsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary word.11
5908183432Metaphora direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars" is an example.12
5908183433Symbolgenerally, anything that represents, stands for, something else. Usually, a ___ is something concrete—such as an object, action, character, or scene—that represents something more abstract.13
5908183434Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.14
5908183435Understatementthe opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.15
5908183436HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.16
5908183437PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.17
5908183438ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, __ uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory. For example, a rose may present visual __ while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks.18
5908183439Euphemisma more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.19
5908183440Figure of SpeechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Examples are apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonomy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.20
5908183441IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.21
5908183442SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and convention for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform humans or their society, ___ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. The effect of __, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.22
5908183443AlliterationThe repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."23
5908183444EpigraphThe use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.24
5908183445Periodic SentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. The independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect is to add emphasis and structural variety.25
5908183446NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.26
5908183447Ethosan appeal based on the character of the speaker. An __-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.27
5908183448Situational Ironya type of irony in which events turn out the opposite of what was expected.28
5908183449ConsonanceRepetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.29
5908183450Pathosan appeal based on emotion.30
5908183451Logosan appeal based on logic or reason31
5908183452Verbal IronyIn this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning32
5908183453AnecdoteA story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.33
5908183454Abstract LanguageLanguage describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.34
5908183455Denotationthe literal or dictionary meaning of a word35
5908183456CumulativeSentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars36
5908183457Dramatic IronyIn this type of irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work37
5908183458ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.38
5908183459Connotationthe interpretive level or a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.39
5908183460RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, or any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.40
5908183461SyntaxThe grammatical structure of prose and poetry.41
5908183462AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity42
5908183463ArgumentA single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer43
5908183464AllusionA reference contained in a work44
5908183465Parallelismrefers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.45
5908183466Analogya literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.46
5908183467Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.47
5908183468DescriptionThe purpose of this rhetorical mode is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses.48
5908183469Ethical AppealWhen a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.49
5908183470ExpositionThe purpose of this rhetorical mode is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion.50
5908183471EllipsisIndicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.51
5908183472ArgumentationThe purpose of this rhetorical mode is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader.52
5908183473Didacticwriting whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A ___ work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.53
5908183474NarrationThe purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.54
5908183475Colloquialthe use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. Huckleberry Finn in written in a __ style.55
5908183476Antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.56
5908183477Stylean evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.57
5908183478ThesisThe sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.58
5908183479ChiasmusArrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea.59
5908183480Balancea situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, whether in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.60
5908183481ToneSimilar to mood, __ describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.61
5908183482Dialectthe recreation of regional spoken language, such as a Southern one. Hurston uses this in Their Eyes Were Watching God.62
5908183483AsyndetonCommas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.63
5908183484WitIn modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.64
5908183485MoodThis term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The second meaning is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.65
5908183486Dictionthe author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning66
5908183487PolysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"67
5908183488ToneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.68
5908183489JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts69
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AP Language Lesson 39A Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4804802259airto make a public utterance0
4804802260auguryprophecy; prediction of events1
4804806414beguileTo deceive2
4804808452connoisseur(n.) an expert; one who is well qualified to pass critical judgments, especially in one of the fine arts3
4804809195debaucherycorruption; self-indulgence4
4804820982declivitydownward slope5
4804820983diatribean abusive, condemnatory speech6
4804822196disencumberto free from burden or difficulty7
4804822197ebullientEnthusiastic8
4804824157fly-by-nightunreliable; disreputable9
4804827373foliagen. leaves10
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AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6749643499Rhetoricthe art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially with the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. (The very act of defending has itself been a central part of rhetoric).0
6749643500BombasticHigh sounding but with little meaning; inflated;grandiloquent.1
6749643501EthosAppeal based on the character of speaker. Meaning convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader (speaker).2
6749643502LogosAn appeal to logic or reason. For example scholarly documents.3
6749643503PathosAppeal on emotion. The quality that evokes pity or sadness.4
6749643504CapriciousImpulsive; unpredictable. Sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.5
6749643505ToneWriter's attitude, mood or moral outlook toward the subject and/or the readers.6
6749643506Appealthe power of arousing a sympathetic response, to arouse a sympathetic response.7
6749643507ArgumentDiscourse intended to persuade; process of reasoning; exchange of diverging/ opposite views.8
6749643508Colloquialism (Colloquial)a word or phrase that is not formal or literary. It is still used in literature to provide a sense of actual conversation and the use of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of everyday speech.9
6749643509Connotationand idea or feeling that a word evokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Words imply or suggest qualities, attributes, and characteristics.10
6749643510Apathylack of interest, enthusiasm or concern. No emotion11
6749643511DialectA variety of language confined to a region or group, manner or means of expressing oneself.12
6749643512UnderstatementStatement which says less than is really meant. Opposite of hyperbole. Made smaller, worse, or less important than really is. Minimizing.13
6749643513HyperboleDeliberate and obvious exaggeration for effect.14
6749643514Anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real person or incident.15
6749643515CondescendingHaving or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.16
6749643516VoiceAn authors distinctive literary style, basic vision and general attitude toward the world. Revealed through the use of Syntax, Diction, Punctuation, Characterization, and Dialogue.17
6749643517SyntaxSentence construction18
6749643518DictionAuthor's choice of words. Distinctive vocabulary.19
6749643519AssertionA confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. A declaration that's made em pathetically in an argument as it to be understood as a statement of fact.20
6749643520Cogent(of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing.21
6749643521Coherent(of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent22
6749643522Cohesivecharacterized by or causing cohesion (act or state of being uniting, cohering, or sticking together).23
6749643523Didacticintended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.24
6749643524Discoursewritten or spoken communication or debate. (verb) speak or write authoritatively about a topic.25
6749643525Eloquencefluent or persuasive speaking or writing.26
6749643526Fluidable to flow easily.27
6749643527implicationthe conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.28
6749643528lucidexpressed clearly; easy to understand29
6749643529rhetora teacher of rhetoric30
6749643530Arbitera person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter31
6749643531Biasedunfairly prejudiced for or against something or someone.32
6749643532Exculpateshow or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing33
6749643533Impartialtreating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just.34
6749643534Incontrovertiblenot able to be denied or disputed.35
6749643535Integritythe quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.36
6749643536Objectivitythe quality of being objective; justice; neutrality37
6749643537Plausible(of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable.38
6749643538Substantiatedprovide evidence to support or prove that truth of.39
6749643539vindicatedclear (something) of blame or suspicion.40
6749643540CondescendingHaving or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.41
6749643541Contemptuousshowing contempt; scornful42
6749643542Despoticof, relating to, or characteristics of a despot (ruler with total power; usually unfair)43
6749643543Dictatorialof or typical of a ruler with total control44
6749643544Disdainthe feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt.45
6749643545Haughtyarrogantly superior and disdainful.46
6749643546Imperiousassuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering.47
6749643547Patronizingtreat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority.48
6749643548Listlesslacking energy or enthusiasm.49
6749643549Melancholya feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.50
6749643550Torpora state of physical or mental inactivity51
6749643551alliancea relationship based on an affinity in interests, nature, or qualities.52
6749643552disparitya great difference, imbalance.53
6749643553impingehave an affect or impact, especially a negative one. Influence.54
6749643554Paradoxa state or proposition that, despite reasoning, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, self-contradictory.55
6749643555allusionan expression to call something to mind without mentioning it exactly; an indirect or passing reference.56
6749643556parallelismthe act of being parallel or corresponding in some way.57
6749643557indolentwanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy.58
6749643558insipid.lacking flavor, vigor or interest.59
6749643559lamenta passionate expression or grief or sorrow.60
6749643560Sanctiona threatening penalty for disobeying a law or rule61
6749643561servilehaving or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others.62
6749643562suppressedforcibly to an end to.63
6749643563Embellishmake (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features.64
6749643564floridhaving a red or flushed complexion65
6749643565opulentostentatiously rich and luxurious or lavish66
6749643566ornatemade in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns.67
6749643567ostentatiouscharacterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract notice.68
6749643568poignantevoking a keen sense or sadness or regret.69
6749643569Ebulliencethe quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance.70
6749643570effusiveexpressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.71
6749643571egregiousoutstandingly bad; shocking.72
6749643572freneticfast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way.73
6749643573gratuitousuncalled for; lacking good reason; unwarranted74
6749643574flagrant(of something considered wrong or immoral) conspicuously or obviously offensive75
6749643575superfluousunnecessary, especially through being more than enough.76
6749643576convolutedextremely complex and difficult to follow (especially or a story, sentence, or argument).77
6749643577cryptichaving a meaning that is mysterious or obscure78
6749643578Obscureuncertain; not discovered or know about.79
6749643579futileincapable of producing any useful result; pointless.80
6749643580impededelay or prevent by obstructing them; hinder.81
6749643581quandarya state of perplexity or uncertainty over what what to do in a difficult situation.82
6749643582alleviatemake (suffering or a problem) less severe.83
6749643583asylumthe protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee. ( or it can be a mental hospital).84
6749643584auspiciousconductive to success; favorable.85
6749643585benevolentwell meaning and kindly86
6749643586benigngentle, kindly.87
6749643587Mollifyappease the anger or anxiety of (someone)88
6749643588reclamationreclaiming; reformation, recovery. (or it can be land obtained from water)89
6749643589SanctionApproval or permission for an action90
6749643590DubiousNot to be relied upon; suspect (hesitating or doubting)91
6749643591Fabricatedinvent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent92
6749643592Hypocrisythe practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense93
6749643593Slandermake false and damaging statements about (someone).94
6749643594spuriousnot being what it purports to be; false or fake95
6749643595Astutehaving or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage96
6749643596clandestineoperation is an intelligence or millitary operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population97
6749643597disingenuousnot candid or sincere, typically by pretending that one knows less about something than one really does.98
6749643598rusean action intended to deceive someone; a trick99
6749643599stratagema plan or scheme, especially one used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end100
6749643600surreptitiouskept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.101
6749643601waryfeeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems102
6749643602wilyskilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully.103
6749643603inconsequentialnot important or significant104
6749643604superficialexisting or occurring at or on the surface. (appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely).105
6749643605tenuousvery weak or slight >( small in degree).106
6749643606trivialof little value or importance107
6749643607coupa sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.108
6749643608Ambiguous(of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.109
6749643609ambivalenthaving mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.110
6749643610apatheticshowing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern.111
6749643611Arbitrarybased on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.112
6749643612capriciousgiven to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior113
6749643613equivocateuse ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself.114
6749643614indifferenthaving no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned.115
6749643615whimsicalplayfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way116
6749643616assiduousshowing great care and perseverance117
6749643617compellingevoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way118
6749643618diligenthaving or showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties119
6749643619doggedhaving or showing tenacity and grim persistence.120
6749643620enduresuffer (something painful or difficult) patiently121
6749643621intrepidfearless; adventurous (often used for rhetorical or humorous effect)122
6749643622maverickan unorthodox or independent-minded person123
6749643623obduratestubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action124
6749643624obstinatestubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action, despite attempts to persuade one to do so125
6749643625proliferateincrease rapidly in numbers; multiply126
6749643626tenacitythe quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly; grip.127
6749643627vitalitythe state of being strong and active; energy128
6749643628assimilationthe process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group129
6749643629consensusgeneral agreement.130
6749643630contextthe set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation.131
6749643631derivedobtain something from (a specified source)132
6749643632incumbentnecessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.133
6749643633inevitablecertain to happen; unavoidable134
6749643634malleableeasily influenced; pliable135
6749643635subdueovercome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person)136
6749643636Inoculatemedical : to give (a person or animal) a weakened form of a disease in order to prevent infection by the disease137
6749643637Lurid: causing shock or disgust : involving sex or violence in a way that is meant to be shocking : shining or glowing with a bright and unpleasant color138
6749643638Putrefyingto be slowly destroyed by natural processes : to rot and become putrid139
6749643639Somnolent1 : of a kind likely to induce sleep 2 a : inclined to or heavy with sleep : drowsy140
6749643640Dourserious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy141
6749643641Errantserious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy142
6749643642Bewildered1 : to cause to lose one's bearings 2 : to perplex or confuse especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations143
6749643643Astroturfed—used for an artificial surface that resembles grass144
6749643644GeriatricAn old person y145
6749643645Tromped1 : tramp 1 2 : to step hard : stamp 146
6749643646Connoisseur: a person who knows a lot about something (such as art, wine, food, etc.) : an expert in a particular subject147
6749643647Attestingto show, prove, or state that something is true or real148
6749643648Soporific: causing a person to become tired and ready to fall asleep149
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AP Language for October 6, 2017 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4753621785Dependent ClausesA clause that does not stand alone as a sentence but depends on another clause to complete its meaning.0
4753621786Independent ClausesA clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.1
4753622217AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.2
4753622237Active voiceExpresses an action done by its subject.3
4753622649Passive voiceThe subject of the sentence receives the action.4
4753624095Simple SentenceA sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause5
4753624096Compound SentenceA sentence with two or more independent clauses6
4753624097Complex SentenceA sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause7
4753625075Compound Complex SentenceA sentence with at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause.8
4753625394SemicolonA punctuation mark used to connect independent clauses.9
4753625395ColonThe mark of expectation or addition and signals that what comes next is directly related to the previous sentence.10
4753626178Dangling ModifierA word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.11
4753626428AppositiveA word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.12
4753626898Coordinating ConjuctionsThese words connect two independent clauses. FANBOYS. For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so13
4753627536Correlative ConjunctionEITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas14
4753627537Subordinate ConjunctionA conjunction that makes an independent clause into a dependent clause. Since, When, If, Although, etc.15
4753628309ThenTells when.16
4753628310ThanUsed to introduce a second part that is being compared.17
4753628311AffectTo influence - a verb.18
4753628312EffectA result - a noun.19
4753629526AdverbA word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or adverb20
4753629527AdjectiveA word that modifies a noun or pronoun21
4753630389PrepositionDemonstrates relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Usually indicated by shorter words such as to, for, in, etc.22
4754547465GerundA verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun.23
4754547845InfinitiveA verb form, usually preceded by "to," that is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.24
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AP Language Flashcards

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4856614323PragmaticDealing with things sensibly and realistically, based on practicality vs theoretical0
4856617395SycophantA person who praises powerful people in order to get their approval.1
4856633180SemanticsThe meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text2
4856645423CalamitiousInvolving calamity; catastrophic; disastrous3
4900951584EffaceErase, Eradicate, Destroy4
4900963784BluntNot sharp; straight forward5
4900968910Forthright(of a person or their manner or speech) direct and outspoken; straightforward and honest6
4900968911ImpulciveActing or done without forethought; acting on impulse7
4900973215Subtle(especially of a change or distinction) so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe8
4960505250CynicalBelieving that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity9
5348854957FerventHaving of Showing intesity10
5348859371PredilectionPreference11
5348861398LugubriousLooking or acting sad12
5348865132DissembleHiding your true feelings13
5378484836FormidableInspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable14
5378484837PretenseAn attempt to make something that is not the case appear true15
5378487733Arbitrate(of an independent person or body) reach an authoritative judgment or settlement16
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Environmental Science Exam: Multiple Choice Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5859832037Which of the following is directly or indirectly related to essentially all of our environmental problems:Population growth0
5859832038Pollination of crops, filtering of groundwater, and biodegradation of waste are all examples of:Ecosystem capital1
5859885000A graph of human population growth to the present resembles:J-shaped curve2
5860006472A substantial society:Meets the needs of the present without compromising those of the future3
5860006473What does research indicate about the relationship between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature:Both increase4
5860006474The former civilization of Easter island collapse because of:Overpopulation and overexploitation of resources5
5860006475Which of the following can be attributed to the modern environmental movement:Banning of DDT in the US6
5860006476Joanne noticed an increase smell of sewage from her local waste water treatment plant this is AN:Observation7
5860006477The emergence and spread of H1N1 influenza in 2009 is a good example of problems with:Globalization8
5860006478The notion of environmental justice refers to:Activities that monitor environmental conditions and work towards equal distribution of environmental impacts and benefits9
5860006479What is ecosystem capital:The flow of goods and services from an ecosystem supporting human life and economic well-being10
5860006480Today's population is over:7 billion11
5860006481One example of an air pollution problem with global dimensions is:Increasing levels of CO212
5860006482The expected relationship between atmospheric CO2 in the greenhouse effect is:Direct13
5860006483An international treaty to reduce CO2 omissions below 1990 levels is the:Kyoto Protocol14
5860006484Polluting The air in changing the landscape are two ways in which:Habitat alteration15
5860006485Facts are data that have been:Confirmed16
5860006486Our confidence in scientific knowledge should be proportional to:The evidence supporting it17
5860006487The scientific method begins with:Observations18
5860006488The accelerating interconnectedness of human activities, ideals and cultures are:Globalization19
5860006489Which of the following community component is abiotic:Rainfall20
5860006490The major ecosystem in the central US is:Grasslands21
5860006491The distribution of major ecosystems globally is the consequences of:Climate22
5860006492All the organisms in an ecosystem that can be assigned to one of these three categories:Producers, consumers, and decomposers23
5860006493The following substance is inorganic:Water24
5860175468Where an organism lives is it and how it lives:Habitat and niche25
5860175469The definition of climate involves both of these:Temperature and precipitation26
5860175470Permafrost would most likely be found in which biome:Tundra27
5860175471The biotic factor that limits grass from taking over high rainfall areas is:Tall trees28
5860175472Humans have created their own distinctive ecosystem apart from natural ecosystems with:Agriculture29
5860175473The first law of thermodynamics states that:Energy is neither created nor destroyed30
5860175474Heat light and motion are all forms of:Kinetic energy31
5860175475Amount of energy required to raise 1 g of water 1°C:Calorie32
5860175476The following organisms Carry out respiration:Animals, plants, and fungi33
5860175477Natural ecosystems do not harm themselves with their own waste products because these products are:Recycle34
5860175478Humans disrupt the phosphorus cycle primarily by:Fertilizers35
5860175479A number of bacteria and some blue - green algae convert nitrogen gas to nitrate form in a process known as:Nitrogen fixation36
5860175480The major difference between primary and secondary succession at the secondary succession start with the pre-existing:Organisms37
5860283441Which of the following is true:Energy flows and nutrient cycle38
5860283442Three forms of energy are:Chemical, potential, and kinetic39
5860283443Environmental resistance increases as:Population density40
5860283444Glucose are all examples of:Potential energy41
5860283445The primary product of photosynthesis is:Glucose42
5860283446(Blank) percent loss of energy as it moves from one trophic level to the next:9043
5860283447Eventually all energy escapes as:Heat44
5860283448The amount of atmospheric CO2 is being increased greatly by the burning of:Fossil fuels45
5860283449Choose the correct order of the best describes the primary succession:Moss, grass, shrubs, trees46
5860462029A resilient ecosystem is one that:Maintains its normal functioning even through a disturbance47
5860462031The cornerstone of sustaining civilization is maintaining productive:Soil48
5860462032During the last 40 years, 1/3 of Earth's croplands have been loss to:Erosion and salinization49
5860462033More than (blank) percent of world food supply is from land based systems that rely on soil as the fundamental source:9050
5860462034In natural ecosystems, the greatest source of mineral nutrients for sustaining plant growth is from:Detritus51
5860462035Which of the following will not result in reduced soil erosion:Traditional plowing in cultivation by heavy machinery52
5860462036Most plants have access to oxygen through its:Roots53
5860462037Adding water by artificial means is called:Irrigation54
5860462038Uncontrolled wind and water erosion results in a soil ecosystem that is a functional:Desert55
5860462039Dry land ecosystems cover about (blank) of the land area of earth:1/356
5860462040About 80% of the Deforestation is for:Agriculture57
5860462041The basic reason for plowing and cultivation is for:Controlling weeds58
5860462042What other revolution contributed to a revolution in agriculture?Industrial59
5860462043Today less than (blank) of the United States workforce produce enough food for the nations needs:15%60
5860462044The high worldwide production of wheat and rice resulting from the new genetic variety is was hailed as the:Green revolution61
5860462045In the US (blank) percent of the grain crop goes to animals:7062
5860462030Which are environmental consequences of animal farm:A, B, C63
5860462046In which countries is the import of grain more than the export:Asia, Latin America and Africa64
5860462047About (blank) people on earth suffer from the effects of hunger and malnutrition:850 million65
5860462048The root cause of hunger is:Poverty66
5860462049The two primary causes of famine are:Drought and war67
5860462050Food aid to developing countries usually (blank) the local economy and leads to a (blank) in local food production:Disrupts; decreases68
5860462051Incorporating genes from one species into another to produce age are trait is called:Genomics69
5860821318Which of the following is true: (literacy)As literacy rates increase fertility rates decrease70
5860821319The debt crisis in less developed countries has lead to which of the following:Reduction in environmental protection of natural resources71
5860821320Countries experiencing demographic transition are experiencing:High crude birth rates and low crude death rate72
5860857586A country in which region is most likely to be trapped in a demographic transitionSub-Sahara Africa73
5860857587What are two basic school of thought about control of population growth:Active versus passive74
5860857588What is expected to happen to the total debt in developing countries in the next few years:Increase75
5861094490Reform of the World Bank is directed at:adding environment leadership, policies and control76
5861104498What is happening to life expectancyincreasing in both devoloped and developing countries77
5861110286What are the three key indicators of development?Access to safe drinking water, percentage of pop enrolled in education, reduced child mortality78
5861122302Despite aggressive population control measures, China's population is still growing because of:Momentum in the population79
5861128186How will the male/female ratio in China impact fertility?Decrease fertility rate80
5861137019Efforts to decrease fertility rates through education, micro lending and disease control where should the focus be placed?Women81
5861145137If the estimates from a 2004 paper are accurate which of the following statements are true?Human population has not yet reached its carrying capacity82
5861154281Which of the following human revolutions is tied directly to an increase use of coal?Industrial83
5861162443If the total fertility rates are reduced to 2.0 then the population would:Continue to grow but gradually stabilize84
5861166843Which 2 human revolutions center on agriculture?Neolithic and Green85
5861241684What will the growth of the human population look like graphically?S-shaped curve86
5861241685Which of the following is true: (world's people)Most of the world's people live in moderately developed countries87
5861241686Why is the % of the world's population that live in developing countries increasing?Fertility rates are higher in developing countries88
5861241687If a society wants to reduce its impact on the environment it should:Decrease in population89
5861379691The best general description of human population growth:Slow growth for thousands of years followed by rapid growth the past 200 years90
5861379692How are poverty rates and fertility rates relatedHigh poverty rates correlate with high fertility rates91
5861379693How does stewardship affect environmental impactAn increase in stewardship corresponds with a decrease in environmental impact92
5861379694What accounts for the fact that 15% of the world people cause the majority of the worlds environmental problemsOverconsumption93
5861379695What proportion of the current world population increase is due to the growth of populations in developing countriesMore than 90%94
5861379696Of the 10 largest cities in the world whose population had grown the fastest since 1970India95
5861379697How are technology poverty relatedAccess to technology in a region increases poverty decreases96
5861379698What has happened to the population growth rate since the 1960sIt has decreased97
5861379699Progress through the phases of demographic transitions accompaniesIncreased economic and industrial development98
5861379700A country with (blank) fertility rates would have a population profile that looks like a pyramidHigh99
5861680543As human populations become more affluent they:Can afford to separate themselves from the consequences of their consumption patterns100
5861680544The population profile for more developed country reveals a shape that:is more or less columnis more or less columnar101
5861680545A demographic transition is typical of a:Country whose birth and death rates are shifting as it moves from the primitive to the modern condition102
5861680546What kind of correlation exists between total fertility rate in the availability of contraceptives:Strong correlation103
5861680547The current increase in the worlds population is due toDecreasing death rate104
5861680548The 1994 population conference in Cairo:Place responsibility for bringing fertility rates down in the developing countries105
5861680549Water covers of earths surface90%106
5861680550What percentage of earths water is accessibleless than 1%107
5861680551Water enters the atmosphere throughTranspiration and evaporation108
5861680552Water returns from the atmosphere throughPrecipitation and condensation109
5861680553Evaporation and condensation are two water purification process is similar toDistillation110
5861680554When precipitation hits the ground what to pathways can the water takeRun off and infiltration111
5861680555The two primary demand on water in the US areConsumptive and nonconsumptive112
5861680556Water is a potentially (blank) resourceRenewable113
5861680557One of the largest income generating enterprises in many developing countries isEcotourism114
5861680558The greatest catastrophe to hit natural biota and 65 million years will beGlobal warming115
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AP English Language Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary for AP English Language

Terms : Hide Images
3634159230Ad Hominem ArgumentAttacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand0
3634159231AllegoryFictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts1
3634159232AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words2
3634159233AllusionA reference, usually oblique or faint, to another thing, idea, or person3
3634159234AmbiguityUncertain or indefinite; subject to more than one interpretation4
3634159235AnalogyThe correspondence or resemblance between two things that are essentially different5
3634159236AnecdoteA short story used to illustrate a point the author is making6
3634159237AntecedentEvery pronoun refers back to a previous noun or pronoun7
3634159238AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses8
3634159239ApostropheA figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker9
3634159240AppositiveA word or phrase that follow a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity10
3634159241AssonanceA type of internal rhyming in which vowel souds are repeated11
3634159242AsyndetonWhen the conjunctions (such as "and" or "but") that would normally connect a string of words, phrases, or clauses are omitted from a sentence12
3634159243AtmosphereThe emotional feeling -or mood- of a place, scene, or event13
3634159244AttitudeThe feelings of a particular speaker or piece of writing toward a subject, person, or idea14
3634159245ContrastOppositions15
3634159246Colloquial LanguageSlang or common language that is informal16
3634159247ConnotativeThe interpretive level of a word based on associated images rather than the literal meaning17
3634159248Deductive ArgumentThe process of moving from a general rule to a specific example18
3634159249DictionAn author's choice of words19
3634159250DidacticWriting which has the purpose of teaching or instructing20
3634159251ElegyA work that expresses sorrow21
3634159252EllipsesIndicated by a series of three periods; shows that words have been omitted22
3634159253EthosRefers to generally ethics, or values23
3634159254EuphemismA mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea24
3634159255ExpositionWriting or speech that is organized to explain25
3634159256Figurative LanguageAll uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison26
3634159257ForeshadowingA purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later in the narrative27
3634159258HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis28
3634159259ImageryA mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations29
3634159260Inductive ArgumentCreating a case by providing specific examples and drawing a conclusion based on the evidence they provide30
3634159261IronyWhen a situation produces and outcome that is the opposite of what is expected31
3634159262JuxtapositionWhen two contrasting things are placed next to each other for comparison32
3634159263LogosThe use of reason as a controlling principle in an argument33
3634159264MetaphorA figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly34
3634159265MetonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it35
3634159266MoodThe prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event36
3634159267OnomatopoeiaAn effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning37
3634159268OxymoronTwo contradictory words in one expression38
3634159269ParadoxA seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth39
3634159270ParallelismA literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures40
3634159271ParodyAn effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing a comic imitation of the work41
3634159272PathosA sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion evoked by an artistic work42
3634159273Periodic SentencePresents the main clause at the end of the sentence, for emphasis43
3634159274PersonaThe character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text44
3634159275PersonificationA figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities45
3634159276Point of ViewThe particular perspective from which a story is told46
3634159277PunA play on words47
3634159278RepetitionThe reiteration of a word or phrase for emphasis48
3634159279RhetoricThe art and logic of a written or spoken argument to persuade, to analyze, or to expose49
3634159280Rhetorical StrategyThe way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose50
3634159281Rhetorical DevicesThe specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy (diction, imagery, or syntax)51
3634159282Rhetorical QuestionA question that is asked for the sake of argument52
3634159283SatireTo ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines53
3634159284Selection of DetailThe specific words, incidents, images, or events the author uses to create a scene or narrative54
3634159285SimileA commonly used figure of speech that compares one thing with another using the words "like" or "as"55
3634159286SpeakerThe narrator of a story, poem, or drama56
3634159287SyllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which pieces of evidence are used to create a new conclusion57
3634159288SymbolSomething that stands for something else58
3634159289SynonymA word that has the same, or nearly the same, meaning as another word59
3634159290SyntaxThe way words are arranged in a sentence60
3634159291TensionA feeling excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work61
3634159292ThemeThe central idea62
3634159293ToneAttitude63
3634159294UnderstatementWhen an author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves64
3634159295ZeugmaWhen a word is used with two adjacent words in the same construction, but only makes literal sense with one of them65
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AP Language Lesson 37A Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4779665937Assimilate(v.) to absorb fully or make one's own; to adopt as one's own; to adapt fully0
4779668476BegrudgeTo resent another's success; to envy1
4779668477Bulwark(n.) a strong defense or protection, a solid wall-like structure for defense; (v.) to provide such defense or protection2
4779669947Commodiousroomy, spacious3
4779669948Conglomeratecorporation made up of several different companies in diversified fields; mass of various material gathered together; rock consisting of small stones held together by clay; V.4
4779671662DissolutionDissolving, the state of having been dissolved; breaking bonds or breaking up of a group of people; death, disintegration; sinking into extreme hedonism, vice, and degradation5
4779671663Ditherto act confusedly or without clear purpose6
4779672695Evocativetending to call to mind or produce a reaction7
4779672696Freneticfrantic; frenzied8
4779675193Grisly(adj.) frightful, horrible, ghastly9
4779675949Ignoble(adj.) mean, low, base, sordid10
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